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Abstract
The desmoplastic nature of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor microenvironment (TME) prevents the infiltration of T cells and the penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs, posing a challenge to the validation of targeted therapies, including T cell immunotherapies. We present an in vitro 3D PDAC-TME model to observe and quantify T cell infiltration across the vasculature. In a three-channel microfluidic device, PDAC cells are cultured in a collagen matrix in the central channel surrounded, on one side, by endothelial cells (ECs) to mimic a blood vessel and, on the opposite side, by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) to simulate exocrine pancreas. The migration of T cells toward the tumor is quantified based on their activation state and TME composition. The presence of EC-lining drastically reduces T cell infiltration, confirming the essential role of the vasculature in controlling T cell trafficking. We show that activated T cells migrate ∼50% more than the not-activated ones toward the cancer cells. Correspondingly, in the absence of cancer cells, both activated and not-activated T cells present similar migration toward the PSCs. The proposed approach could help researchers in testing and optimizing immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaria Mollica
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Yi Juan Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Groove, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Alrina Shin Min Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Groove, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Damien Zhi Ming Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Giulia Adriani
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Groove, 138648, Singapore. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
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2
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Mishra A, Lai GC, Yao LJ, Aung TT, Shental N, Rotter-Maskowitz A, Shepherdson E, Singh GSN, Pai R, Shanti A, Wong RMM, Lee A, Khyriem C, Dutertre CA, Chakarov S, Srinivasan KG, Shadan NB, Zhang XM, Khalilnezhad S, Cottier F, Tan ASM, Low G, Chen P, Fan Y, Hor PX, Lee AKM, Choolani M, Vermijlen D, Sharma A, Fuks G, Straussman R, Pavelka N, Malleret B, McGovern N, Albani S, Chan JKY, Ginhoux F. Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells. Cell 2021; 184:3394-3409.e20. [PMID: 34077752 PMCID: PMC8240556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human fetal immune system begins to develop early during gestation; however, factors responsible for fetal immune-priming remain elusive. We explored potential exposure to microbial agents in utero and their contribution toward activation of memory T cells in fetal tissues. We profiled microbes across fetal organs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected low but consistent microbial signal in fetal gut, skin, placenta, and lungs in the 2nd trimester of gestation. We identified several live bacterial strains including Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus in fetal tissues, which induced in vitro activation of memory T cells in fetal mesenteric lymph node, supporting the role of microbial exposure in fetal immune-priming. Finally, using SEM and RNA-ISH, we visualized discrete localization of bacteria-like structures and eubacterial-RNA within 14th weeks fetal gut lumen. These findings indicate selective presence of live microbes in fetal organs during the 2nd trimester of gestation and have broader implications toward the establishment of immune competency and priming before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Mishra
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ghee Chuan Lai
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Leong Jing Yao
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Noam Shental
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
| | - Aviva Rotter-Maskowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Edwin Shepherdson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Gurmit Singh Naranjan Singh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rhea Pai
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Adhika Shanti
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Regina Men Men Wong
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Andrea Lee
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Costerwell Khyriem
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Charles Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - K G Srinivasan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Meng Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shabnam Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Fabien Cottier
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Alrina Shin Min Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gillian Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Phyllis Chen
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Pei Xiang Hor
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Avery Khoo May Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singpore
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 7214, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Garold Fuks
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 8, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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3
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Lee SWL, Seager RJ, Litvak F, Spill F, Sieow JL, Leong PH, Kumar D, Tan ASM, Wong SC, Adriani G, Zaman MH, Kamm ARD. Integrated in silico and 3D in vitro model of macrophage migration in response to physical and chemical factors in the tumor microenvironment. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 12:90-108. [PMID: 32248236 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are abundant in the tumor microenvironment (TME), serving as accomplices to cancer cells for their invasion. Studies have explored the biochemical mechanisms that drive pro-tumor macrophage functions; however the role of TME interstitial flow (IF) is often disregarded. Therefore, we developed a three-dimensional microfluidic-based model with tumor cells and macrophages to study how IF affects macrophage migration and its potential contribution to cancer invasion. The presence of either tumor cells or IF individually increased macrophage migration directedness and speed. Interestingly, there was no additive effect on macrophage migration directedness and speed under the simultaneous presence of tumor cells and IF. Further, we present an in silico model that couples chemokine-mediated signaling with mechanosensing networks to explain our in vitro observations. In our model design, we propose IL-8, CCL2, and β-integrin as key pathways that commonly regulate various Rho GTPases. In agreement, in vitro macrophage migration remained elevated when exposed to a saturating concentration of recombinant IL-8 or CCL2 or to the co-addition of a sub-saturating concentration of both cytokines. Moreover, antibody blockade against IL-8 and/or CCL2 inhibited migration that could be restored by IF, indicating cytokine-independent mechanisms of migration induction. Importantly, we demonstrate the utility of an integrated in silico and 3D in vitro approach to aid the design of tumor-associated macrophage-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Wei Ling Lee
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - R J Seager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Felix Litvak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Fabian Spill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Je Lin Sieow
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Penny Hweixian Leong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Dillip Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Alrina Shin Min Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Siew Cheng Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Giulia Adriani
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Muhammad Hamid Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - And Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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4
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Abstract
Aneuploidy is common both in tumor cells responding to chemotherapeutic agents and in fungal cells adapting to antifungal drugs. Because aneuploidy simultaneously affects many genes, it has the potential to confer multiple phenotypes to the same cells. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms by which Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, acquires the ability to survive both chemotherapeutic agents and antifungal drugs. Strikingly, adaptation to both types of drugs was accompanied by the acquisition of specific whole-chromosome aneuploidies, with some aneuploid karyotypes recovered independently and repeatedly from very different drug conditions. Specifically, strains selected for survival in hydroxyurea, an anticancer drug, acquired cross-adaptation to caspofungin, a first-line antifungal drug, and both acquired traits were attributable to trisomy of the same chromosome: loss of trisomy was accompanied by loss of adaptation to both drugs. Mechanistically, aneuploidy simultaneously altered the copy number of most genes on chromosome 2, yet survival in hydroxyurea or caspofungin required different genes and stress response pathways. Similarly, chromosome 5 monosomy conferred increased tolerance to both fluconazole and to caspofungin, antifungals with different mechanisms of action. Thus, the potential for cross-adaptation is not a feature of aneuploidy per se; rather, it is dependent on specific genes harbored on given aneuploid chromosomes. Furthermore, pre-exposure to hydroxyurea increased the frequency of appearance of caspofungin survivors, and hydroxyurea-adapted C. albicans cells were refractory to antifungal drug treatment in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. This highlights the potential clinical consequences for the management of cancer chemotherapy patients at risk of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Flora Teoh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Alrina Shin Min Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yongbing Cao
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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