1
|
Borkent A, Brown BV, Adler PH, Amorim DDS, Barber K, Bickel D, Boucher S, Brooks SE, Burger J, Burington ZL, Capellari RS, Costa DNR, Cumming JM, Curler G, Dick CW, Epler JH, Fisher E, Gaimari SD, Gelhaus J, Grimaldi DA, Hash J, Hauser M, Hippa H, IbÁÑez-Bernal S, Jaschhof M, Kameneva EP, Kerr PH, Korneyev V, Korytkowski CA, Kung GA, Kvifte GM, Lonsdale O, Marshall SA, Mathis WN, Michelsen V, Naglis S, Norrbom AL, Paiero S, Pape T, Pereira-Colavite A, Pollet M, Rochefort S, Rung A, Runyon JB, Savage J, Silva VC, Sinclair BJ, Skevington JH, Stireman JOI, Swann J, Vilkamaa P, Wheeler T, Whitworth T, Wong M, Wood DM, Woodley N, Yau T, Zavortink TJ, Zumbado MA. Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science. Zootaxa 2018; 4402:53-90. [PMID: 29690278 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.
Collapse
Key Words
- Diptera, biodiversity, tropical, inventory, Central America, Neotropical Region, barcoding, species richness, Cecidomyiidae, Phoridae, Tachinidae, Mycetophilidae, Drosophilidae, Sciaridae, Ceratopogonidae, Tipulidae, Dolichopodidae, Psychodidae, Chironomidae
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Art Borkent
- Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada..
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brown BV, Borkent A, Adler PH, Amorim DDS, Barber K, Bickel D, Boucher S, Brooks SE, Burger J, Burington ZL, Capellari RS, Costa DNR, Cumming JM, Curler G, Dick CW, Epler JH, Fisher E, Gaimari SD, Gelhaus J, Grimaldi DA, Hash J, Hauser M, Hippa H, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Jaschhof M, Kameneva EP, Kerr PH, Korneyev V, Korytkowski CA, Kung GA, Kvifte GM, Lonsdale O, Marshall SA, Mathis W, Michelsen V, Naglis S, Norrbom AL, Paiero S, Pape T, Pereira-Colavite A, Pollet M, Rochefort S, Rung A, Runyon JB, Savage J, Silva VC, Sinclair BJ, Skevington JH, Stireman Iii JO, Swann J, Thompson FC, Vilkamaa P, Wheeler T, Whitworth T, Wong M, Wood DM, Woodley N, Yau T, Zavortink TJ, Zumbado MA. Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site. Commun Biol 2018; 1:21. [PMID: 30271908 PMCID: PMC6123690 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Brown
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
| | - Art Borkent
- Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0310, USA
| | - Dalton de Souza Amorim
- Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14.040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Barber
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Daniel Bickel
- Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Boucher
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Scott E Brooks
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - John Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Spaulding Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Zelia L Burington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Renato S Capellari
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro - Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000, Distrito Industrial II, 38064-790, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel N R Costa
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M Cumming
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Greg Curler
- Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-9775, USA
| | - Carl W Dick
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - John H Epler
- Independent Investigator, Crawfordville, FL, USA
| | - Eric Fisher
- California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O' Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills, California, CA, 95762, USA
| | - Stephen D Gaimari
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Jon Gelhaus
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103-1195, USA
| | - David A Grimaldi
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA
| | - John Hash
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Martin Hauser
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Heikki Hippa
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014, University of Turku, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa, CP, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mathias Jaschhof
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, SE-38693, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Elena P Kameneva
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter H Kerr
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Valery Korneyev
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Giar-Ann Kung
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5040, Bergen, Norway
| | - Owen Lonsdale
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Stephen A Marshall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wayne Mathis
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA
| | - Verner Michelsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Naglis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Allen L Norrbom
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Steven Paiero
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandre Pereira-Colavite
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n, CEP 58.051-900, João Pessoa/PB, Brazil
| | - Marc Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Rochefort
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Alessandra Rung
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Justin B Runyon
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jade Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Vera C Silva
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Sinclair
- Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency, OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Skevington
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - John O Stireman Iii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA
| | - John Swann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - F Christian Thompson
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA
| | - Pekka Vilkamaa
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Terry Wheeler
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Terry Whitworth
- Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, WA, 98372, USA
| | - Maria Wong
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - D Monty Wood
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | | | - Tiffany Yau
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas J Zavortink
- Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Manuel A Zumbado
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 22-3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|