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Emamverdi F, Huang J, Razavi NM, Bojdys MJ, Foster AB, Budd PM, Böhning M, Schönhals A. Molecular Mobility and Gas Transport Properties of Mixed Matrix Membranes Based on PIM-1 and a Phosphinine Containing Covalent Organic Framework. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1829-1845. [PMID: 38435679 PMCID: PMC10902888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are gaining attention as gas separation membranes. Nevertheless, they face limitations due to their pronounced physical aging. In this study, a covalent organic framework containing λ5-phosphinine moieties, CPSF-EtO, was incorporated as a nanofiller (concentration range 0-10 wt %) into a PIM-1 matrix forming dense films with a thickness of ca. 100 μm. The aim of the investigation was to investigate possible enhancements of gas transport properties and mitigating effects on physical aging. The incorporation of the nanofiller occurred on an nanoaggregate level with domains up to 100 nm, as observed by T-SEM and confirmed by X-ray scattering. Moreover, the X-ray data show that the structure of the microporous network of the PIM-1 matrix is changed by the nanofiller. As molecular mobility is fundamental for gas transport as well as for physical aging, the study includes dielectric investigations of pure PIM-1 and PIM-1/CPSF-EtO mixed matrix membranes to establish a correlation between the molecular mobility and the gas transport properties. Using the time-lag method, the gas permeability and the permselectivity were determined for N2, O2, CH4, and CO2 for samples with variation in filler content. A significant increase in the permeability of CH4 and CO2 (50% increase compared to pure PIM-1) was observed for a concentration of 5 wt % of the nanofiller. Furthermore, the most pronounced change in the permselectivity was found for the gas pair CO2/N2 at a filler concentration of 7 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Emamverdi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Jieyang Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Negar Mosane Razavi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt University, Brook-Taylor Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M 13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M 13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Böhning
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
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Qiu B, Yu M, Luque‐Alled JM, Ding S, Foster AB, Budd PM, Fan X, Gorgojo P. High Gas Permeability in Aged Superglassy Membranes with Nanosized UiO-66-NH 2 /cPIM-1 Network Fillers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316356. [PMID: 37983661 PMCID: PMC10952568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Superglassy membranes synthesised by polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) suffer from physical aging and show poor gas permeance over time, especially thin membranes, due to the fast rearrangement of nonequilibrium polymer chains. Herein, we constructed a novel PIM-1 thin film nanocomposite membrane (TFN) using nanosized UiO-66-NH2 (≈10 nm)/carboxylated PIM-1 (cPIM-1) as the composite filler. Unlike conventional fillers, which interact with the polymer only via the surface, the UiO-66-NH2 /cPIM-1 forms a stable three-dimensional (3D) network intertwining with the polymer chains, being very effective to impede chain relaxation, and thus physical aging. Nanosizing of UiO-66-NH2 was achieved by regulating the nucleation kinetics using carbon quantum dots (CQD) during the synthesis. This led to increased surface area, and hence more functional groups to bond with cPIM-1 (via hydrogen bonding between -NH2 and -COOH groups), which also improved interfacial compatibility between the 3D network and polymer chains avoiding defect formation. As a result, the novel TFN showed significantly improved performance in gas separation along with reduced aging (i.e. ≈6 % loss in CO2 permeability over 63 days); the aged membranes had a CO2 permeance of 2504 GPU and ideal selectivity values of 37.2 and 23.8 for CO2 /N2 and CO2 /CH4 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Qiu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC. 3010Australia
| | - Jose Miguel Luque‐Alled
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) CSICUniversidad de ZaragozaMariano Esquillor50018ZaragozaSpain
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio AmbienteUniversidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Shengzhe Ding
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo China211 Xingguang RoadNingbo315100China
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) CSICUniversidad de ZaragozaMariano Esquillor50018ZaragozaSpain
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio AmbienteUniversidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
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Aloraini S, Mathias M, Crone J, Bryce K, Yu M, Kirk RA, Ahmad MZ, Asuquo ED, Rico-Martínez S, Volkov AV, Foster AB, Budd PM. Crosslinking of Branched PIM-1 and PIM-Py Membranes for Recovery of Toluene from Dimethyl Sulfoxide by Pervaporation. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2023; 5:1145-1158. [PMID: 36817336 PMCID: PMC9926464 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Branched forms of the archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 and the pyridinecarbonitrile-containing PIM-Py may be crosslinked under ambient conditions by palladium(II) acetate. Branched PIM-1 can arise in polymerizations of 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-1,1'-spirobisindane with tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile conducted at a high set temperature (160 °C) under conditions, such as high dilution, that lead to a lower-temperature profile over the course of the reaction. Membranes of PIM-1 and PIM-Py crosslinked with palladium acetate are sufficiently stable in organic solvents for use in the recovery of toluene from its mixture with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by pervaporation at 65 °C. With both PIM-1 and PIM-Py membranes, pervaporation gives high toluene/DMSO separation factors (around 10 with a 77 vol % toluene feed). Detailed analysis shows that the membranes themselves are slightly selective for DMSO and it is the high driving force for toluene evaporation that drives the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Aloraini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Mathias
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Crone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kurtis Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Richard A. Kirk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Zamidi Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Edidiong D. Asuquo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.
V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, 29 Leninsky Avenue, Moscow119991, Russian
Federation
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Gutiérrez-Hernández SV, Pardo F, Foster AB, Gorgojo P, Budd PM, Zarca G, Urtiaga A. Outstanding performance of PIM-1 membranes towards the separation of fluorinated refrigerant gases. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Physical aging of glassy polymers leads to a decrease in permeability over time when they are used in membranes. This hinders the industrial application of high free volume polymers, such as the archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1, for membrane gas separation. In thin film composite (TFC) membranes, aging is much more rapid than in thicker self-standing membranes, as rearrangement within the thin active layer is relatively fast. Liquid alcohol treatment, which swells the membrane, is often used in the laboratory to rejuvenate aged self-standing membranes, but this is not easily applied on an industrial scale and is not suitable to refresh TFC membranes because of the risk of membrane delamination. In this work, it is demonstrated that a simple method of storage in an atmosphere of methanol vapor effectively retards physical aging of PIM-1 TFC membranes. The same method can also be utilized to refresh aged PIM-1 TFC membranes, and one-week methanol vapor storage is sufficient to recover most of the original CO2 permeance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia,Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.
| | - Colin A. Scholes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Sandra E. Kentish
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K.,
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6
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Qiu B, Alberto M, Mohsenpour S, Foster AB, Ding S, Guo Z, Xu S, Holmes SM, Budd PM, Fan X, Gorgojo P. Thin film nanocomposite membranes of PIM-1 and graphene oxide/ZIF-8 nanohybrids for organophilic pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Luque-Alled JM, Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Budd PM, Gorgojo P. PIM-1/Holey Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation: Unveiling the Role of Holes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:55517-55533. [PMID: 34756006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PIM-1/holey graphene oxide (GO) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have been prepared and their gas separation performance for CO2/CH4 mixtures assessed. Nanopores have been created in the basal plane of gas-impermeable GO by chemical etching reactions, and the resulting holey flakes have been further chemically functionalized, either with octadecylamine (ODA) or with PIM-1 moieties, to aid their dispersion in PIM-1. It is found that nanopores barely promote gas transport through the graphene-like nanofiller for fresh membranes (tested right after preparation); however, the prepared hybrid PIM-1/holey GO membranes exhibit higher CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity than the pure polymer membrane 150 days after preparation and 13 and 15% higher CO2 permeability for filler contents of 0.1% of octadecylamine-functionalized holey GO and 1% of (PIM-1)-functionalized holey GO, respectively. The most significant improvement is observed for the mitigation of physical aging, as MMMs using 10% of (PIM-1)-functionalized holey GO nanofillers are capable of maintaining up to 70% of their initial CO2 permeability after 150 days, whereas only 53% is kept for pure PIM-1 after the same period. The gas permeability of the nanofiller has been rationalized with the aid of the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Luque-Alled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marzieh Tamaddondar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Foster
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Budd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Nanoscience and Materials Institute of Aragón (INMA) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Ameen AW, Ji J, Tamaddondar M, Moshenpour S, Foster AB, Fan X, Budd PM, Mattia D, Gorgojo P. 2D boron nitride nanosheets in PIM-1 membranes for CO2/CH4 separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Kirk RA, Ye C, Foster AB, Volkov AV, McKeown NB, Budd PM. Mixed matrix membranes derived from a spirobifluorene polymer of intrinsic microporosity and polyphenylene networks for the separation of toluene from dimethyl sulfoxide. ARKIVOC 2021. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Luque-Alled JM, Ameen AW, Alberto M, Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Budd PM, Vijayaraghavan A, Gorgojo P. Gas separation performance of MMMs containing (PIM-1)-functionalized GO derivatives. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Rahmanudin A, Marcial‐Hernandez R, Zamhuri A, Walton AS, Tate DJ, Khan RU, Aphichatpanichakul S, Foster AB, Broll S, Turner ML. Organic Semiconductors Processed from Synthesis-to-Device in Water. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2002010. [PMID: 33173736 PMCID: PMC7610335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) promise to deliver next-generation electronic and energy devices that are flexible, scalable and printable. Unfortunately, realizing this opportunity is hampered by increasing concerns about the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly toxic halogenated solvents that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Here, a cradle-to-grave process is reported to achieve high performance p- and n-type OSC devices based on indacenodithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconducting polymers that utilizes aqueous-processes, fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in VOCs (>99%) and avoids all halogenated solvents. The process involves an aqueous mini-emulsion polymerization that generates a surfactant-stabilized aqueous dispersion of OSC nanoparticles at sufficient concentration to permit direct aqueous processing into thin films for use in organic field-effect transistors. Promisingly, the performance of these devices is comparable to those prepared using conventional synthesis and processing procedures optimized for large amounts of VOCs and halogenated solvents. Ultimately, the holistic approach reported addresses the environmental issues and enables a viable guideline for the delivery of future OSC devices using only aqueous media for synthesis, purification and thin-film processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raymundo Marcial‐Hernandez
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Adibah Zamhuri
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Alex S. Walton
- Photon Science Institute and the Department of ChemistryAlan Turing BuildingUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PYUK
| | - Daniel J. Tate
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raja U. Khan
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Suphaluk Aphichatpanichakul
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sebastian Broll
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Michael L. Turner
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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13
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Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Carta M, Gorgojo P, McKeown NB, Budd PM. Mitigation of Physical Aging with Mixed Matrix Membranes Based on Cross-Linked PIM-1 Fillers and PIM-1. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:46756-46766. [PMID: 32905699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A low cross-link density (LCD) network-PIM-1, which offers high compatibility with the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1, is synthesized by a modified PIM-1 polycondensation that combines both a tetrafluoro- and an octafluoro-monomer. To maximize the advantages of utilizing such cross-linked PIM-1 fillers in PIM-1-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), a grafting route is used to decorate the LCD-network-PIM-1 (dispersed phase) with PIM-1 chains, to further enhance compatibility with the PIM-1 matrix. Mixed-gas CO2/CH4 (1:1, v/v) separation results over 160 days of membrane aging confirm the success of a relatively short (24 h) grafting reaction in improving the initial CO2 separation performance, as well as hindering the aging of PIM-1/grafted-LCD-network-PIM-1 MMMs. For MMMs based on a 24 h grafting route, all the gas separation data surpass the 2008 Robeson upper bound by a significant margin, and the 160-day aged membranes show only 29% reduction from the initial CO2 permeability, which is substantially less than the equivalent losses of nearly 70% and 48% for PIM-1 and traditionally fabricated MMMs counterparts, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of network-PIM components for obtaining much more stable gas separation performance over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Tamaddondar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Budd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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Lian Q, Mokhtar MZ, Lu D, Zhu M, Jacobs J, Foster AB, Thomas AG, Spencer BF, Wu S, Liu C, Hodson NW, Smith B, Alkaltham A, Alkhudhari OM, Watson T, Saunders BR. Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO 2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:18578-18589. [PMID: 32237709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mesoporous (meso)-TiO2 layer is a key component of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, pore size controllable meso-TiO2 layers are prepared using spin coating of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) paste with added soft polymer templates (SPT) followed by removal of the SPT at 500 °C. The SPTs consist of swollen crosslinked polymer colloids (microgels, MGs) or a commercial linear polymer (denoted as LIN). The MGs and LIN were comprised of the same polymer, which was poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm). Large (L-MG) and small (S-MG) MG SPTs were employed to study the effect of the template size. The SPT approach enabled pore size engineering in one deposition step. The SPT/TiO2 nanoparticle films had pore sizes > 100 nm, whereas the average pore size was 37 nm for the control meso-TiO2 scaffold. The largest pore sizes were obtained using L-MG. SPT engineering increased the perovskite grain size in the same order as the SPT sizes: LIN < S-MG < L-MG and these grain sizes were larger than those obtained using the control. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the SPT/TiO2 devices were ∼20% higher than that for the control meso-TiO2 device and the PCE of the champion S-MG device was 18.8%. The PCE improvement is due to the increased grain size and more effective light harvesting of the SPT devices. The increased grain size was also responsible for the improved stability of the SPT/TiO2 devices. The SPT method used here is simple, scalable, and versatile and should also apply to other PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lian
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Muhamad Z Mokhtar
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mingning Zhu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Jacobs
- Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Thomas
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
- Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben F Spencer
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shanglin Wu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W Hodson
- BioAFM Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Smith
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulaziz Alkaltham
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Osama M Alkhudhari
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Trystan Watson
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Saunders
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
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15
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Foster AB, Tamaddondar M, Luque-Alled JM, Harrison WJ, Li Z, Gorgojo P, Budd PM. Understanding the Topology of the Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity PIM-1: Cyclics, Tadpoles, and Network Structures and Their Impact on Membrane Performance. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Foster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Marzieh Tamaddondar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jose M. Luque-Alled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Wayne J. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Tamaddondar M, Foster AB, Luque‐Alled JM, Msayib KJ, Carta M, Sorribas S, Gorgojo P, McKeown NB, Budd PM. Intrinsically Microporous Polymer Nanosheets for High‐Performance Gas Separation Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900572. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jose M. Luque‐Alled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kadhum J. Msayib
- EastChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceSwansea University Grove Building, Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Sara Sorribas
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Patricia Gorgojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EastChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Foster AB, Bagutski V, Ayuso‐Carrillo JI, Humphries MJ, Ingleson MJ, Turner ML. Use of N-methyliminodiacetic acid boronate esters in suzuki-miyaura cross-coupling polymerizations of triarylamine and fluorene monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:2798-2806. [PMID: 28979067 PMCID: PMC5600090 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polytriarylamine copolymers can be prepared by Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of bis N‐methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronate ester substituted arylamines with dibromo arenes. The roles of solvent composition, temperature, reaction time, and co‐monomer structure were examined and (co)polymers prepared containing 9, 9‐dioctylfluorene (F8), 4‐sec‐butyl or 4‐octylphenyl diphenyl amine (TFB), and N, N′‐bis(4‐octylphenyl)‐N, N′‐diphenyl phenylenediamine (PTB) units, using a Pd(OAc)2/2‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐2′,6′‐dimethoxybiphenyl (SPhos) catalyst system. The performance of a di‐functionalized MIDA boronate ester monomer was compared with that of an equivalent pinacol boronate ester. Higher molar mass polymers were produced from reactions starting with a difunctionalized pinacol boronate ester monomer than the equivalent difunctionalized MIDA boronate ester monomer in biphase solvent mixtures (toluene/dioxane/water). Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopic analysis revealed that polymeric structures rich in residues associated with the starting MIDA monomer were present, suggesting that homo‐coupling of the boronate ester must be occurring to the detriment of cross‐coupling in the step‐growth polymerization. However, when comparable reactions of the two boronate monomers with a dibromo fluorene monomer were completed in a single phase solvent mixture (dioxane + water), high molar mass polymers with relatively narrow distribution ranges were obtained after only 4 h of reaction. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2798–2806
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Foster
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Viktor Bagutski
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Martin J. Humphries
- Cambridge Display Technology LtdUnit 12 Cardinal Park, Cardinal Way, GodmanchesterCambridgeshirePE29 2XGUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Ingleson
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Turner
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
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18
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Behrendt JM, Esquivel Guzman JA, Purdie L, Willcock H, Morrison JJ, Foster AB, O'Reilly RK, McCairn MC, Turner ML. Scalable synthesis of multicolour conjugated polymer nanoparticles via Suzuki-Miyaura polymerisation in a miniemulsion and application in bioimaging. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Deplace F, Carelli C, Langenfeld A, Rabjohns MA, Foster AB, Lovell PA, Creton C. Controlled sparse and percolating cross-linking in waterborne soft adhesives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:2021-2029. [PMID: 20355828 DOI: 10.1021/am9003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of low levels of cross-linking on the adhesive and mechanical properties of waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesives was investigated. We have taken advantage of a core-shell latex particle morphology obtained by emulsion polymerization to create a heterogeneous structure of cross-links without major modification of the monomer composition. The latex particles comprise a shell containing cross-linkable diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) repeat units localized on the periphery of a slightly softer core copolymer of very similar composition. Adipic acid dihydrazide was added to the latex prior to film formation to react with DAAM repeat units and affect interfacial cross-linking between particles in the adhesive films. The honeycomb-like structure obtained after drying of the latex results in a good balance between the dissipative properties required for adhesion and the resistance to creep. The characterization of the mechanical properties of the films shows that the chosen cross-linking method creates a percolating lightly cross-linked network, swollen with a nearly un-cross-linked component. With this cross-linking method, the linear viscoelastic properties of the soft films are nearly unaffected by the cross-linking while the nonlinear tensile properties are greatly modified. As a result, the long-term shear resistance of the adhesive film improves very significantly while the peel force remains nearly the same. A simple rheological model is used to interpret qualitatively the changes in the material parameters induced by cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Deplace
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Polymeres et des Milieux Disperses, UMR 7615, UPMC, CNRS-ESPCI, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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20
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Barton M, Ebdon JR, Foster AB, Rimmer S. Complete ozonolysis of alkyl substituted ethenes at −60 °C: distributions of ozonide and oligomeric products. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1323-9. [PMID: 15785823 DOI: 10.1039/b419174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of ozonide and oligomeric structures formed on complete ozonolysis of alkenes in a non-participating solvent at -60 degrees C is governed by the alkyl substitution around the carbon-carbon double bond. The ozonolysis of a 1,1-alkyl substituted ethene generally favours the formation of an ozonide (a 1,2,4-trioxolane). Whereas the ozonolysis of a 1,1,2-alkyl substituted ethene also produces ozonide, a considerable amount of the ozonised products are oligomeric in nature. For example, the ozonolysis of 3-methylpent-2-ene in solution to high conversion in pentane yields oligomers with structural units derived from the fragmentation products of the primary ozonide (a 1,2,3-trioxolane) which are namely butanone carbonyl oxide and acetaldehyde; these can be characterised by electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) under soft ionisation conditions. The predominant oligomers formed are rich in carbonyl oxide units (80 + mol%) and are cyclic in nature. A small proportion of the oligomers formed are open chain compounds with end groups that suggest that chain termination is brought about either by water or by hydrogen peroxide. Residual water in the solvent will react with the carbonyl oxides to produce 2-methoxybut-2-yl hydroperoxide, which we propose readily decomposes generating hydrogen peroxide. A significant yield of oligomers also is obtained from the ozonolysis of a 1,2-alkyl substituted ethene. The ozonolysis of trans-hex-2-ene in pentane yields oligomers containing up to four structural units and are predicted to be mainly cyclic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Barton
- Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK S3 7HF
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21
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Barton M, Ebdon JR, Foster AB, Rimmer S. Ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene: characterization of cyclic and open-chain oligoperoxidic products. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6967-73. [PMID: 15471440 DOI: 10.1021/jo035624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene (TME) in solution to high conversion in nonparticipating solvents at -60 degrees C yields predominantly oligoperoxides. For the first time, these products have been characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under soft ionization conditions. The predominant structure formed in reactions carried out in pentane (up to 2.0 M TME) is shown to be the cyclic hexamer of acetone carbonyl oxide (oligocarbonyl oxide with degree of polymerization, n = 6), but cyclic structures with n up to 19 are observed. A small proportion of the oligoperoxides formed are open-chain compounds with end groups that suggest that chain termination of oligocarbonyl oxides can occur through reaction with either water or hydrogen peroxide. Ozonolysis in dried butyl acetate similarly produces mainly cyclic oligoperoxides. However, ozonolyses carried out in undried butyl acetate yield mainly open-chain oligoperoxides, confirming that propagating carbonyl oxide chains are readily terminated by water. Relative amounts of the open-chain oligomers so-formed suggest that undried butyl acetate contains ca. 0.1% w/w water. The ozonolysis of TME in the participating solvent, methanol, at -60 degrees C yields 2-methoxyprop-2-yl hydroperoxide via reaction of acetone carbonyl oxide with methanol; no oligoperoxidic products are formed in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Barton
- The Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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Abstract
A simple assay for the measurement of the activities of both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17-C20 lyase is described. No extraction procedures are required. The separation of substrate and products is achieved using HPLC which allows the collection of the components of interest and the monitoring of the recovery of various steroids. Using this assay, bifluranol (known to show anti-prostatic activity in vivo) and some analogues were tested for inhibitory activity towards these enzyme activities. Each compound was active, although less potent than ketoconazole, and this activity may contribute towards the in vivo action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Barrie
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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McCague R, Leclercq G, Legros N, Goodman J, Blackburn GM, Jarman M, Foster AB. Derivatives of tamoxifen. Dependence of antiestrogenicity on the 4-substituent. J Med Chem 1989; 32:2527-33. [PMID: 2585441 DOI: 10.1021/jm00132a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A range of tamoxifen derivatives substituted in the 4-position of the 1-phenyl ring are described. The key steps in the synthesis of 4-iodo-, 4-bromo-, and 4-(methylthio)tamoxifen were reactions of 1,2-diarylbutanones with the (4-halogenophenyl)lithium or [4-(methylthio)phenyl]magnesium bromide. Oxidized precursors of 4-(methylthio)tamoxifen were used to prepare the methylsulfinyl and methylsulfonyl derivatives. Further derivatives (formyl, hydroxymethyl, oxirane, mercapto) were prepared from 4-bromotamoxifen via the 4-lithio derivative. Several of the derivatives (Br, I, SMe, SOMe, SO2Me, oxirane, CHO, CH2OH) displayed a higher affinity for estrogen receptors (ER) of calf uterine cytosol than did tamoxifen, but there was no relationship between affinity to ER and the ability to inhibit the growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McCague
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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Abstract
Three types of non-isomerisable antiestrogens analogous to tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen are described. Advantages of non-isomerisability are simplified synthesis, simplified metabolism profile, and that structure-activity relationships become more meaningful. The compounds described differ from tamoxifen by having an extra ring methyl group, a fused seven-membered ring system, or the central ethylene linkage saturated. These compounds retained both binding affinity to estrogen receptors and growth inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McCague
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, England
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Rowlands MG, Bunnett MA, Foster AB, Jarman M, Stanek J, Schweizer E. Analogues of aminoglutethimide based on 1-phenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione: selective inhibition of aromatase activity. J Med Chem 1988; 31:971-6. [PMID: 3361583 DOI: 10.1021/jm00400a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In exploring the structural features responsible for the inhibitory activity of aminoglutethimide [3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione] (1) toward the cholesterol side chain cleavage (CSCC) enzyme from bovine adrenals and the human placental aromatase enzyme, analogues have been synthesized in which the piperidine-2,6-dione ring is replaced by substituted or unsubstituted azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione rings. The unsubstituted analogue 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione (9a) is a slightly more potent inhibitor of aromatase than 1 (Ki = 1.2 microM, cf. 1.8 microM for 1) but is noninhibitory toward the CSCC enzyme. The substituted analogues 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-butyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione (9e) and 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-pentyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione (9f) are approximately 100 times more potent than 1 (Ki values of 1, 9e, and 9f are 1.8, 0.015, and 0.02 microM, respectively) in inhibiting aromatase, with no significant activity toward the CSCC enzyme. Type II difference spectra were exhibited by 1, 9a, and 9f in their interaction with the aromatase enzyme (respective Ks values of 1, 9a, and 9f are 0.13, 0.08, and 0.01 microM). Modification of the para amino function by alkylation, its relocation, replacement by H, or replacement by a methyl, aldehyde, or secondary alcohol group produced analogues that were inactive toward both enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Rowlands
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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26
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Leung CS, Rowlands MG, Jarman M, Foster AB, Griggs LJ, Wilman DE. Analogues of 3-ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)piperidine-2,6-dione as selective inhibitors of aromatase: derivatives with variable 1-alkyl and 3-alkyl substituents. J Med Chem 1987; 30:1550-4. [PMID: 3625703 DOI: 10.1021/jm00392a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (1) is a strong competitive inhibitor of human placental aromatase (Ki = 1.1 microM; testosterone as substrate) that, unlike the structurally related aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (2), is not also an inhibitor of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme desmolase. An improved synthesis of 1 is described, which was readily adapted to the preparation of homologues in a series of 3-alkyl-3-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine-2,6-diones (6-13). Alkylation of 1 afforded a second series, comprising 1-alkyl-3-ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine-2,6-diones (14-23). Inhibitory activity toward aromatase was maximal in both series for the octyl derivatives. Respective Ki values for the competitive inhibition exerted by the 3-octyl (12) and the 1-octyl (21) analogues with testosterone as substrate were 0.09 and 0.12 microM. The compounds 1, 2, 12, and 21 differed in their relative potencies as inhibitors of the aromatization of testosterone and androstenedione. Respective Ki values were as follows: for 1, 1.1 and 14 microM (ratio 12.7); for 2, 0.6 and 1.8 microM (3); for 12, 0.09 and 0.20 microM (2.2); and for 21, 0.12 and 0.48 microM (4).
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27
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Abstract
Twenty-three synthetic analogues of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) have been evaluated as inhibitors of human placental microsomal aromatase enzyme. Among the most potent of these compounds were the 4-hydroxy, 6 alpha-fluoro, 6 beta-fluoro, and 4-fluoroandrostenediones and 4-fluoro-19-nor-4-androstene-3,17-dione. 4-Hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4HAD) is an irreversible inhibitor of aromatase in vitro, whereas the four fluoro analogues are reversible inhibitors. 4HAD and 4-fluoro-4-androstene-3,17-dione caused significant regression of the nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor in rats, but the other fluoro derivatives were inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Rowlands
- Drug Development Section, CRC Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Seago A, Houghton J, McCague R, Foster AB, Coe PL, Falshaw A. The inhibitory effect of p-trifluoromethyl substitution on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of benzyl phenyl sulphide. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:400-3. [PMID: 3814182 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Foster AB, McCague R, Seago A, Leclercq G, Stoessel S, Roy F. Modification of the basic side chain in tamoxifen: effects on microsomal metabolism and in vitro biological activity. Anticancer Drug Des 1986; 1:245-57. [PMID: 3450297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of reducing the basicity of the side chain in tamoxifen (1) on in vitro microsomal metabolism and biological potency has been investigated. The N-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) analogue 10 and its 4-hydroxy derivative 18 have been synthesised. The side chain of 10 was not metabolised detectably by rat liver microsomes but a small amount of 18 was formed; there was no evidence of metabolic switching. The lack of metabolism of 10 is unlikely to reflect steric effects since the N,N-diethyl analogue 9 had a metabolism profile similar to that of tamoxifen, but could reflect the reduction in the basicity of the side chain. Compounds 10 and 18 had relative binding affinities (RBA) to oestrogen receptors in rat uterine cytosol and MCF-7 whole cells approximately 5 times lower than the values for tamoxifen (1) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (3), respectively. Also 10 was similarly less potent than 1 as an inhibitor of the growth of MCF-7 cells in culture although antioestrogenicity was maintained. There was no evidence for improved cell penetration by 10 relative to 1. Of the N-acyl analogues (15-17) of tamoxifen synthesised, the N-trifluoroacetyl analogue 15 had a very low RBA. The N-acetyl (16) and N-formyl (17) analogues had RBA values comparable to that of 1 in cell cytosol or whole cell systems, but did not inhibit growth of MCF-7 cells. Thus, although metabolism of the side-chain in tamoxifen can be inhibited, reduction of biological potency results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Foster
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Baker MH, Foster AB, Leclercq F, Jarman M, Rowlands MG, Turner JC. Effect of omega-trifluorination on the microsomal metabolism of ethyl and pent-1-yl p-nitrophenyl ether. Xenobiotica 1986; 16:195-203. [PMID: 3705616 DOI: 10.3109/00498258609043522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
p-Nitrophenyl pent-1-yl ether was metabolized (65-70%) in the presence of liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats to give the 4-(major), 3-(minor), and 2-hydroxypent-1-yl (minor) derivatives which were characterized by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry; O-dealkylation (reflecting 1-hydroxylation) and 5-hydroxylation did not occur to a significant extent. 5,5,5-Trifluorination of the pent-1-yl group markedly reduced the extent of metabolism (to approximately 10%). p-Nitrophenyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether was virtually completely resistant to microsomal metabolism under conditions where the ethyl analogue was extensively O-dealkylated.
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Abstract
4-[14C]HAD was rapidly metabolized (99% after 5 min) by hepatocytes from phenobarbital-treated rats. An array of phase I metabolites was formed, variously involving one and two reductions, hydroxylation, hydration and hydroxylation plus one or two reductions. Some of the metabolites were identified by synthesis and others tentatively by mass spectrometry. After 10 min, approximately 30% of the original radioactivity was present in HAD glucuronide and, after 15 min, approximately 60% was present in the total glucuronide fraction which contained several components. Only one of the phase I metabolites (2-hydroxy-HAD) exhibited significant aromatase inhibitory activity (45% of that of HAD).
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Abstract
In the exploration of the structural features that affect the RBA (binding affinity for the estrogen receptor of rat uterus relative to that of estradiol) in the tamoxifen [trans-(Z)-1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl ]-1,2-diphenyl-1-butene] series, several derivatives variously substituted in the 1-phenyl group have been synthesized. [In the tamoxifen series, the descriptors E and Z, which define the configuration of the geometrical isomers and depend on the location and nature of substituents in the aromatic moieties and the ethyl group, may vary, although the relative configuration (cis or trans) does not. In order to avoid confusion the terms cis and trans will be used in this paper to refer to the relative positions of the 4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl and ethyl (or hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, or bromo) substituents attached to the ethene moiety.] The final stage of each synthesis involved acid-catalyzed dehydration of a tertiary alcohol, and, in contrast to the known 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives which were obtained as near-equimolar cis,trans mixtures, only the trans forms of the 2-hydroxy, 2-methyl, 2,4-dihydroxy, and 4-hydroxy-2-methyl derivatives were obtained. Also, in contrast to the trans forms of the 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives, which are readily equilibrated to cis,trans mixtures, the trans 2-hydroxy derivative could not be isomerized. Tamoxifen and 2-methyltamoxifen had similar RBA's (approximately 1% of that of E2), but that of 2-hydroxytamoxifen was much lower (0.1%). Introduction of a second hydroxyl group (2,4-dihydroxy derivative) enhanced the RBA, and for the 4-hydroxy-2-methyl derivative, the RBA and growth inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 mammary tumor cell line in vitro were high and comparable to those of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, a metabolite of the parent drug. Tamoxifen derivatives hydroxylated at positions 3 or 4 of the 1-butene moiety and the 5-hydroxy-1-pentene analogue were also synthesized, but they had very low RBA values.
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Foster AB, Jarman M, Leung CS, Rowlands MG, Taylor GN, Plevey RG, Sampson P. Analogues of aminoglutethimide: selective inhibition of aromatase. J Med Chem 1985; 28:200-4. [PMID: 3968684 DOI: 10.1021/jm00380a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In exploring further the structural features that influence the relative efficacy of analogues of aminoglutethimide [1, 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione] as inhibitors of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system desmolase and the estrogen forming system aromatase, analogues have been synthesized in which the aminophenyl substituent is replaced by pyridyl or substituted pyridyl. The 4-pyridyl analogue 5 [3-ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione] is a strong competitive inhibitor of aromatase (Ki = 1.1 microM; value for 1, 0.60 microM), which exhibits a type II difference spectrum (Ks = 0.28 microM; value for 1, 0.13 microM) but is noninhibitory toward desmolase. The 2- and 3-pyridyl analogues (3 and 4) inhibit neither enzyme system. 1-Amino-3-ethyl-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione (2) is a strong and selective inhibitor of desmolase but the 4-pyridyl analogue 10 [1-amino-3-ethyl-3-(4-pyridyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione] is a weak inhibitor of desmolase and aromatase. Analogues of 5 having a less basic aromatic substituent, namely, the N-oxide 11 and the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro derivative 13, were also prepared. The latter is a weak inhibitor of aromatase and the former inhibits neither enzyme system.
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Baker MH, Foster AB, Hegedus L, Jarman M, Rowlands MG, Coe PL, Troth J. Metabolism of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluorohexane and 1,1-difluorocyclohexane by rat liver microsomes in vitro. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1984; 11:512-21. [PMID: 6518271 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluorohexane with liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats gave only one metabolite, namely, the 5-hydroxy derivative. Under similar conditions 1,1-difluorocyclohexane was metabolized to give mainly the 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives in the ratio 1: approximately 5.5. The structures of these metabolites were established by chemical ionization (CI) and/or electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry and confirmed by synthesis in the case of 1,1-difluorocyclohexan-4-ol. Oxidation of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane with lead tetrakis(trifluoroacetate) also gave, inter alia, the 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives. In saturated hydrocarbons complete replacement of hydrogen by fluorine at one particular carbon will not only block microsomal hydroxylation thereat but will also inhibit hydroxylation at neighbouring hydrogen-bearing carbons, (alpha almost completely, beta markedly, gamma slightly).
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Foster AB, Griggs LJ, Howe I, Jarman M, Leung CS, Manson D, Rowlands MG. Metabolism of aminoglutethimide in humans. Identification of four new urinary metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 1984; 12:511-6. [PMID: 6148221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new metabolites of aminoglutethimide have been identified in the urine of patients being treated chronically with the drug. These were products of hydroxylation of the 3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione residue, namely 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethyl-5-hydroxypiperidine-2,6-dione and its acetylamino analog, 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione, and 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2-carboxamidoethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-one, the lactone formed by rearrangement of 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione. The metabolites were isolated by reverse-phase thin layer chromatography and characterized by comparison of their mass spectra either with those of synthetic samples or with the mass spectra of analogous metabolites previously identified in the urine of rats. These new metabolites were minor constituents compared with aminoglutethimide and with the previously identified major metabolites 3-(4-acetylaminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione and 3-(4-hydroxylaminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione. There were marked species differences between rat and human inasmuch as almost all the metabolites in the urine of the rat were N-acetylated whereas most of the human metabolites were not. However, 5-hydroxylation of the piperidinedione residue was stereoselective in the same sense in both species, the cis isomer being formed exclusively. Synthetic cis-3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethyl-5-hydroxypiperidine-2,6-dione did not inhibit the activity of the target enzyme systems desmolase and aromatase in vitro, and therefore, like other metabolites so far described, is an inactivation product of the drug.
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Jarman M, Foster AB, Goss PE, Griggs LJ, Howe I, Coombes RC. Metabolism of aminoglutethimide in humans: identification of hydroxylaminoglutethimide as an induced metabolite. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1983; 10:620-5. [PMID: 6689274 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylaminoglutethimide (3-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxylaminophenyl)-2,6-piperidinedione) has been identified as a novel metabolite of aminoglutethimide (3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,6-piperidinedione) in the urine of patients treated chronically with this drug. The metabolite was isolated by reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography, and characterized by comparison of its mass spectrum and chromatographic properties with those of the synthetic compound. Hydroxylaminoglutethimide is unstable; it is readily oxidized to nitrosoglutethimide and disproportionates in the mass spectrometer into this compound and aminoglutethimide. In none of four patients studied was the metabolite detected in the urine after the first dose of the drug. In one patient it appeared after the second dose and in two more within seven to eight days suggesting that its formation is drug-induced, and that it may be the metabolite responsible for the diminished half-life of aminoglutethimide during chronic therapy. The profile of metabolites from one patient, examined by high-performance liquid chromatography after the first dose and again after six weeks of therapy afforded evidence that the formation of hydroxylaminoglutethimide was at the expense of a major metabolite N-acetylaminoglutethimide. Hydroxylaminoglutethimide was not an induced metabolite in the rat.
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Foster AB, Jarman M, Leung CS, Rowlands MG, Taylor GN. Analogues of aminoglutethimide: selective inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. J Med Chem 1983; 26:50-4. [PMID: 6827528 DOI: 10.1021/jm00355a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In our probing of the structural features responsible for the inhibitory activity of aminoglutethimide [1, 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione] toward the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system desmolase and the estrogen-forming system aromatase, targets in the action of 1 against hormone-dependent mammary tumors, analogues in several categories have been synthesized and evaluated. Of the known monoamino derivatives, the meta derivative [2, 3-(3-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione] was as inhibitory toward desmolase as 1, and the N-amino analogue [4, 1-amino-3-ethyl-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione] was three times as inhibitory (respective Ki values of 1, 2, and 4 are 14, 13, and 4.6 microM), but 2 was a weak inhibitor and 4 was a noninhibitor of aromatase. Another amino analogue [5, 5-amino-3-ethyl-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione] inhibited neither enzyme system. Reaction of glutethimide (11) with hydrazine and thermal cyclization of the resulting amide hydrazide (15) afforded an improved synthesis of 4. Analogues having a second amino substituent, either at C-5 (10) or at N-1 (14) of the piperidine-2,6-dione residue, were less inhibitory than was 1 toward desmolase and aromatase. Among analogues having little or no inhibitory activity were hydroxy derivatives of 1 and 2, namely, 3-(4-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione (20) and the 3-amino-4-hydroxy analogue (21).
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Abstract
The urinary excretion during 24 h of aminoglutethimide (AG) its major metabolite (N-acetylAG) and two minor metabolites (N-formylAG and nitroG) were measured in 10 volunteers given AG who had been typed for acetylator phenotype using sulphadimidine. The slow acetylators of sulphadimidine excreted more AG (mean 28% of the administered dose) than did the fast acetylators (12%), but the latter excreted more of the dose as N-acetylAG (8.8%) than did the former (3.9%). NitroG and N-formylAG were minor urinary metabolites of AG in humans. The former was more abundant in the urine of slow acetylators (0.10% of the dose) than in that of fast acetylators (0.047%), whereas the respective proportions of doses excreted as the N-formyl derivative (0.475 and 0.465%) were not significantly different for the two acetylator phenotypes. These results show that AG is among those drugs that are polymorphically acetylated in humans.
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Bates DJ, Foster AB, Griggs LJ, Jarman M, Leclercq G, Devleeshouwer N. Metabolism of tamoxifen by isolated rat hepatocytes: anti-estrogenic activity of tamoxifen N-oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:2823-7. [PMID: 7138577 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Foster AB, Jarman M, Kinas RW, van Maanen JM, Taylor GN, Gaston JL, Parkin A, Richardson AC. 5-Fluoro- and 5-chlorocyclophosphamide: synthesis, metabolism, and antitumor activity of the cis and trans isomers. J Med Chem 1981; 24:1399-403. [PMID: 7310816 DOI: 10.1021/jm00144a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In seeking analogues of cyclophosphamide (1) having improved antitumor activity by virtue of accelerated formation of the cytotoxic metabolite phosphoramide mustard, cis and trans isomers of 5-fluoro- and 5-chlorocyclophosphamide (9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively) were synthesized by condensation of the appropriate 3-amino-2-halopropan-1-ol (13 or 26) with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride (14). The metabolism of the halocyclophosphamides by rat liver microsomes was stereoselective; the cis isomers (9 and 11) were poorly metabolized, whereas the trans isomers (10 and 12) were metabolized with efficiency comparable to that of cyclophosphamide. However, there was no evidence that the yield of phosphoramide mustard produced by the trans analogues were significantly greater than that from cyclophosphamide following microsomal 4-hydroxylation. Hence, the halogen substituents did not accelerate beta-elimination of acrolein from the acyclic aldehydo tautomers. As expected, the poorly metabolized cis-5-fluoride (9) had little activity against the ADJ/PC6 tumor in mice. However, the cis-5-chloride (11) was as active as the trans isomer (12) and each had approximately half the therapeutic index of 1. The trans-5-fluoride (10) was much less active, having an ED90 value some 16-fold that of 1.
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Foster AB, Jarman M, Coe PL, Sleigh J, Tatlow JC. Fluorinated analogues of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea: an attempt to control metabolism. J Med Chem 1980; 23:1226-9. [PMID: 7452672 DOI: 10.1021/jm00185a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In seeking to block and thereby determine the role of the rapid in vivo hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl moiety of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) in relation to antitumor activity and tissue distribution, the 3-(1H-decafluorocyclohexyl) analogue (FCCNU) was synthesized. FCCNU showed marked toxicity and little activity against the intracerebral L1210 leukemia in mice. At pH 7 in phosphate buffer at room temperature FCCNU rapidly decomposed to give 1-(1H-decafluorocyclohexyl)-3-nitrosoimidazolidin-2-one (3) and thence, by loss of HF, the 1-(nonafluorocyclohexenyl) derivative (4); CCNU did not follow this decomposition pathway to any significant extent. Both 3 and 4 were unstable in the buffer, but each was isolated crystalline and characterized. The formation of 3 and 4 account for the biological properties of FCCNU.
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Foster AB, Griggs LJ, Jarman M, van Maanen JM, Schulten HR. Metabolism of tamoxifen by rat liver microsomes: formation of the N-oxide, a new metabolite. Biochem Pharmacol 1980; 29:1977-9. [PMID: 7397005 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
The major product of reaction of cimetidine in 2 M hydrochloric acid in the prescence of excess sodium nitrite is a mono-nitroso derivative, the structure of which has been determined by the application of field desorption mass and proton magnetic resonance spectrometry. The methylating ability of nitrosocimetidine in phosphate buffer at pH 7 towards 3,4-dichlorobenzenethiol is comparable to that of the known gastric carcinogen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
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Abstract
The antitumour agent chlorambucil (4[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]-butyric acid) is converted by beta-oxidation in vivo into phenylacetic mustard (2[4-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]acetic acid). This process may be disadvantageous from a therapeutic viewpoint since the metabolite has half the therapeutic index of the parent drug against the Walker 256 carcinoma in rats. In seeking to retard beta-oxidation, selectively deuterated analogues have been synthesised and administered to rats. Plasma levels of phenylacetic mustard after giving chlorambucil-beta-d2 were lower than those given by unlabelled drug, but the therapeutic activity was not significantly altered by deuteration. A dehydro derivative of chlorambucil was detected as an intermediate in the beta-oxidation pathway. The isotopic compositions of this metabolite, and of recovered chlorambucil, were measured in plasma samples taken after giving labelled chlorambucil (alpha-d2 and beta-d2 variants) to rats. Deuterium was almost totally lost from the alpha-d2 form and from its metabolite after 30 min and partially lost in 10 min. The beta-d2 variant and its dehydro-derivative retained the label. Possible mechanisms for deuteration loss are discussed. The design of novel analogues, based on these metabolic studies, is proposed.
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Bridges JW, McKillop D, Cox PJ, Farmer PB, Foster AB, Jarman M. Microsomal biophenyl hydroxylation: the effect of selective deuterium substitution on the rate of formation of the monohydroxybiphenyls [proceedings]. Biochem Soc Trans 1979; 7:1073-5. [PMID: 510705 DOI: 10.1042/bst0071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Farmer PB, Foster AB, Jarman M, Oddy MR, Reed DJ. Synthesis, metabolism, and antitumor activity of deuterated analogues of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. J Med Chem 1978; 21:514-20. [PMID: 671447 DOI: 10.1021/jm00204a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cox PJ, Farmer PB, Foster AB, Griggs LJ, Jarman M, Kinas R, Pankiewicz K, Stec WJ. Application of deuterium labelling mass spectrometry in a study of the metabolism of the enantiomers of cyclophosphamide. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1977; 4:371-5. [PMID: 597587 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Grossman ZD, Foster AB, McAfee JG, Richardson R, Subramanian G, Markarian B, Gagne G, Bassano D. Myocardial uptake (rabbit) of six 99mTc-tagged pharmaceuticals and 85Sr after vasopressin-induced necrosis. J Nucl Med 1977; 18:51-6. [PMID: 187742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid method for producing myocardial necrosis in rabbits was developed, using percutaneous intramyocardial injection of vasopressin in peanut oil. The 15-min procedure resulted in a mortality rate of 15% and a success rate among surviving animals of 50%. When the lesions were 24 hr old, strontium-85 and a technetium-99m-tagged agent were injected intravenously simultaneously, and the animals were killed 1,6, and 24 hr later for tissue radioassay. Strontium-85 failed to accumulate appreciably in the lesions. Three bone-seeking technetium complexes (pyrophosphate, methylene diphosphonate, and imidodiphosphonate) produced lesion-to-normal myocardial ratios of 6,5, and 14, respectively, at 1 hr, and 20,30, and 33 at 6 hr. The ratios for 99mTc-glucoheptonate were only 2 at 1 hr and 4 at 6 hr, while the ratios of 99mTc-acetylcysteine and 99mTc-citrate were even lower.
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Cox PJ, Farmer PB, Foster AB, Gilby ED, Jarman M. The use of deuterated analogs in qualitative and quantitative investigations of the metabolism of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271). Cancer Treat Rep 1976; 60:483-91. [PMID: 1277225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ring-deuterated analogs of cyclophosphamide (CP) (4-d2, 5-d, 4,6-d4, and 4,5,6-d6 derivatives) have been used to study the influence of deuterium substitution on the rates of metabolic pathways involving oxidation at C-4, and on the rate of elimination of acrolein from aldophosphamide. The magnitude of the deuterium isotope effect (kH/kD) associated with appropriate C-deuteration has been related to antitumor activity against the ADJ/PC6 murine plasma cell tumor. Isotope effects of 2.2 and 1.8 respectively, for the formation of 4-ketocyclophosphamide (4-keto-CP) and carboxyphosphamide, caused little or no change in antitumor activity (4-d2 and 4,6-d4 analogs compared with CP), but an isotope effect of about 5.3 for the beta-elimination pathway, consequent on 5,5-dideuteration, was paralleled by a marked drop in potency (7-13-fold increase in ED90) of 5,5-dideuterated analogs compared with that of CP. Analogs tetradeuterated in the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino function were used to quantitate CP and 4-keto-CP in human plasma and urine using stable-isotope dilution and direct-insertion electron impact mass spectrometry. The negative optical rotation of CP recovered from human urine after administration of the racemlc drug gave evidence for stereoselectivity in the metabolism.
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