Ayoub M, Chmouni YA, Damaa N, Eter A, Medawar H, Ghadieh HE, Bazzi S, Khattar ZA, Azar S, Harb F. Genetic and immunological regulation of gut Microbiota: The Roles of TLRs, CLRs, and key proteins in microbial homeostasis and disease.
Gene 2025;
955:149469. [PMID:
40189163 DOI:
10.1016/j.gene.2025.149469]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, influencing metabolism, immune regulation, and neurological function. This review examines the genetic and immunological mechanisms governing microbiota composition, with a focus on key pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and signaling proteins such as CARD9 and NOD2. We discuss how genetic polymorphisms in these receptors contribute to gut dysbiosis and disease susceptibility, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we explore emerging microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies, including probiotics and precision medicine approaches. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review examines how genetic and immunological mechanisms regulate gut microbiota and influence disease susceptibility, emphasizing key therapeutic implications.
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