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Daudin B, Siladie AM, Gruart M, den Hertog M, Bougerol C, Haas B, Rouvière JL, Robin E, Recio-Carretero MJ, Garro N, Cros A. The role of surface diffusion in the growth mechanism of III-nitride nanowires and nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:085606. [PMID: 33147580 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous growth of GaN nanowires (NWs) in absence of catalyst is controlled by the Ga flux impinging both directly on the top and on the side walls and diffusing to the top. The presence of diffusion barriers on the top surface and at the frontier between the top and the sidewalls, however, causes an inhomogeneous distribution of Ga adatoms at the NW top surface resulting in a GaN accumulation in its periphery. The increased nucleation rate in the periphery promotes the spontaneous formation of superlattices in InGaN and AlGaN NWs. In the case of AlN NWs, the presence of Mg can enhance the otherwise short Al diffusion length along the sidewalls inducing the formation of AlN nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Daudin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-PHELIQS, NPSC, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marion Gruart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-PHELIQS, NPSC, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martien den Hertog
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Bougerol
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benedikt Haas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, LEMMA, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rouvière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, LEMMA, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Robin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, LEMMA, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Núria Garro
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universidad de Valencia, PO Box E-22085, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Cros
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universidad de Valencia, PO Box E-22085, Valencia, Spain
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Almalawi D, Lopatin S, Mitra S, Flemban T, Siladie AM, Gayral B, Daudin B, Roqan IS. Enhanced UV Emission of GaN Nanowires Functionalized by Wider Band Gap Solution-Processed p-MnO Quantum Dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:34058-34064. [PMID: 32623885 PMCID: PMC7497627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
GaN-based UV light-emitting devices suffer from low efficiency. To mitigate this issue, we hybridized GaN nanowires (NWs) grown on Si substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy with solution-processed p-type MnO quantum dots (QDs) characterized by a wider band gap (∼5 eV) than that of GaN. Further investigations reveal that the photoluminescence intensity of the GaN NWs increases up to ∼3.9-fold (∼290%) after functionalizing them with p-MnO QDs, while the internal quantum efficiency is improved by ∼1.7-fold. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) incorporated into transmission electron microscopy reveals an increase in the density of states in QD-decorated NWs compared to the bare ones. The advanced optical and EELS analyses indicate that the energy transfer from the wider band gap p-MnO QDs to n-GaN NW can lead to substantial emission enhancement and greater radiative recombination contribution because of the good band alignment between MnO QDs and GaN NWs. This work provides valuable insights into an environmentally friendly strategy for improving UV device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaifallah Almalawi
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Imaging
and Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somak Mitra
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Flemban
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman
Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bruno Gayral
- University
of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA-IRIG, PHELIQS, 17 av. des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Bruno Daudin
- University
of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA-IRIG, PHELIQS, 17 av. des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Iman S. Roqan
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Siladie AM, Jacopin G, Cros A, Garro N, Robin E, Caliste D, Pochet P, Donatini F, Pernot J, Daudin B. Mg and In Codoped p-type AlN Nanowires for pn Junction Realization. Nano Lett 2019; 19:8357-8364. [PMID: 31724873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient, mercury-free deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming a crucial challenge for many applications such as water purification. For decades, the poor p-type doping and difficult current injection of Al-rich AlGaN-based DUV LEDs have limited their efficiency and therefore their use. We present here the significant increase in AlN p-doping thanks to Mg/In codoping, which leads to an order of magnitude higher Mg solubility limit in AlN nanowires (NWs). Optimal electrical activation of acceptor impurities has been further achieved by electron irradiation, resulting in tunnel conduction through the AlN NW p-n junction. The proposed theoretical scenario to account for enhanced Mg incorporation involves an easy ionization of In-vacancy complex associated with a negative charging of Mg in In vicinity. This leads to favored incorporation of negatively charged Mg into the AlN matrix, opening the path to the realization of highly efficient NW-based LEDs in the DUV range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwénolé Jacopin
- Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Ana Cros
- Institute of Materials Science , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Nuria Garro
- Institute of Materials Science , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Eric Robin
- IRIG-MEM, LEMMA , University Grenoble Alpes, CEA , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Damien Caliste
- IRIG-MEM, L-SIM , University Grenoble Alpes, CEA , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Pascal Pochet
- IRIG-MEM, L-SIM , University Grenoble Alpes, CEA , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Fabrice Donatini
- Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Julien Pernot
- Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Bruno Daudin
- IRIG-PHELIQS, NPSC , University Grenoble Alpes, CEA , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Siladie AM, Amichi L, Mollard N, Mouton I, Bonef B, Bougerol C, Grenier A, Robin E, Jouneau PH, Garro N, Cros A, Daudin B. Dopant radial inhomogeneity in Mg-doped GaN nanowires. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:255706. [PMID: 29620532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabbd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using atom probe tomography, it is demonstrated that Mg doping of GaN nanowires grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy results in a marked radial inhomogeneity, namely a higher Mg content in the periphery of the nanowires. This spatial inhomogeneity is attributed to a preferential incorporation of Mg through the m-plane sidewalls of nanowires and is related to the formation of a Mg-rich surface which is stabilized by hydrogen. This is further supported by Raman spectroscopy experiments which give evidence of Mg-H complexes in the doped nanowires. A Mg doping mechanism such as this, specific to nanowires, may lead to higher levels of Mg doping than in layers, boosting the potential interest of nanowires for light emitting diode applications.
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