PbS/graphene hybrid nanostructures coated glassy carbon electrode for the electrochemical sensing of copper ions in aqueous solution

In this research, we have studied the electrochemical sensing of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution using PbS/Graphene composite nanostructure coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The SEM-EDAX analysis revealed that the lead sulphide nanocrystals are homogeneously embedded on the graphene nanosheets with an uniform particle size of 100 nm, and the elements presents 92.32% and Lead content of 5.45% and Sulfur content of 0.91%. Raman spectra exhibits G with respect to the E2g sp² hybridized C-C and D band with respect to the A1g mode in the disordered edge region of the GNS. The composite nanostructure coated GCE (PbS/Graphene/GCE) was prepared and its performance in the existence of metal ions such us Cd(II),Pb(II), Mg(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) was studied using the current voltage curves in double distilled water within the scan rates of 25 to 300mVs-¹. The PbS/Graphene coated carbon electrode exhibited the higher anodic and cathodic peak current for copper solution than the other metal ions studied, which various linearly proportional to concentration. The electrochemical sensing characteristics PbS/GNS/GCE was found to be significant towards detecting Cu²⁺ ion within the concentration range of 1 × 10^-4 to 1 × 10^-8 M, with a lowest sensing detection limit of 1 × 10^-8 M.

Synthesis and characterization of 4-Halobenzylidene malanonitriles for optical detection of Nickel (II) ions in aqueous solution

In this work, we have developed fluorescent detection techniques for the determination of Ni²⁺ ions in aqueous medium with sensitivity using metal coordinating fluorescent molecules namely 4-Halobenzylidene malanonitrile. The halogen substituted benzylidene malanonitile were synthesised Knoevenagel condensation reaction of various halogen substituted aromatic aldehydes with malanonitrile and products were characterised by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The obtained benzylidene malanonitiles and are exhibited a fluorescent emission with a peak of 430 nm, 440 nm and 448 nm for chloro, bromo and fluoro substituted compounds, respectively. The intensity of optical emission of the studied molecules is increased proportional to the addition of Ni²⁺ ions. The effect of different halogen substitution on the fluorescence behaviour of benylidene malononitrile has also been investigated. The synthesised title compounds showed a lowest detection limit of 10^-20 M for the Nickel (II) ions in aqueous solution under UV-Vis absorption spectra. The molecule 4- Bromobenzylidene malanonitrile exhibited a lowest detection limit of 10^-19 M for the Nickel (II) ions in, aqueous solution, photoluminescence analysis.

Imaging features of Robert's uterus: Case series of a rare Mullerian duct anomaly

The diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomaly is crucial because of strong association with infertility, endometriosis and miscarriage. Robert's uterus is a rare variant of septate uterus. Patients present with recurrent abdominal pain and severe dysmenorrhoea. Magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice. In this case series, we present the imaging features of four such cases.

Buffalopox Disease in Livestock and Milkers, India

Buffalopox outbreaks caused by vaccinia virus were observed in villages of Tamil Nadu, India, among lactating buffaloes and cows. Milkers also had lesions on their fingers. Because vaccinia virus is known to have extended its host range in Brazil, we recommend continuous surveillance to understand cross-species transmission and to curtail disease effects.

Outcomes of patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma treated with second-line VEGFR-TKI after first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are being increasingly utilised in the front-line (1L) setting of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC). Limited data exist on responses and survival on second-line (2L) vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI) therapy after 1L ICI therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective study of mccRCC patients treated with 2L VEGFR-TKI after progressive disease (PD) with 1L ICI. Patients were treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center or Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between December 2015 and February 2018. Objective response was assessed by blinded radiologists' review using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours v1.1. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier method were used.

RESULTS

Seventy patients were included in the analysis. Median age at mccRCC diagnosis was 59 years; 8 patients (11%) had international metastatic database consortium favourable-risk disease, 48 (69%) had intermediate-risk disease and 14 (20%) had poor-risk disease. As 1L therapy, 12 patients (17%) received anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-(L)1) monotherapy with nivolumab or atezolizumab, 33 (47%) received nivolumab plus ipilimumab and 25 (36%) received combination anti-PD-(L)1 plus bevacizumab. 2L TKI therapies included pazopanib, sunitinib, axitinib and cabozantinib. On 2L TKI therapy, one patient (1.5%) achieved a complete response, 27 patients (39.7%) a partial response and 36 patients (52.9%) stable disease. Median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 13.2 months (95% confidence interval: 10.1, NA). Forty-five percent of subjects required a dose reduction, and twenty-seven percent of patients discontinued treatment because of toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

In this retrospective study of patients with mccRCC receiving 2L TKI monotherapy after 1L ICI, we observed 2L antitumour activity and tolerance comparable to historical data for 1L TKI.

Can ARFI elastography be used to differentiate parathyroid from thyroid lesions?

OBJECTIVES

To assess if elasticity score (ES) and shear wave velocity (SWV) measurement obtained using ARFI elastography can differentiate between parathyroid lesions and thyroid nodules.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ARFI elastography was performed on patients with primary hyperparathyroidism or solid thyroid nodules who were being considered for surgery using virtual touch quantification and virtual touch imaging (VTI) software. Only patients with surgical histopathology (47 parathyroid lesions, 38 benign thyroid nodules and 55 malignant thyroid nodules) were included for final analysis. SWV and ES of the parathyroid and thyroid nodules were compared and their ability to differentiate between parathyroid and thyroid was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

RESULTS

There were 39 solitary adenomas, 2 double adenomas and 4 parathyroid hyperplasias with mean size of 19.6 ± 9.7 mm in 44 patients (21 male, 23 females) with primary hyperparathyroidism. The mean SWV of the parathyroid lesion (1.6 ± 0.78 m/s) was significantly different from benign (2.11 ± 0.8 m/s) and malignant (4.3 ± 2.71 m/s) thyroid nodules, p < 0.05; so was the ES, Chi square = 51.6, p < 0.001. The majority of parathyroid lesions (n = 37, 78.7%) had ES of 2 with speckled (n = 42, 89.3%) appearance, and none showed ES of 4. The diagnostic performance of speckled appearance on VTI, elasticity score and SWV measurements was 0.901, 0.724 and 0.797, respectively, to differentiate between parathyroid and thyroid lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Parathyroid lesions are softer than thyroid nodules. A shear wave velocity of 1.72 m/s can differentiate between parathyroid lesions and thyroid nodules.

Hydrogen bonded charge transfer molecular salt (4-chloro anilinium-3-nitrophthalate) for photophysical and pharmacological applications

Radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical and binding properties of a hydrogen bonded charge transfer molecular salt 4-chloro anilinium-3-nitrophthalate(CANP) with calf thymus DNA has been studied by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy. The molecular structure and crystallinity of the CANP salt have been established by carried out powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis which indicated that cation and anion are linked through strong N⁺H^…O^- type of hydrogen bond. FTIR spectroscopic study was carried out to know the various functional groups present in the crystal. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded to further confirm the molecular structure of the salt crystal. The thermal stability of the title salt was established by TG/DTA analyses simultaneously on the powdered sample of the title crystal. Further, the CANP salt was examined against various bacteria and fungi strains which showed a remarkable antimicrobial activity compared to that of the standards Ciproflaxin and Clotrimazole. The results showed that the CANP salt could interact with CT-DNA through intercalation. Antioxidant studies of the substrates alone and synthesized CANP salt showed that the latter has been better radical scavenging activity than that of the former against DPPH radical. The third order nonlinear susceptibility of the CANP salt was established by the Z-scan study.

"PAUSE": a method for communicating radiological extent of peritoneal malignancy

Radiology reports of diffuse peritoneal disease should address key findings pertinent to the management of these patients. The reporting of radiology findings in patients with peritoneal malignancy is currently variable and poorly standardised. Using the acronym "PAUSE" we emphasise the key imaging features that a radiology report should include in a patient with peritoneal malignancy, focussing on the key elements determining feasibility and likely prognosis of surgery and potential benefits from cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). The term "PAUSE" incorporates the following: P, primary tumour and peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) as estimated by imaging; A, ascites and abdominal wall involvement; U, unfavourable sites of involvement; S, small bowel and mesenteric disease; E, extra peritoneal metastases. Thus, "PAUSE" has the potential to standardise radiology reporting in this field.

Synthesis, growth, structure and spectroscopic characterization of a new organic nonlinear optical hydrogen bonding complex crystal: 3-carboxyl anilinium p-toluene sulfonate

A new organic nonlinear optical hydrogen bonding complex salt of 3-carboxyl anilinium p-toluene sulfonate has been synthesized and highly transparent good quality single crystals of it were successfully grown employing slow solvent evaporation solution growth technique at ambient temperature. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded to establish the molecular structure. The single crystal XRD analysis carried out reveals that the title salt crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric P2₁ space group. The FT-IR spectrum was recorded to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown title crystal. The UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectrum was recorded to apprehend the suitability of the single crystal of the title salt for various optical and NLO applications. The TG/DTA thermal analysis was performed to establish the thermal stability of the crystal. The SHG activity in the grown crystal was identified employing the modified Kurtz-Perry powder test. The electronic charge distribution and reactivity of the molecules within the title complex was studied by HOMO and LUMO analysis and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the title crystal was performed using the B3LYP method.

Synthesis, growth, spectral, and thermal studies of a new organic molecular charge transfer complex crystal: 3-nitroaniline 4-methyl benzene sulfonate

A new organic intermolecular charge transfer complex 3-nitroaniline 4-methyl benzene sulfonate (NATS) has been successfully synthesized and good optical quality single crystals grown by slow solvent evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature using methanol as the solvent. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded to establish the molecular structure of the title complex. The crystal structure of NATS has been determined by single crystal XRD analysis and it belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral study has been carried out to confirm the presence of various functional groups present in the complex. Electronic absorption spectrum was recorded to find the prevalent charge transfer activity in the complex. The UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectrum was recorded in the range 200-2500 nm, to find the optical transmittance window and lower cut off wavelength of the title crystal. The thermal stability of the title complex crystal was studied by using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses and found that the compound is stable up to 215 °C.

Synthesis, growth and spectroscopic investigation of an organic molecular charge transfer crystal: 8-hydroxy quinolinium 4-nitrobenzoate 4-nitrobenzoic acid

An organic intermolecular charge transfer complex salt of 8-Hydroxy quinolinium 4-nitrobenzoate 4-nitrobenzoic acid (OPNB) has been synthesized. Single crystals of OPNB were grown by slow solvent evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded to confirm the molecular structure of the complex salt. The crystal structure of OPNB has been determined by single crystal XRD analysis and it belongs to triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral study has been carried out to identify the various functional groups present. The UV-Vis-NIR transmittance spectrum was recorded in the range 200-2500nm, to find the suitability of the single crystal for various optical applications. The thermal stability of the crystal was investigated using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA).

Crystal growth, spectral, optical and thermal properties of semiorganic nonlinear optical material: picolinic acid hydrochloride

The bulk single crystal of 2-picolinic acid hydrochloride (PHCL) (a semi-organic nonlinear optical material of dimensions 25×15×10 mm(3)) was successfully grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The XRD results revealed the cell parameters and the centrosymmetric nature of the crystal structure. FT-IR spectral study identified the functional groups, nature of bonding and their bond strength. The UV-Vis-NIR studies recognized the optical transmittance window and the lower cut off wavelength of the PHCL crystal and thus it could be performed as a NLO material. (1)H NMR and (13)CNMR spectra were correlated with the XRD standard for the molecular structure reveals harmony of the materials. Thermal properties of the crystal were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA); the derived kinetic parameter values support the intuitive association of picolinicacid and HCl leads to the spontaneous formation of PHCL with a first order reaction. The presence of a proton and a proton acceptor groups provide the necessary stability to induce charge asymmetry in the PHCL structure. The load dependent hardness values of the crystal were measured by microhardness testing.

Deterioration of coastal groundwater quality in Island and mainland regions of Ramanathapuram District, Southern India

A study was carried out in the Island and mainland regions of Ramanathapuram District to characterize the physico-chemical characteristics of 87 groundwater samples in Island and 112 groundwater samples in mainland which include pH, EC, TDS, salinity, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total hardness, chloride and fluoride. Heavy inorganic load in majority of the groundwater samples has been estimated due to the salinity, TDS, TH and chloride beyond the threshold level which substantiates the percolation of sea water into the freshwater confined zones. Although the groundwater sources are available in plenty, the scarcity of potable water is most prevalent in this coastal area. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Langeleir Saturation Index (LSI) have also been calculated to know the potable and corrosive/incrusting nature of the water samples. The statistical tools such as principal component analysis, box plots and correlation matrix have also been used to explain the influence of different physico-chemical parameters with respect to one another among the groundwater samples. The percentage of groundwater samples in mainland was more than that in Island with respect to the acceptable limit of WHO drinking standard, especially in TDS, CH, TH and chloride but the converse is observed in the case of fluoride. About 8% of the mainland aquifers and 42% of Island aquifers were identified to have fluoride greater than 1.5 mg/l. The signature of salt-water intrusion is observed from the ratio of Cl/CO(3)(2-) + HCO(3) and TA/TH. A proper management plan to cater potable water to the immediate needs of the people is to be envisaged.

Cases of human fascioliasis in India: tip of the iceberg

This report presents two cases of human fascioliasis from different states in India. Although only few cases of human fascioliasis have been reported from India previously, both these cases were encountered within a span of three months at this tertiary care centre. Case 1 had significant symptoms with episodes of fever, abdominal pain and eosiniphilia and underwent multiple diagnostic procedures before the correct diagnosis was reached. Case 2, who had few symptoms, had fascioliasis diagnosed with minimal evaluation. These different presentations seen at two ends of the clinical spectrum of disease along with findings of peripheral eosinophilia, and radiological findings led to a presumptive diagnosis that was then confirmed by microscopic examination of bile. Morphometric analysis of ova from these cases was suggestive of infestation with F. gigantica or a F. gigantica-like hybrid. Both patients were treated with triclabendazole which was imported from Geneva. The need to be aware of the possibility of occurrence of this disease and the inclusion of drugs used for treating the disease, in the Indian drug list, should be emphasized.

Synthesis, growth, spectral and thermal properties of a new organic crystal: 2-carboxypyridin-1-ium trichloroacetate

A novel organic optical material complex of 2-carboxypyridin-1-ium trichloroacetate has been synthesized and crystals were grown from aqueous solution employing the technique of controlled evaporation. The crystal structure has been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The single crystals were successfully grown by the slow evaporation method with dimensions 12 × 8 × 3 mm(3). FT IR spectral investigation has been carried out to identify the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. Molecular structure was confirmed by NMR spectral analysis. Melting point was found using thermal measurements.

2-(6-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-ylidene)propanedinitrile

In the title compound, C₁₆H₁₃N₃, the cyclo­hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯N inter­actions, forming centrosymmetric dimers with an R₂²(14) motif.

2-(1,2,3,4-Tetra-hydro-9H-carbazol-1-yl-idene)propane-dinitrile

In the title compound, C(15)H(11)N(3), the cyclo-hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation. An intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯N, C-H⋯N and C-H⋯π inter-actions into a three-dimensional network.

Solid waste, its health impairments and role of rag pickers in Tiruchirappalli city, Tamil Nadu, Southern India

In India, the significant increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) during the last few decades is due to the rapid population and economic development. Though the appropriate attempts are made through the 3-'R' principles, waste management still needs to be envisaged seriously by everybody for a cleaner and greener environment. Rag-pickers, who contribute to solid waste management to some extent, are the people who rummage through garbage bins to pick out 'rags' for their livelihood. These rag-pickers usually collect the materials that have good re-sale value as these materials are mostly recycled or reused. In the present study, the collection and the management of solid waste and the level of microbial pollution generated through air, soil and solid waste were studied. A questionnaire survey based on age, sex, educational status, socio-economic status, habits and health effects was conducted from 65 randomly selected rag-pickers from various places of Tiruchirappalli city The results revealed that they can be properly educated and trained to protect themselves from unhygienic practices and addiction. Either the Government or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should devise a suitable proposal to monitor and make use of these unorganized rag-pickers who are indispensable to the society.

Fluoride removal from water using activated and MnO2-coated Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus indica) shell: batch and column studies

The present work is concerned with the defluoridation capacities of activated (ATFS) and MnO(2)-coated Tamarind Fruit Shell (MTFS), using batch and column sorption techniques. In the batch technique, the dynamics of fluoride sorption, with respect to pH, [F](o) and sorbent dose, was studied. The applicability of pseudo-first order for ATFS and Ritchie-second order for MTFS was observed. The kinetics data were found to fit well with Temkin isotherm for ATFS and Langmuir for MTFS. The interaction of co-ions in the defluoridation capacity of the sorbent was studied. Column experiments were carried out under a constant fluoride concentration of 2mg/l, flow rate and different bed depths. The capacities of the breakthrough and exhaustion points increased with increase in the bed depth for ATFS unlike MTFS. The Thomson model was applied to the column experimental results. The characterization of the sorbents, ATFS and MTFS, was done using the FTIR, SEM and XRD techniques.

4-tert-Butyl-pyridinium picrate

In the title compound, C(9)H(14)N(+)·C(6)H(2)N(3)O(7) (-), the three nitro groups of the picrate anion are twisted out of the plane of the attached benzene ring; the dihedral angles are 32.8 (2), 10.5 (4) and 12.3 (4)°. The pyridinium cations and picrate anions are linked via bifurcated N-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds. The ionic pairs are linked into a ribbon-like structure along [101] by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

4-Amino-pyridinium picrate

In the title compound, C₅H₇N₂⁺·C₆H₂N₃O₇⁻, the 4-amino­pyridinium cation is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.002 Å). The three nitro groups in the picrate anion are twisted away from the attached benzene ring [dihedral angles = 24.1 (1), 9.3 (3) and 21.4 (1)°]. In the crystal structure, the ions are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

p53 and its influence in adenocarcinoma stomach

e15685

Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of the malignancy in the world after lung cancer. Various pathogenesis have been given for the adenocarcinoma, like mutation in the E-catherin gene, amplification of COX-2, HGF/ SF, VEGF; deletion of FHIT, APC, p53 but none have provided a definite target for treatment. Methods: This is a immunohistochemical prospective experiment study done on 76 cases of Gastric Adenocarcinoma.The location of the tumors were recorded as in the proximal stomach (fundus and body) and distal stomach (antrum, prepylorus, and pylorus). PAb1801 clonewas obtained from the ZYMED LABORATRIES, San Franscisco. A standardised immunohistochemical method was followed in this study. Results: p53 mutations were seen 41 out of 76 cases(53.95%). And 23 out of 41(56.09%) cases of p53 expression of the total mutated cases expressed p53 100%. 20 out of 36 cases (55.55%) of age below 60 yrs and 21 out of 40 cases (52.55%) of age above 60 yrs were p53 positive. 33 out of 60 (55%)of the males and 8 out of 16 (50%) females were reported of having gastric adenocarcinoma with p53expression. The histology of the tissue samples from the gastric adenocarcinoma patients had following relationship with the p53 immunoreactivity, 20 out of 37 cases(54.05%) of the well differentiated,7 out of 17 cases (41.18% )of the moderately differentiated, and and 13 out of 21 cases(61.90%) of the poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma showed positive immunoreactivity. 15 out of 33 cases (45.45%)were localized to the proximal stomach and 30 out of 52 cases (57.69%)were localized to the distal stomach. 52.63 % of the non-mucinous type of gastric adenocarcinoma showed positive p53 immunoreactivity. Conclusions: The TP53 mutation is slightly more common in males than females, with greater occurrence in the late years of life. The mutation is more marked in the poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. The antral, pylorus,and the prepyloric parts of the stomach( the distal stomach) are more prone for mutated p53 induced adenocarcinoma.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Hedgehog signaling: Gli2 and its influence in squamous esophageal cancer

e15596

Background: Gli family zinc finger proteins are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and are implicated as potent oncogenes. Gli2 plays a dual role as activator of keratinocyte proliferation and repressor of epidermal differentiation. This study is to determine the expression pattern and the extent of Hh-signaling molecule(Gli2) in squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus. Methods: A prospective immunohistochemical experimental study was done to identify the expression of Gli2 in 64 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus. The study population consisted of patients of the age group 38–87 yrs. The cases consisted of 29 cases of keratinised squamous cell carcinoma.. Of the 64 cases, 20 were well differentiated, 9 moderately differentiated and 35 poorly differentiated tumours. Results: See Table . Gli2 expression was 25%. The cytoplasmic expression is positive in 9 cases and nuclear expression is positive in 5 cases. The average intensity of cytoplasmic expression was more than that of nuclear expression.Gli2 is less expressed in elderly cancers.Gli2 expression is comparatively more in upper third tumours. There were no obvious differences amongst the sex, differentiation and keratinization. The reason can be attributed to the fact that Hh signalling pathway works in a time, concentration and position dependent manner.Conclusions: Deregulation of Hh signalling will result in defective proliferation and differentiation of cells. These findings can be used for better prognosis of the patients by using stem cell therapy and HH pathway inhibitors in the treatment for squamous cell carcinomas of oesophagus. Protein kinase A (Pka) maintains the Gli transcription factors in an inactive state, so activation of Pka with agonists such as forskolin would prevent Gli-mediated activation of target-gene transcription. Gli can also be inhibited at the RNA level by targeting its transcripts with antisense oligonucleotides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of expression of Gli2 in squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus. [Table: see text]

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, thermal and optical properties of naphthalene picrate an organic NLO material

Crystalline substance of naphthalene picrate (NP) was synthesized and single crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution growth technique. The solubility of the naphthalene picrate complex was estimated using different solvents such as chloroform and benzene. The material was characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) techniques. The electronic absorption was studied through UV-vis spectrophotometer. Thermal behavior and stability of the crystal were studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the material was confirmed using Nd:YAG laser.

Sheep pox disease outbreaks in Madras Red and Mechery breeds of indigenous sheep in Tamilnadu, India

Sheep pox disease outbreaks were recorded among Madras Red (n=145) and Mechery (n=80) breeds of indigenous sheep on three farms in Tamilnadu. Over both breeds, adult mortality rate ranged from 2.66% to 37.5% and lamb mortality ranged from 10% to 17.33%. However, mortality was more in Mechery sheep (50% overall; 37.5% adults, 12.5% lambs) than in Madras Red sheep (24.28% overall; 10.34% adults, 13.79% lambs). The clinical signs observed were high fever, anorexia, respiratory distress, mucopurulent nasal discharge and in a few cases diarrhoea. Cutaneous lesions were mainly observed around nostrils, eyes, lips, ears and in the abdomen. Most of the lesions were covered with purulent materials and on cleaning with sterile swabs, fresh wounds were observed. Dry scabs were also observed over the oral commissure and maxillary areas, which on removal exposed fresh wounds. Important observations on necropsy were severe nodular lesions in the lungs and intestine. The disease was diagnosed as sheep pox by agar gel immunodiffusion test, isolation of virus and its neutralization in BHK(21) cells by specific antiserum and by electron microscopy.