New molecular evidence on the members of the genus Ortholinea (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) and the description of Ortholinea hamsiensis n. sp. infecting the urinary bladder of European anchovy Engraulis engrasicolus in the Black Sea

Members of the genus Ortholinea are among the worldwide distributed myxozoan parasites that mainly infect marine fish. In this study, a new myxosporean species, Ortholinea hamsiensis n. sp., was isolated from the urinary bladder of European anchovy Engraulis engrasicolus collected from the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea. The prevalence and density values of infection were 1.4% and 1–5 individuals in the field of view (1 + ), respectively. Mature myxospores are subspherical with slight tapering down to the less pronounced tip in the frontal view and subspherical in the sutural view. Myxospores measured 9.1 ± 0.25 (8.8–9.9) μm in length, 9.2 ± 0.11 (8.9–9.4) μm in thickness, and 8.4 ± 0.33 (8.2-9.1) μm in width. Two polar capsules equal in size measured 3.1 ± 0.11 (3.0–3.3) μm in length and 2.7 ± 0.11 (2.6–2.9) μm in width. The polar tubule had 3–4 coils. Along with morphological peculiarities, the results of the 18S rDNA also revealed it to be a new species for science compared to the other species of the genus. In this study, another myxosporean species O. gobiusi was also detected in round goby Neogobius melanostomus with a prevalence of infection value of 4.8% and a density of 1–5 individuals in the field of view (1 + ). The present study also provided the first data of 18S rDNA of O. gobiusi from N. melanostomus and type species of the genus O. divergens from Gobius niger and the phylogenetic relationships of these species with other Ortholinea species have been revealed.

Comparison of Different Fixation Confi gurations in Different Types of High Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: a Finite Element Analysis

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to compare the stability of different fi xation methods in high pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with a fi nite element analysis method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transverse, lateral oblique, and medial oblique fracture models were created in a ten years old boy's distal humerus. Eight different fi xation methods were applied to each fracture model. Displacement of the fracture models was measured under the translational and torsional forces. RESULTS In the transverse fracture model; the 6th method provided the best stability in internal rotation, external rotation, and extension loading. In varus 7th method, valgus 8th, and fl exion the 5th and 2nd methods had the best stability. In the lateral oblique fracture model; the 7th method had the best stability in all loading directions except fl exion and the 6th method had the best stability in fl exion and had acceptable values in all other directions except valgus and external rotation. In the medial oblique fracture model; the 6th method had the best stability in all directions except varus. 3rd method was the best fi xation type against varus and the second stable fi xation type in all other directions. CONCLUSIONS Combining lateral antegrade with lateral retrograde wire and lateral condylomedullary wire provides strong stability in the lateral oblique fracture. Two condylomedullary Kirchner wires and one antegrade lateral wire results in a strong stability in the medial oblique fracture. Medial-lateral condylomedullary and lateral antegrade wires provided the best stability against varus in transverse and lateral oblique fractures.

KEY WORDS

high pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture, percutaneous fi xation method, metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction, fi nite element analysis.

Molecular and morphological description of Ceratomyxa scophthalmi sp. nov. (Myxozoa) infecting Scophthalmus maeoticus and first report of Myxidium finnmarchicum in the Black Sea

In the present study, 2 species of myxozoan parasites, the novel Ceratomyxa scophthalmi sp. nov. and Myxidium finnmarchicum, were documented from the gallbladder of Scophthalmus maeoticus inhabiting the Turkish Black Sea coast at Sinop. C. scophthalmi sp. nov. had mostly spherical, clavate, and fine-grained polymorphic plasmodia that ranged in diameter from 16.0 to 29.0 µm. Spores were arcuate with a convex anterior margin and concave posterior. Valves of spores were highly elongated and unequal in thickness with one valve 1.1-1.3 times thicker than the other. Valves narrowed gradually toward slightly truncated ends. The mean (range) dimensions of spores were 9.4 (8.5-10.0) µm in length and 49.6 (44.5-55.0) µm in thickness, with polar capsules that were 3.1 (2.7-3.5) µm in length and 3.2 (2.7-3.5) µm in width. Polar filaments were coiled with 4-5 turns. Large numbers of immature forms of C. scophthalmi sp. nov., which were often 'crumpled', and mature forms were found together in the gallbladder bile. Along with morphological differences, phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA, including pairwise nucleotide similarities with other related Ceratomyxa species, suggests C. scophthalmi as a novel species. Moreover, this report provides the first morphological and molecular descriptions of M. finnmarchicum outside of its original geographical location and type host species.

Influence of the seasonal and host related factors on the metazoan parasites of Chelon saliens (Mugilidae) in the Turkish coast of the Black Sea

The leaping mullet Chelon saliens is one of the economically significant fish species and the revealing its parasite fauna in relation with some ecological and host related factors will provide new data for our current knowledge. A total of 165 leaping mullet were collected from Sinop coasts of the Black Sea in the period from September 2015 to August 2016 and investigated for parasites. Eleven parasite species including Myxobolus parvus, Myxobolus sp., Sphaerospora mugilis (Myxozoa), Ligophorus szidati, Solostamenides mugilis (Monogenea), Schikhobalotrema sparisomae, Saccocoelium tensum, Saccocoelium obesum (Digenea), Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda), Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala) and Ergasilus lizae (Copepoda) have been identified. The overall infection prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance values were 65.5%, 26.2 and 17.2, respectively. The overall infection prevalence was dominated by L. szidati, followed by M. parvus and Digenea-group. On the other hand, the overall mean intensity values were dominated by Digenea-group, followed by L. szidati and E. lizae, respectively, while the mean abundance values were dominated by L. szidati, followed by Digenea-group and E. lizae. The infection indices of all identified parasites were also calculated in relation with length classes and sex of fish as well as season and the differences were evaluated statistically. Seasonally significant differences in the infection prevalence and mean abundance were found for Digenea-group, Ligophorus szidati and Neoechinorhynchus sp. These differences were also significant in the length classes of Digenea-group and Ligophorus szidati. This study is the first investigation on seasonal and host related dynamics of parasites of C. saliens in the southern coasts of the Black Sea and all investigated factors were found to influence the infection indices of dominating parasite species.

Molecular and morphological description of Myxidium parvum (Cnidaria) from Salaria pavo (Blenniidae) in the Black Sea

Members of the predominantly coelozioc genus Myxidum Bütschli, 1882 with more than 232 species have been reported from a wide variety of marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. In this study, 25 specimens of peacock blenny, Salaria pavo, were collected from Sinop on the Turkish Black Sea coast. The gills, fins, skin, urinary bladder, gal bladder, kidney, liver, gonads and smooth muscle tissue of the collected samples were investigated for myxosporean parasites. Myxidium parvum Yurakhno, 1991 was the only myxosporean found in the gall bladder of host fishes. Based on spore morphology, M. parvum had mostly overlapping measurement data of original description in spore length and width, polar capsule length but differed slightly in width; however, they were within the ranges previously reported from other blenniid host fish species in the Black Sea. Moreover, in this study, molecular analysis of the 18S rDNA gene of M. parvum isolates from S. pavo was done for the first time and our M. parvum genotypes appeared as sister to Myxidium incurvatum within the "Lineage II" of the marine Myxidium clade.

Determination of Orthorexia Nervosa Symptoms and Eating Attitudes in Medicine Students

Background

Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is defined as obsession with healthy eating. It is known that the purity is more important than amount or energies of consumed food in people with ON.With this condition,ON results in restrictions on food intake in individuals.According to the literature, health professionals are in the risk group of ON. The aim of this study is to examine orthorexia nervosa symptoms and eating attitudes of medicine students.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 298 students who educated Inonu University Faculty of Medicine in 2017.Data collection tools were General Information Form,ORTO-15,EAT-40.SPSS 22.0 and Pearson Exact,Fisher’s,Chi-Square tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

%76.2 of students had orthorexia tendency, %11.1 of students had eating disorders. 24 aged students were found to less orthorexic than others and obese students tend to have less orthorexic than others. It was found that when reached true information about nutrition, individuals who changed their eating behavior always had more orthorexic than rarely. It was found that when reached true information about nutrition, individuals who changed their eating behavior always had more eating disorders rate (EDR) than others. It was found individuals who received information from book-scientific publications had EDR than others and individuals who received information from dietitians had higher EDR than those who did not (p < 0.05). In addition, %12.3 of the individuals who tend to orthorexia and %7 of the individuals who tend to without orthorexia were found to have eating disorders.However,the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

According to our results, it is emphasized that question which “Is ON an eating disorder?”. In addition, we believe that our study will contribute to the literature because ON, eating attitudes and information sources of nutrition are examined together on medicine students.

Key messages

When individuals have access to nutritional information, behavior change states affect the tendency to orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders. Nutritional and psychotherapeutic interventions for behavioral regulation of individuals are thought to reduce the tendency of orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders.

Two novel myxosporean parasites in Black Sea fishes: Kudoa niluferi sp. nov. and Kudoa anatolica sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea)

Members of the genus Kudoa are typically histozoic and only a few are coelozoic parasites, mainly in marine fishes. In the present study, 2 novel Kudoa species were recovered and described as Kudoa niluferi sp. nov. in the musculature of Neogobius melanostomus and Kudoa anatolica sp. nov. in the musculature, urinary bladder and kidney of Atherina hepsetus collected from the coast of Sinop on the Black Sea. Means ± SD (ranges) of mature spores of K. niluferi sp. nov. were 5.9 ± 0.1 (5.7-6.1) µm in length, 9.2 ± 0.2 (8.8-9.5) µm in width and 7.5 ± 0.3 (7.0-8.1) µm in thickness, while those of K. anatolica sp. nov. were 4.1 ± 0.3 (3.5-4.1) µm in length, 7.1 ± 0.2 (6.7-7.2) µm in width and 5.7 ± 0.2 (5.3-6.0) µm in thickness. In both parasite species, length and width of the 4 polar capsules were not equal and formed 3 distinct size classes, largest (1), intermediate (2) and smallest (1) in size. The prevalence and intensity of infection by K. niluferi sp. nov. were 12.8% and 20-29 parasites (per field-of-view, at 200× magnification), respectively, in the musculature of N. melanostomus. These values for K. anatolica sp. nov. were 32.1% and 10-19 parasites in the musculature as well as 2.9% and 20-29 parasites jointly in the kidney and urinary bladder of A. hepsetus. Phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear small subunit rDNA also suggested K. niluferi and K. anatolica as 2 novel species. These species appeared in the same lineage with K. nova and formed a Black Sea lineage.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Ortholinea mullusi sp. nov. (Myxozoa) in Mullus barbatus from the Black Sea

Myxosporeans of the genus Ortholinea have a worldwide distribution and infect organs and tissues of exclusively marine fishes. Here we describe the morphological and molecular characteristics of Ortholinea mullusi sp. nov. parasitizing the urinary bladder and kidney tubules of red mullet Mullus barbatus collected from the coastal zone of Sinop in the Black Sea, Turkey. Polysporic plasmodia with immature spores were either elongate, 37.0 ± 4.5 SD (30-50) µm long and 45.0 ± 3.8 (40-55) µm wide, or were round, up to 100.0 µm in diameter. Mature, free spores were spherical in the frontal view and measured 9.3 ± 0.2 (9.0-9.7) µm in length, 8.7 ± 0.3 (8.2-9.3) µm in width and 7.7 ± 0.1 (7.5-7.9) µm in thickness. We observed 2 polar capsules of equal size, which measured 3.1 ± 0.1 (3.0-3.2) µm long by 2.5 ± 0.1 (2.4-2.6) µm wide, and the tips of the polar capsules were open towards the sutural line. The prevalence of infection by O. mullusi sp. nov. was 24.5%. Phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) clearly suggested O. mullusi to be a new species, clustered within a lineage comprising O. labracis and O auratae. Pairwise nucleotide similarities and DNA distance values between O. mullusi sp. nov. and sister Ortholinea species also supported this suggestion.

Myxosporean parasites of Ceratomyxa merlangi and Myxidium gadi in whiting Merlangius merlangus: a comparative epizootiological analysis based on samples from two localities off southern and northern coasts of the Black Sea

Totally 690 and 423 whiting Merlangius merlangus samples were collected from two localities off Southern (Sinop) and Northern coasts (Balaklava Bay) of the Black Sea, respectively, and examined for myxosporeans in the period from May 2011 to March 2014. Ceratomyxa merlangi and Myxidium gadi were the only myxosporean parasites identified in the content of gall bladder and their infection indices of prevalence (%) and intensity were calculated for length classes and sex of fish as well as for the seasons at both sampling localities. Overall infection prevalence of C. merlangi was 22.6% in Sinop and 27.9% in Balaklava samples while those values of M. gadi were 18.4% and 28.6% in Sinop and Balaklava samples, respectively. Both parasite species were also found to be co-existed in whiting samples. This is the first comprehensive epizootiological study yielded comparable data on C. merlangi and M. gadi infections in whiting in the southern and northern coasts of the Black Sea.

Seasonality and host-parasite interrelationship of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda) in whiting Merlangius merlangus off the southern and northern coasts of the Black Sea

In the present study, we investigated the comparative infection levels, ecology and host-parasite interrelationship of a nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) in whiting, Merlangius merlangus (L., 1758) in southern (Sinop) and northern (Balaklava Bay) coasts of the Black Sea for the first time. Fish were collected throughout a period from May 2011 to March 2014 from local fishermen. A total of 690 fish specimens near Sinop and 423 fish near Balaklava Bay were examined for parasites. Hysterothylacium aduncum was the only nematode species identified in the digestive tract of the Black Sea whiting Merlangius merlangus. Prevalence of infection, mean intensity and mean abundance values were determined according to season, length classes and sex of fish at both localities. These infection indices were always higher in Sinop samples than those of Balaklava Bay samples.

Morphology, histology and phylogeny of Henneguya sinova sp. nov. (Myxobolidae: Myxozoa) infecting gills of Parablennius tentacularis in the Black Sea, Turkey

Myxosporeans of the genus Henneguya have a global distribution and infect organs and tissues of both marine and freshwater fishes. Here we describe the morphological, histological and molecular characteristics of Henneguya sinova sp. nov. parasitizing the gill arches of tentacled blenny Parablennius tentacularis (Perciformes: Blenniidae) collected from the coast of Sinop on the Black Sea in Turkey. Several oval whitish plasmodia of different sizes in the gill arches of fish were found. The mature spores were rounded oval in frontal view, with a mean (range) total length 57.5 (51.5-68.0) µm; the spore body was 11.7 (11.3-12.0) µm in length by 7.6 (7.3-8.3) µm in width and 6.7 (6.6-6.8) µm in thickness. The caudal appendages, measuring 46.0 (40.0-55.0) µm in length, were very thin at the tapered end. The prevalence of infection by H. sinova sp. nov. was 35.5%. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) clearly suggested H. sinova as a new species which is clustered within the marine Henneguya lineage. Pairwise nucleotide similarities and DNA distance values of SSU rDNA between H. sinova sp. nov. and other related Henneguya species also supported this suggestion.

Anterior iris-claw lens implantation with single paracentesis

In this study, the technique and results of iris-claw intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with corneal incision and single paracentesis were presented. Eighteen eyes of 18 patients who underwent iris-claw implantation surgery with a single paracentesis were included in this prospective study. Iris-claw lens was grasped by its forceps and placed into the anterior chamber through superior corneal opening. While IOL was held by forceps, a blunt enclavation spatula was introduced through inferior paracentesis. Then the spatula was directed toward underneath of iris through pupil and toward sides where iris was entrapped into the claw by gentle push of iris through the slotted center of the lens haptics. Mean age of patients was 54.28±25.21 years (7-76 years). Mean anterior chamber depth was 4.07±0.32 mm and mean keratometric power was 43.01±2.73 D. Preoperative BCVA was 20/63 or better in 8 (44.4%) patients. At the first postoperative month BCVA was 20/63 or better in 14 (77.8%) patients. Preoperative mean spherical refraction was +11.05±2.62 D, preoperative astigmatism was 2.15±0.85. Postoperative mean spherical refraction was - 0.58±0.25 D and mean astigmatism was - 1.92±0.67 D. The most frequent postoperative complication was mild corneal edema seen in three patients that resolved completely during the first week with medical treatment. Irisclaw IOL implantation can be performed easily with corneal incision and single paracentesis. Single paracentesis does not increase surgical time or cause inconvenience during the procedure.