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Karandashov I, Kachanov A, Dukich M, Ponomareva N, Brezgin S, Lukashev A, Pokrovsky VS, Chulanov V, Kostyusheva A, Kostyushev D. m 6A Methylation in Regulation of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:601. [PMID: 38675942 PMCID: PMC11054785 DOI: 10.3390/v16040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The epitranscriptomic modification m6A is a prevalent RNA modification that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various aspects of RNA metabolism. It has been found to be involved in a wide range of physiological processes and disease states. Of particular interest is the role of m6A machinery and modifications in viral infections, serving as an evolutionary marker for distinguishing between self and non-self entities. In this review article, we present a comprehensive overview of the epitranscriptomic modification m6A and its implications for the interplay between viruses and their host, focusing on immune responses and viral replication. We outline future research directions that highlight the role of m6A in viral nucleic acid recognition, initiation of antiviral immune responses, and modulation of antiviral signaling pathways. Additionally, we discuss the potential of m6A as a prognostic biomarker and a target for therapeutic interventions in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Karandashov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Artyom Kachanov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Maria Dukich
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biochemistry, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Kostyushev D, Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Ponomareva N, Bayurova E, Zakirova N, Kondrashova A, Goptar I, Nikiforova A, Sudina A, Babin Y, Gordeychuk I, Lukashev A, Zamyatnin AA, Ivanov A, Chulanov V. Transient and tunable CRISPRa regulation of APOBEC/AID genes for targeting hepatitis B virus. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 32:478-493. [PMID: 37187708 PMCID: PMC10176074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC/AID cytidine deaminases play an important role in innate immunity and antiviral defenses and were shown to suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication by deaminating and destroying the major form of HBV genome, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), without toxicity to the infected cells. However, developing anti-HBV therapeutics based on APOBEC/AID is complicated by the lack of tools for activating and controlling their expression. Here, we developed a CRISPR-activation-based approach (CRISPRa) to induce APOBEC/AID transient overexpression (>4-800,000-fold increase in mRNA levels). Using this new strategy, we were able to control APOBEC/AID expression and monitor their effects on HBV replication, mutation, and cellular toxicity. CRISPRa prominently reduced HBV replication (∼90%-99% decline of viral intermediates), deaminated and destroyed cccDNA, but induced mutagenesis in cancer-related genes. By coupling CRISPRa with attenuated sgRNA technology, we demonstrate that APOBEC/AID activation can be precisely controlled, eliminating off-site mutagenesis in virus-containing cells while preserving prominent antiviral activity. This study untangles the differences in the effects of physiologically expressed APOBEC/AID on HBV replication and cellular genome, provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of HBV cccDNA mutagenesis, repair, and degradation, and, finally, presents a strategy for a tunable control of APOBEC/AID expression and for suppressing HBV replication without toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Corresponding author Dmitry Kostyushev, Laboratory of Genetic Technologies and Drug Development, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Zakirova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Goptar
- Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, 105275 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna Sudina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurii Babin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 127994 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 127994 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
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Brezgin S, Parodi A, Kostyusheva A, Ponomareva N, Lukashev A, Sokolova D, Pokrovsky VS, Slatinskaya O, Maksimov G, Zamyatnin AA, Chulanov V, Kostyushev D. Technological aspects of manufacturing and analytical control of biological nanoparticles. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108122. [PMID: 36813011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived biological nanoparticles that gained great interest for drug delivery. EVs have numerous advantages compared to synthetic nanoparticles, such as ideal biocompatibility, safety, ability to cross biological barriers and surface modification via genetic or chemical methods. On the other hand, the translation and the study of these carriers resulted difficult, mostly because of significant issues in up-scaling, synthesis and impractical methods of quality control. However, current manufacturing advances enable EV packaging with any therapeutic cargo, including DNA, RNA (for RNA vaccines and RNA therapeutics), proteins, peptides, RNA-protein complexes (including gene-editing complexes) and small molecules drugs. To date, an array of new and upgraded technologies have been introduced, substantially improving EV production, isolation, characterization and standardization. The used-to-be "gold standards" of EV manufacturing are now outdated, and the state-of-art requires extensive revision. This review re-evaluates the pipeline for EV industrial production and provides a critical overview of the modern technologies required for their synthesis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Darina Sokolova
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; People's Friendship University, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Vadim S Pokrovsky
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; People's Friendship University, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Olga Slatinskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Georgy Maksimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119048, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia.
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Kostyushev D, Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Ponomareva N, Zakirova NF, Egorshina A, Yanvarev DV, Bayurova E, Sudina A, Goptar I, Nikiforova A, Dunaeva E, Lisitsa T, Abramov I, Frolova A, Lukashev A, Gordeychuk I, Zamyatnin AA, Ivanov A, Chulanov V. Depleting hepatitis B virus relaxed circular DNA is necessary for resolution of infection by CRISPR-Cas9. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 31:482-493. [PMID: 36865089 PMCID: PMC9972396 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 systems can directly target the hepatitis B virus (HBV) major genomic form, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), for decay and demonstrate remarkable anti-HBV activity. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of HBV cccDNA, frequently regarded as the "holy grail" of viral persistence, is not sufficient for curing infection. Instead, HBV replication rapidly rebounds because of de novo formation of HBV cccDNA from its precursor, HBV relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). However, depleting HBV rcDNA before CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery prevents viral rebound and promotes resolution of HBV infection. These findings provide the groundwork for developing approaches for a virological cure of HBV infection by a single dose of short-lived CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs. Blocking cccDNA replenishment and re-establishment from rcDNA conversion is critical for completely clearing the virus from infected cells by site-specific nucleases. The latter can be achieved by widely used reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Corresponding author: Dmitry Kostyushev, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Malaya Pirogovskaya 20 st., bld. 1, office 207, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Natalia F. Zakirova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Egorshina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Yanvarev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Anna Sudina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Irina Goptar
- Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow 105275, Russia
| | | | - Elena Dunaeva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lisitsa
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Ivan Abramov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Frolova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Moscow 127994, Russia
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Konorov EA, Yurchenko V, Patraman I, Lukashev A, Oyun N. The effects of genetic drift and genomic selection on differentiation and local adaptation of the introduced populations of Aedes albopictus in southern Russia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11776. [PMID: 34327056 PMCID: PMC8308624 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an arbovirus vector that has spread from its native habitation areal in Southeast Asia throughout North and South Americas, Europe, and Africa. Ae. albopictus was first detected in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation in the subtropical town of Sochi in 2011. In subsequent years, this species has been described in the continental areas with more severe climate and lower winter temperatures. Methods Genomic analysis of pooled Ae. albopictus samples collected in the mosquito populations in the coastal and continental regions of the Krasnodar Krai was conducted to look for the genetic changes associated with the spread and potential cold adaptation in Ae. albopictus. Results The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomes corresponded well with the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus haplotype A1a2a1 was introduced into the region from a single source. Population analysis revealed the role of dispersal and genetic drift in the local adaptation of the Asian tiger mosquito. The absence of shared haplotypes between the samples and high fixation indices suggest that gene flow between samples was heavily restricted. Mitochondrial and genomic differentiation together with different distances between dispersal routes, natural and anthropogenic barriers and local effective population size reduction could lead to difficulties in local climatic adaptations due to reduced selection effectiveness. We have found genomic regions with selective sweep patterns which can be considered as having been affected by recent selection events. The genes located in these regions participate in neural protection, lipid conservation, and cuticle formation during diapause. These processes were shown to be important for cold adaptation in the previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies. However, the population history and relatively low coverage obtained in the present article could have negatively affect sweep detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii A Konorov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation.,V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Life Science Research Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Patraman
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Oyun
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Ganushkina L, Lukashev A, Patraman I, Razumeyko V, Shaikevich E. Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes ( Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes ( Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus on the Southern Coast of the Crimean Peninsula. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 14:270-276. [PMID: 33644240 PMCID: PMC7903358 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i3.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence and area of arbovirus infections is increasing around the world. It is largely linked to the spread of the main arbovirus vectors, invasive mosquito of the genus Aedes. Previously, it has been reported that Aedes aegypti reemerged in Russia after a 50-year absence. Moreover, in 2011, Ae. albopictus was registered in the city of Sochi (South Russia, Black Sea coast) for the first time. In 2013, Asian Ae. koreicus was found in Sochi for the first time. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected using the following methods: larvae with a dip net, imago on volunteers and using bait traps. The mosquitoes were identified using both morphology and sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster. Results: In August 2016, Ae. koreicus larvae and imago and a single male of Ae. aegypti were found on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula, where they were not registered before. Newly obtained DNA sequences were registered in GenBank with the accession numbers MF072936 and MF072937. Conclusion: Detection of invasive mosquito species (Ae. aegypti and Ae. koreicus) implies the possibility of their area expansion. Intensive surveillance is required at the Crimean Peninsula to evaluate the potential for the introduction of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Ganushkina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Patraman
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Razumeyko
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Taurida Academia, Vernadsky Cremian Federal University, Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
| | - Elena Shaikevich
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ngangas ST, Lukashev A, Jugie G, Ivanova O, Mansuy JM, Mengelle C, Izopet J, L'honneur AS, Rozenberg F, Leyssene D, Hecquet D, Marque-Juillet S, Boutolleau D, Burrel S, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Archimbaud C, Benschop K, Henquell C, Mirand A, Bailly JL. Multirecombinant Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup C1 Isolates Associated with Neurologic Disease, France, 2016-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1204-1208. [PMID: 31107209 PMCID: PMC6537711 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an upsurge of neurologic disease associated with infection with multirecombinant enterovirus A71 subgenogroup C1 lineage viruses was reported in France. These viruses emerged in the 2000s; 1 recombinant is widespread. This virus lineage has the potential to be associated with a long-term risk for severe disease among children.
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Vakulenko Y, Deviatkin A, Lukashev A. Using Statistical Phylogenetics for Investigation of Enterovirus 71 Genotype A Reintroduction into Circulation. Viruses 2019; 11:E895. [PMID: 31557961 PMCID: PMC6832606 DOI: 10.3390/v11100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovirulent enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) caused a massive epidemic in China in 2008-2011. While subgenotype C4 was the major causative agent, a few isolates were almost identical to the prototype EV-A71 strain and belonged to genotype A. This variant was allegedly extinct since 1970, and its identification in this epidemic suggests reintroduction of the archive virus. Regression analysis of genetic distances (TempEst software) was of moderate utility due to the low resolution of classical phylogenetic methods. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (BEAST software) suggested artificial introduction event based on highly aberrant phylogenetic tree branch rates that differed by over three standard deviations from the mean substitution rate for EV71. Manual nucleotide-level analysis was used to further explore the virus spread pattern after introduction into circulation. Upon reintroduction, the virus accumulated up to seven substitutions in VP1, most of them non-synonymous and located within the capsid's canyon or at its rims, compatible with readaptation of a lab strain to natural circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vakulenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrei Deviatkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119048 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119048 Moscow, Russia.
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Semenova U, Lukashev A, Sedov A. ID 82 – Oscillatory activity in nonspecific nuclei of human thalamus during motor and cognitive tasks. Clin Neurophysiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Hassel C, Mirand A, Lukashev A, TerletskaiaLadwig E, Farkas A, Schuffenecker I, Diedrich S, Huemer HP, Archimbaud C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Henquell C, Bailly JL. Transmission patterns of human enterovirus 71 to, from and among European countries, 2003 to 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:30005. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.34.30005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is involved in epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and has been reported to occur with severe neurological complications in eastern and south-east Asia. In other geographical areas, the transmission of this virus is poorly understood. We used large sequence datasets (of the gene encoding the viral protein 1, VP1) and a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to compare the molecular epidemiology and geographical spread patterns of EV-71 subgenogroups B4, B5, C1, C2, and C4 in Europe relative to other parts of the world. For the study, European countries considered were European Union (EU) Member States and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Viruses of the B4, B5, and C4 subgenogroups circulate mainly in eastern and south-east Asia. In Europe sporadic introductions of these subgenogroups are observed, however C1 and C2 viruses predominate. The phylogenies showed evidence of multiple events of spread involving C1 and C2 viruses within Europe since the mid-1990s. Two waves of sporadic C2 infections also occurred in 2010 and 2013. The 2007 Dutch outbreak caused by C2 and the occurrence of B5 and C4 infections in the EU between 2004 and 2013 arose while the circulation of C1 viruses was low. A transmission chain involving a C4 virus was traced from Japan to the EU and then further to Canada between 2001 and 2006. Recent events whereby spread of viruses have occurred from, to, and within Europe appear to be involved in the long term survival of EV-71, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chervin Hassel
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena TerletskaiaLadwig
- Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Agnes Farkas
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabelle Schuffenecker
- Laboratoire de Virologie Est des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus, Bron, France
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Center for Poliomyelitis and Enterovirus, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Archimbaud
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bolmont T, Duthilleul N, Dessauges C, Bouwens A, Lasser T, Lukashev A. Repeated peripheral administration of adult mesenchymal stem cells has a positive impact on Abeta amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Coutard B, Fooks AR, Outlaw M, Drosten C, Guenther S, Klempa B, Pinschewer D, Avsic-Zupanc T, Sabeta C, Lukashev A, Eropkin M, Koslov A, Zverev V, Lvov D, Zhebrun A, Shipulin G, Niedrig M, Gao Fu G, Dong Liang G, Ippolito G, Koray E, Romette JL. The European Virus Archive: a new resource for virology research. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:167-71. [PMID: 22626637 PMCID: PMC7172878 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The European Virus Archive (EVA) was conceived as a direct response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry, initially within Europe, but ultimately throughout the world. Although scientists worldwide have accumulated virus collections since the early twentieth century, the quality of the collections and the viruses collected may vary according to the personal interests and agenda of the scientists. Moreover, when laboratories are re-organised or closed, collections are no longer maintained and gradually cease to exist. The tragedy of 9/11 and other disruptive activities have also meant that some previously available biological reagents are no longer openly exchanged between countries. In 2008, funding under the FP7–EU infrastructure programme enabled the initiation of the EVA. Within three years, it has developed from a consortium of nine European laboratories to encompass associated partners in Africa, Russia, China, Turkey, Germany and Italy. There is every reason to believe that EVA will continue to expand and ultimately exist as a globally networked, quality-controlled non-profit archive for the benefit of science. Organizations or individuals who would like to be considered as contributors are invited to contact the EVA coordinator, Jean–Louis Romette, at jean-louis.romette@univmed.fr.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine Timone, 5ème étage Aile Bleu, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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13
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Grard G, Drexler JF, Lekana-Douki S, Caron M, Lukashev A, Nkoghe D, Gonzalez JP, Drosten C, Leroy E. Type 1 wild poliovirus and putative enterovirus 109 in an outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in Congo, October-November 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15. [PMID: 21144443 DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.47.19723-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of flaccid paralysis syndrome in adults is ongoing in Congo. Molecular analysis of faecal, throat and cerebrospinal samples identified wildtype 1 poliovirus and an additional enterovirus C strain related to enterovirus 109 as the cause. As of 22 November, the cumulative number of cases was 409, of which 169 (41.3%) were fatal. This is one of the largest wild type 1 poliovirus outbreaks ever described associated with an unusually high case fatality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grard
- Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF, International Centre of Medical Research of Francville), Franceville, Gabon
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14
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Drexler JF, Gloza-Rausch F, Glende J, Corman VM, Muth D, Goettsche M, Seebens A, Niedrig M, Pfefferle S, Yordanov S, Zhelyazkov L, Hermanns U, Vallo P, Lukashev A, Müller MA, Deng H, Herrler G, Drosten C. Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences. J Virol 2010; 84:11336-11349. [PMID: 20686038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00650-10jvi.00650-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats may host emerging viruses, including coronaviruses (CoV). We conducted an evaluation of CoV in rhinolophid and vespertilionid bat species common in Europe. Rhinolophids carried severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related CoV at high frequencies and concentrations (26% of animals are positive; up to 2.4×10(8) copies per gram of feces), as well as two Alphacoronavirus clades, one novel and one related to the HKU2 clade. All three clades present in Miniopterus bats in China (HKU7, HKU8, and 1A related) were also present in European Miniopterus bats. An additional novel Alphacoronavirus clade (bat CoV [BtCoV]/BNM98-30) was detected in Nyctalus leisleri. A CoV grouping criterion was developed by comparing amino acid identities across an 816-bp fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) of all accepted mammalian CoV species (RdRp-based grouping units [RGU]). Criteria for defining separate RGU in mammalian CoV were a >4.8% amino acid distance for alphacoronaviruses and a >6.3% distance for betacoronaviruses. All the above-mentioned novel clades represented independent RGU. Strict associations between CoV RGU and host bat genera were confirmed for six independent RGU represented simultaneously in China and Europe. A SARS-related virus (BtCoV/BM48-31/Bulgaria/2008) from a Rhinolophus blasii (Rhi bla) bat was fully sequenced. It is predicted that proteins 3b and 6 were highly divergent from those proteins in all known SARS-related CoV. Open reading frame 8 (ORF8) was surprisingly absent. Surface expression of spike and staining with sera of SARS survivors suggested low antigenic overlap with SARS CoV. However, the receptor binding domain of SARS CoV showed higher similarity with that of BtCoV/BM48-31/Bulgaria/2008 than with that of any Chinese bat-borne CoV. Critical spike domains 472 and 487 were identical and similar, respectively. This study underlines the importance of assessments of the zoonotic potential of widely distributed bat-borne CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Luke GA, de Felipe P, Lukashev A, Kallioinen SE, Bruno EA, Ryan MD. Occurrence, function and evolutionary origins of '2A-like' sequences in virus genomes. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1036-1042. [PMID: 18343847 PMCID: PMC2885027 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
2A is an oligopeptide sequence mediating a ribosome ‘skipping’ effect, producing an apparent ‘cleavage’ of polyproteins. First identified and characterized in picornaviruses, ‘2A-like’ sequences are found in other mammalian viruses and a wide range of insect viruses. Databases were analysed using a motif conserved amongst 2A/2A-like sequences. The newly identified 2A-like sequences (30 aa) were inserted into a reporter polyprotein to determine their cleavage activity. Our analyses showed that these sequences fall into two categories. The majority mediated very high (complete) cleavage to separate proteins and a few sequences mediated cleavage with lower efficiency, generating appreciable levels of the uncleaved form. Phylogenetic analyses of 2A-like sequences and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) indicated multiple, independent, acquisitions of these sequences at different stages during virus evolution. Within a virus family, 2A sequences are (probably) homologous, but diverge due to other evolutionary pressures. Amongst different families, however, 2A/2A-like sequences appear to be homoplasic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Pablo de Felipe
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Susanna E Kallioinen
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Bruno
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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Abstract
Selectively replicating adenoviruses have the potential to cure cancer but have shown little efficacy in clinical trials. We have tested the ability of the mTOR kinase inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) to enhance the response of xenografts to an oncolytic adenovirus. The virus has Tcf sites inserted in the early viral promoters and replicates selectively in cells with activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. To enhance tumor cell infection, an integrin targeting peptide (CDCRGDCFC) was inserted into the fiber gene of the virus. RAD001 combines three useful properties: it inhibits tumor cell growth directly, blocks angiogenesis, and suppresses the immune response. RAD001 does not block viral protein expression, DNA replication, or cytopathic effect in tumor cells in vitro. After 6 weeks of daily RAD001 treatment, ongoing viral DNA replication could be detected in tumor xenografts, showing that RAD001 does not inhibit virus replication in vivo. I.v. injection of virus alone produced a small delay in xenograft growth, whereas combination therapy substantially prolonged the survival of the mice. We suggest that collapsing the tumor vasculature after the initial infection traps the virus and facilitates local spread within the tumor. Unlike conventional drugs, which require continued access to the tumor through the vascular system, oncolytic viruses are in principle less sensitive to late reductions in perfusion because they are produced locally within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Homicsko
- National Center of Competence in Research Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Epalinges, Switzerland
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Hewson R, Chamberlain J, Mioulet V, Lloyd G, Jamil B, Hasan R, Gmyl A, Gmyl L, Smirnova SE, Lukashev A, Karganova G, Clegg C. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: sequence analysis of the small RNA segments from a collection of viruses world wide. Virus Res 2004; 102:185-9. [PMID: 15084400 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFv) is a member of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. It possesses a tripartite, single stranded RNA genome of negative polarity consisting of large (L), medium (M) and small (S) segments. CCHF virus is enzootic in life stock and wild animals in many parts of the Middle East, Asia and Africa and is also recognised in Southeast Europe. Severe disease, manifest as haemorrhagic fever and high mortality rates (up to 50%), is only recognised in humans. We have determined the complete sequence of the small genomic RNA segment from several strains of CCHF virus from outbreaks in Pakistan 2000, Baghdad 1976 and Uzbekistan 1967. Phylogenetic analysis of three datasets of sequences from the small genomic RNA segment available from a range of strains indicates that they can be divided into seven subtypes. Superimposed on this pattern are links between distant geographic locations, pointing to the existence of a global reservoir of CCHFv. In some cases these links may originate from trade in livestock, and long-distance carriage of virus or infected ticks during bird migration.
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MESH Headings
- Disease Outbreaks
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology
- Humans
- Iraq/epidemiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pakistan/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Uzbekistan/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hewson
- Special Pathogens, Health Protection Agency Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJG, Wilts, UK.
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Raeva S, Lukashev A. Unit activity in human thalamic reticularis neurons. II. Activity evoked by significant and non-significant verbal or sensory stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 86:110-22. [PMID: 7681378 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(93)90083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the nucleus reticularis thalami (n.Rt.) of 46 dyskinetic patients the responses of 340 single units to significant and non-significant verbal and sound stimuli and ordered voluntary movements were studied. The spontaneous activity of the same neuronal populations previously examined allowed the classification of these neurons into 3 groups, named A, B and C types. Only A and B cells were found to be activated during the verbal command to perform a movement and its realization. The patterns of the responses of these units were studied by means of principal component analysis (PCA) and of correlation techniques during different phases of the command presentation and of the movement. For A cells, two excitatory components A-PC1 and A-PC2 appeared during the command presentation: A-PC1 immediately after its beginning; A-PC2 (trigger component) when an imperative part of the command was pronounced. An excitatory component A-PC3 was connected with the initiation of movement (premotor component); a late excitatory component A-PC4 correlated with movement realization (motor component). For B-units, the inhibitory component B-PC1 corresponded to command presentation; the excitatory component B-PC2 was connected in time with the movement realization. Cross-correlations were studied for simultaneously recorded pairs of A, B and A and B cells. Transitory positive correlations of the activities of two A cells appeared at the time of A-PC1 and, especially of A-PC2 and A-PC3, as well as during the late activation accompanying the movement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raeva
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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Abstract
Microelectrode recording was carried out in the thalamic reticularis nucleus (Rt) during 51 stereotaxic operations performed in locally anesthetized dyskinetic patients. The spontaneous activity (SA) of 426 units was studied by means of computer processing techniques. Three types of unit (A, B, C) were shown to exist in Rt: with irregular low-frequency (0-10/sec) discharges (A type, 51%); bursting in short trains (10-30 msec) with unstable rhythmic pattern (2-5/sec; B type, 42%); presenting long duration (0.1-2 sec) high frequency bursts and relatively constant interburst silences (80-150 msec; C type, 7%). During short-term anesthesia A unit discharges disappeared; on the contrary the rhythmic bursts of B neurons were synchronized and presented a more stable frequency. The 3 types of cell were present in the whole Rt. However, a number of discharge characteristics (frequency, variation of rhythm) of A and B units changed significantly with the position of the cells in the Rt. No relationship was found between the frequencies of the rhythmic bursts and the parkinsonian tremor. With the use of a multiparametric statistical procedure, a relation was, however, found between the intensity of the peripheral tremor and the stability of the average frequency of the B type rhythmic bursts. The possible origins of rhythmic bursts of B and C neurons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raeva
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, Institute of Chemical Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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