A continuum description of the buckling of a line of spheres in a transverse harmonic confining potential

A line of contacting hard spheres, placed in a transverse confining potential, buckles under compression or when tilted away from the horizontal, once a critical tilt angle is exceeded. This interesting nonlinear problem is enriched by the combined application of both compression and tilt. In a continuous formulation, the profile of transverse sphere displacement is well described by numerical solutions of a second-order differential equation (provided that buckling is not of large amplitude). Here we provide a detailed discussion of these solutions, which are approximated by analytic expressions in terms of Jacobi, Whittaker and Airy functions. The analysis in terms of Whittaker functions yields an exact result for the critical tilt for buckling without compression.

Understanding Immune Responses to Viruses-Do Underlying Th1/Th2 Cell Biases Predict Outcome?

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases have increased in number and geographical extent during the last decades. Examples include the current COVID-19 pandemic and the recent epidemics of the Chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika viruses. Immune responses to viruses have been well-characterised within the innate and adaptive immunity pathways with the outcome following viral infection predominantly attributed to properties of the virus and circumstances of the infection. Perhaps the belief that the immune system is often considered as a reactive component of host defence, springing into action when a threat is detected, has contributed to a poorer understanding of the inherent differences in an individual's immune system in the absence of any pathology. In this review, we focus on how these host factors (age, ethnicity, underlying pathologies) may skew the T helper cell response, thereby influencing the outcome following viral infection but also whether we can use these inherent biases to predict patients at risk of a deviant response and apply strategies to avoid or overcome them.

Targeting circulating monocytes with CCL2-loaded liposomes armed with an oncolytic adenovirus

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells resulting in anti-tumor immunity. However, clinical use remains a challenge because of virus clearance upon intravenous delivery. OV packaging using a nanomedicine approach could overcome this. Here we encapsulate an oncolytic adenovirus (Ad[I/PPT-E1A]) into CCL2-coated liposomes in order to exploit recruitment of CCR2-expressing circulating monocytes into tumors. We demonstrate successful encapsulation of Ad[I/PPT-E1A] into CCL2-coated liposomes that were preferentially taken up by CCR2-expressing monocytes. No complex-related toxicities were observed following incubation with prostate tumor cells and the encapsulation did not affect virus oncolytic activity in vitro. Furthermore, intravenous administration of our nanomedicine resulted in a significant reduction in tumor size and pulmonary metastasis in prostate cancer-bearing mice whereby a 1000-fold less virus was needed compared to Ad[I/PPT-E1A] alone. Taken together our data provide an opportunity to target OVs via circulation to inaccessible tumors using liposome-assisted drug delivery.

469 Evaluating the Use of Laparoscopic-Assisted Gastrostomy Tube Insertion in Children with Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Retrospective Observational Study

Introduction

Nutritional management of children with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) presents multiple challenges including reduced oral intake and mucosal fragility. Laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy (LAG) tube feeding is effective in improving nutritional status. We aim to review the effectiveness and morbidity of our minimally invasive laparoscopic-assisted approach in EB patients.

Method

A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted on all EB patients who underwent LAG tube insertion between 2009 and 2019. Patient demographics, admission details and 12-month clinical outcomes were reported.

Results

31 EB patients underwent LAG placement. Median age at insertion was 7.2 (IQR ± 6.5) years, with 8 (25.8%) and 3 (9.7%) of patients requiring oesophageal dilatation and fundoplication, respectively. 71.4% patients experienced minor complications including: overgranulation (35.7%), gastrostomy infection (32.1%), pain (21.4%), mild gastrostomy leakage (17.9%), blockage (10.7%) and late displacement (3.6%). 6 patients (21.4%) developed major complications with extensive gastrostomy site leakage. Only one patient required laparoscopic refashioning for stoma prolapse six years post-insertion. No cases of gastrostomy-related mortality were recorded and an improvement in both mean weight and height Z-scores was observed.

Conclusions

LAG is well-tolerated in EB patients with improvements in growth and minimal morbidity 12-months post-gastrostomy insertion. An extended follow-up period is required to ascertain long-term impacts of gastrostomy feeding.

Theory of rotational columnar structures of soft spheres

There is a growing interest in cylindrical structures of hard and soft particles. A promising new method to assemble such structures has recently been introduced by Lee et al. [Lee, Gizynski, and Grzybowski, Adv. Mater. 29, 1704274 (2017)ADVMEW0935-964810.1002/adma.201704274]. They used rapid rotations around a central axis to drive spheres of lower density than the surrounding fluid towards the axis. This resulted in different structures as the number of spheres is varied. Here, we present comprehensive analytic energy calculations for such self-assembled structures, based on a generic soft sphere model, from which we obtain a phase diagram. It displays interesting features, including peritectoid points. These analytic calculations are complemented by preliminary numerical simulations for finite sample sizes with soft spheres. A similar analytic approach could be used to study packings of spheres inside cylinders of fixed dimensions, but with a variation in the number of spheres.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous populations of active rods in two-dimensional channels

Active swarms, consisting of individual agents which consume energy to move or produce work, are known to generate a diverse range of collective behaviors. Many examples of active swarms are biological in nature (e.g., fish shoals and bird flocks) and have been modeled extensively by numerical simulations. Such simulations of swarms usually assume that the swarm is homogeneous; that is, every agent has exactly the same dynamical properties. However, many biological swarms are highly heterogeneous, such as multispecies communities of micro-organisms in soil, and individual species may have a wide range of different physical properties. Here we explore heterogeneity by developing a simple model for the dynamics of a swarm of motile heterogeneous rodlike bacteria in the absence of hydrodynamic effects. Using molecular dynamics simulations of active rods confined within a two-dimensional rectangular channel, we first explore the case of homogeneous swarms and show that the key parameter governing both dynamics is ratio of the motility force to the steric force. Next we explore heterogeneous or mixed swarms in which the constituent self-propelled rods have a range of motilities and steric interactions. Our results show that the confining boundaries play a strong role in driving the segregation of mixed populations.

Curvature driven motion of a bubble in a toroidal Hele-Shaw cell

We investigate the equilibrium properties of a single area-minimizing bubble trapped between two narrowly separated parallel curved plates. We begin with the case of a bubble trapped between concentric spherical plates. We develop a model which shows that the surface energy of the bubble is lower when confined between spherical plates than between flat plates. We confirm our findings by comparing against Surface Evolver simulations. We then derive a simple model for a bubble between arbitrarily curved parallel plates. The energy is found to be higher when the local Gaussian curvature of the plates is negative and lower when the curvature is positive. To check the validity of the model, we consider a bubble trapped between concentric tori. In the toroidal case, we find that the sensitivity of the bubble's energy to the local curvature acts as a geometric potential capable of driving bubbles from regions with negative to positive curvature.

Simulation and observation of line-slip structures in columnar structures of soft spheres

We present the computed phase diagram of columnar structures of soft spheres under pressure, of which the main feature is the appearance and disappearance of line slips, the shearing of adjacent spirals, as pressure is increased. A comparable experimental observation is made on a column of bubbles under forced drainage, clearly exhibiting the expected line slip.

Corrected Article: Simulation and observation of line-slip structures in columnar structures of soft spheres [Phys. Rev. E 96, 012610 (2017)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.96.012610.

Phyllotaxis, disk packing, and Fibonacci numbers

We consider the evolution of the packing of disks (representing the position of buds) that are introduced at the top of a surface which has the form of a growing stem. They migrate downwards, while conforming to three principles, applied locally: dense packing, homogeneity, and continuity. We show that spiral structures characterized by the widely observed Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...), as well as related structures, occur naturally under such rules. Typical results are presented in an animation.

Theory of cylindrical dense packings of disks

We have previously explored cylindrical packings of disks and their relation to sphere packings. Here we extend the analytical treatment of disk packings, analyzing the rules for phyllotactic indices of related structures and the variation of the density for line-slip structures, close to the symmetric ones. We show that rhombic structures, which are of a lower density, are always unstable, i.e., can be increased in density by small perturbations.

Band-gap engineering by molecular mechanical strain-induced giant tuning of the luminescence in colloidal amorphous porous silicon nanostructures

A novel approach for producing and tuning the emission of a colloidal dispersion of amorphous porous silicon nanoparticles via controlled oxidation and disorder increase.

Dense packings of spheres in cylinders: simulations

We study the optimal packing of hard spheres in an infinitely long cylinder, using simulated annealing, and compare our results with the analogous problem of packing disks on the unrolled surface of a cylinder. The densest structures are described and tabulated in detail up to D/d=2.873 (ratio of cylinder and sphere diameters). This extends previous computations into the range of structures which include internal spheres that are not in contact with the cylinder.

Phyllotactic description of hard sphere packing in cylindrical channels

We develop a simple analytical theory that relates dense sphere packings in a cylinder to corresponding disk packings on its surface. It applies for ratios R=D/d (where d and D are the diameters of the hard spheres and the bounding cylinder, respectively) up to R=1+1/sin(π/5). Within this range the densest packings are such that all spheres are in contact with the cylindrical boundary. The detailed results elucidate extensive numerical simulations by ourselves and others by identifying the nature of various competing phases.

Topological defects in the crystalline state of one-component plasmas of nonuniform density

We study the ground state properties of classical Coulomb charges interacting with a 1/r potential moving on a plane but confined either by a circular hard-wall boundary or by a harmonic potential. The charge density in the continuum limit is determined analytically and is nonuniform. Because of the nonuniform density there are both disclinations and dislocations present and their distribution across the system is calculated and shown to be in agreement with numerical studies of the ground state (or at least low-energy states) of N charges, where values of N up to 5000 have been studied. A consequence of these defects is that although the charges locally form into a triangular lattice structure, the lattice lines acquire a marked curvature. A study is made of conformal crystals to illuminate the origin of this curvature. The scaling of various terms which contribute to the overall energy of the system of charges, viz., the continuum electrostatic energy, correlation energy, surface energy (and so on) as a function of the number of particles N is determined. "Magic number" clusters are those at special values of N whose energies take them below the energy estimated from the scaling forms and are identified with charge arrangements of high symmetry.

Drowning of British children abroad

AIMS

To quantify the risks of British children drowning abroad.

METHODS

The numbers of British children drowning abroad were estimated for 1996-2003 using the RoSPA/RLSS press cutting database. We compared these figures with the numbers of British children going abroad from the International Passenger Survey from the Office of National Statistics.

RESULTS

Sixty-eight children (45 boys-23 Girls) drowned in the eight-year period: 48 (71%) in swimming pools (mostly in hotels). Allowing for exposure, the rate was higher in North America [5.2 (CI 2.9-9.4)/million tourists] than the European Union [1.9 (CI 1.4-2.5)/million tourists] p = 0.002.

DISCUSSION

On average eight British children drown each year abroad. This is therefore a rare but tragic event. Most of these episodes happen in swimming pools and this needs to be compared to the one child that dies each year in municipal swimming pools in the United Kingdom where there is adequate lifeguarding. It may be that parents have a false sense of security for their children in pools abroad. We believe that there needs to be action from the European Union on this important event.