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Hargreaves AL, Nowak G, Frew P, Hinman AR, Orenstein WA, Mendel J, Aikin A, Nadeau JA, McNutt LA, Chamberlain AT, Omer SB, Randall LA, Bednarczyk RA. Adherence to Timely Vaccinations in the United States. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-0783. [PMID: 32086389 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate (1) the proportion of children not adhering to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended early childhood immunization schedule and (2) associations between schedule adherence, sociodemographic characteristics, and up-to-date immunization status by 19 to 35 months of age. METHODS We used 2014 National Immunization Survey provider-verified vaccination data to classify vaccination patterns as "recommended" (ie, in line with ACIP dose- and age-specific recommendations), "alternate" (ie, in line with either limiting the number of shots per visit or skipping at least 1 vaccine series), or "unknown or unclassifiable" (ie, not in line with ACIP recommendations or clearly limiting shots per visit or vaccine series). We evaluated the association between vaccination patterns and up-to-date status for all ACIP-recommended vaccinations (including rotavirus and hepatitis A vaccines) using Poisson regression. RESULTS The majority of children's patterns were classified as "recommended" (63%), with 23% and 14% following alternate or unknown or unclassifiable patterns, respectively; 58% of children were up-to-date with all ACIP-recommended immunizations by 19 to 35 months. Not being up-to-date was associated with alternate (prevalence ratio = 4.2, 95% confidence interval: 3.9-4.5) and unknown or unclassifiable (prevalence ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 2.2-2.7) patterns. CONCLUSIONS High vaccine coverage by 19 to 35 months of age may miss nonadherence to the recommended immunization schedule in the first 18 months of life, leaving children vulnerable to preventable diseases. With more than one-third of US children not following the ACIP schedule, targeted interventions are needed to minimize vaccine delays and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Hargreaves
- Hubert Department of Global Health and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Glen Nowak
- Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Paula Frew
- Hubert Department of Global Health and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Walter A Orenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Judith Mendel
- National Vaccine Program Office, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; and
| | - Ann Aikin
- National Vaccine Program Office, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; and
| | - Jessica A Nadeau
- Institute for Health and the Environment, School of Public Health, State University of New York-University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Louise-Anne McNutt
- Institute for Health and the Environment, School of Public Health, State University of New York-University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | | | - Saad B Omer
- Hubert Department of Global Health and.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Laura A Randall
- Hubert Department of Global Health and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Robert A Bednarczyk
- Hubert Department of Global Health and .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health
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Frew PM, Murden R, Mehta CC, Chamberlain AT, Hinman AR, Nowak G, Mendel J, Aikin A, Randall LA, Hargreaves AL, Omer SB, Orenstein WA, Bednarczyk RA. Development of a US trust measure to assess and monitor parental confidence in the vaccine system. Vaccine 2018; 37:325-332. [PMID: 30503657 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a Vaccine Confidence Index (VCI) that is capable of detecting variations in parental confidence towards childhood immunizations centered on trust and concern issues that impact vaccine confidence. METHODS We used a web-based national poll of 893 parents of children <7 years in 2016 to assess the measures created for the Emory VCI (EVCI). EVCI measures were developed using constructs related to vaccine confidence identified by the U.S. National Vaccine Advisory Committee (i.e., "Information Environment", "Trust", "Healthcare Provider", "Attitudes and Beliefs", and "Social Norms"). Reliability for EVCI was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Using the variables related to each of the constructs, we calculated an overall EVCI score that was then assessed against self-reported childhood vaccine receipt using chi-square and the Cochrane-Armitage trend tests. RESULTS Respondents' EVCI scores could range from 0 to 24, and the full range of values was observed in this sample (Mean = 17.5 (SD 4.8)). EVCI scores were significantly different (p ≤ 0.006 for all comparisons) between parents who indicated their child(ren) received routinely recommended vaccines compared with parents who indicated they had delayed or declined recommended immunizations. There was also a significant, consistent association between higher EVCI scores and greater reported vaccine receipt. CONCLUSIONS We developed EVCI to reliably measure parental vaccine confidence, with individuals' scores linked to parental vaccine-related attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. As such, EVCI may be a useful tool for future monitoring of both population and individual confidence in childhood immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Frew
- Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Raphiel Murden
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - C Christina Mehta
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Allison T Chamberlain
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Alan R Hinman
- Task Force for Global Health, 330 West Ponce de Leon Ave., Decatur, GA 30030, United States
| | - Glen Nowak
- University of Georgia Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, 120 Hooper St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Judith Mendel
- National Vaccine Program Office, Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Ann Aikin
- National Vaccine Program Office, Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Laura A Randall
- Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Allison L Hargreaves
- Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Saad B Omer
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Walter A Orenstein
- Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Robert A Bednarczyk
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Frew P, Murden R, Mehta CC, Chamberlain A, Hinman AR, Nowak G, Mendel J, Aikin A, Randall LA, Hargreaves AL, Omer S, Orenstein WA, Flannigan L, Bednarczyk RA. Development of a Vaccine Confidence Index for Monitoring and Assessing Parental Confidence in Childhood Vaccination. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hargreaves AL, Bailey SF, Laird RA. Fitness declines towards range limits and local adaptation to climate affect dispersal evolution during climate-induced range shifts. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1489-501. [PMID: 26079367 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal ability will largely determine whether species track their climatic niches during climate change, a process especially important for populations at contracting (low-latitude/low-elevation) range limits that otherwise risk extinction. We investigate whether dispersal evolution at contracting range limits is facilitated by two processes that potentially enable edge populations to experience and adjust to the effects of climate deterioration before they cause extinction: (i) climate-induced fitness declines towards range limits and (ii) local adaptation to a shifting climate gradient. We simulate a species distributed continuously along a temperature gradient using a spatially explicit, individual-based model. We compare range-wide dispersal evolution during climate stability vs. directional climate change, with uniform fitness vs. fitness that declines towards range limits (RLs), and for a single climate genotype vs. multiple genotypes locally adapted to temperature. During climate stability, dispersal decreased towards RLs when fitness was uniform, but increased when fitness declined towards RLs, due to highly dispersive genotypes maintaining sink populations at RLs, increased kin selection in smaller populations, and an emergent fitness asymmetry that favoured dispersal in low-quality habitat. However, this initial dispersal advantage at low-fitness RLs did not facilitate climate tracking, as it was outweighed by an increased probability of extinction. Locally adapted genotypes benefited from staying close to their climate optima; this selected against dispersal under stable climates but for increased dispersal throughout shifting ranges, compared to cases without local adaptation. Dispersal increased at expanding RLs in most scenarios, but only increased at the range centre and contracting RLs given local adaptation to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hargreaves
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - S F Bailey
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R A Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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