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Nader A, Alexander E, Brintziki D, Haggag AZ, Harrison SA, Hawes IA, Hezareh M, Lippa AM, Okamasa A, Okour M, Okuda N, Sager JE, Segal S, Shida Y, Skingsley A, Williams R, Yoon EY, Austin D. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody, Sotrovimab, Delivered Intravenously or Intramuscularly in Japanese and Caucasian Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:57-68. [PMID: 37955825 PMCID: PMC10786731 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sotrovimab 500 mg administered by a single intravenous (IV) infusion has been granted special approval for emergency use in Japan for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and children aged ≥ 12 years weighing ≥ 40 kg. This Phase 1, single-dose study investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of IV or intramuscular (IM) sotrovimab 500 mg doses versus placebo in healthy Japanese and Caucasian volunteers. METHODS This was a two-part, Phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind study. In Part 1, participants received a single sotrovimab 500 mg IV infusion or matching placebo on Day 1. In Part 2, participants received a single sotrovimab 500 mg IM dose or matching placebo on Day 1, administered as two 4 mL injections. RESULTS There was no effect of ethnicity on the peak or total serum exposure of IV sotrovimab through Week 18; after adjusting for body weight, the point estimate and 90 % confidence interval for the ratio of total exposure between Japanese and Caucasian participants fell within conventional bioavailability bounds (80-125%). Geometric mean Cmax and AUClast following a single IM administration of sotrovimab were higher in Japanese participants compared with Caucasian participants, even after adjustment for body weight. Overall, a single IV or IM dose of sotrovimab was well tolerated by both Japanese and Caucasian participants. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for body weight, exposures following a single IV dose of sotrovimab 500 mg were similar between Japanese and Caucasian participants, and higher in Japanese participants following IM administration. Higher exposures were not associated with any safety signals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.Gov: NCT04988152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulation, GSK, Libertyville, IL, 60048, USA.
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Lippa AM, Gebhardt MJ, Dove SL. 1192. H-NS-like Proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Coordinately Silence Intragenic and Antisense Transcription. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7777403 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The H-NS-like proteins MvaT and MvaU act coordinately as global repressors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by binding to AT-rich regions of the chromosome, which include horizontally acquired genes and numerous virulence factors. Although cells can tolerate the loss of either protein, identifying their combined regulatory effects has been challenging because the loss of both proteins is lethal due to induction of the prophage Pf4 and subsequent superinfection of the cell. Although in other bacteria, H-NS promotes cellular fitness by inhibiting intragenic transcription from AT-rich target regions, preventing them from sequestering RNA polymerase, a role for MvaT and MvaU in repressing transcription from intragenic promoters has not been demonstrated. Methods Here we utilize a parental strain that cannot be infected by Pf4 phage to identify the combined MvaT and MvaU regulon. RNA-seq was utilized to identify genes differentially expressed in cells lacking MvaU or both MvaU and MvaT. ChIP-seq was utilized to identify genes directly regulated by MvaT and MvaU in wild-type cells. Further, ChIP-seq was performed in cells of the parental strain and cells lacking both MvaT and MvaU to map genome-wide σ 70-dependent promoters that were active in the presence or absence of both H-NS-like proteins. Results We demonstrate that the loss of both MvaT and MvaU, but not MvaU alone, leads to increased sense, antisense, and intragenic transcription from loci directly controlled by these proteins. We further show that the loss of MvaT and MvaU leads to a striking redistribution of RNA polymerase containing σ 70 to those genomic regions vacated by these proteins. Loss of MvaT and MvaU causes global changes in gene expression ![]()
Loss of MvaT and MvaU results in increased sense and antisense transcription ![]()
Loss of both MvaT and MvaU results in genome-wide redistribution of RNA polymerase ![]()
Conclusion Our findings suggest that the ability of H-NS-like proteins to repress intragenic transcription is a universal function of these proteins and describe a second mechanism by which MvaT and MvaU may contribute to the growth of P. aeruginosa. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon L Dove
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lippa AM, Gebhardt MJ, Dove SL. H-NS-like proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinately silence intragenic transcription. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:1138-1151. [PMID: 33245158 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The H-NS-like proteins MvaT and MvaU act coordinately as global repressors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by binding to AT-rich regions of the chromosome. Although cells can tolerate loss of either protein, identifying their combined regulatory effects has been challenging because the loss of both proteins is lethal due to induction of prophage Pf4 and subsequent superinfection of the cell. In other bacteria, H-NS promotes the cellular fitness by inhibiting intragenic transcription from AT-rich target regions, preventing them from sequestering RNA polymerase; however, it is not known whether MvaT and MvaU function similarly. Here, we utilize a parental strain that cannot be infected by Pf4 phage to define the collective MvaT and MvaU regulon and demonstrate that the combined loss of both MvaT and MvaU leads to increased intragenic transcription from loci directly controlled by these proteins. We further show that the loss of MvaT and MvaU leads to a striking redistribution of RNA polymerase containing σ70 to genomic regions vacated by these proteins. Our findings suggest that the ability of H-NS-like proteins to repress intragenic transcription is a universal function of these proteins and point to a second mechanism by which MvaT and MvaU may contribute to the growth of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lippa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Gebhardt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon L Dove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lippa AM, Ocwieja KE, Iglesias J, Fawaz R, Elisofon S, Lee C, Sharma TS. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting with acute sensorineural hearing loss in an intestinal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13304. [PMID: 32367644 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A 20-year-old male presented 3.5 years after intestinal transplantation with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Initial brain imaging was consistent with inflammation and/or demyelination. Lumbar puncture was initially non-diagnostic and a broad infectious workup was unrevealing. Three months after presentation, a repeat LP detected JC virus for which tests had not earlier been conducted. He continued to deteriorate despite withdrawal of prior immunosuppression and addition of mirtazapine, maraviroc, and steroids. He died of progressive neurologic decompensation 5 months after his initial presentation. This case highlights progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) as a rare complication after solid organ transplantation and acute sensorineural hearing loss as an unusual first presenting symptom of PML. JC virus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute sensorineural hearing loss in any immunocompromised patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lippa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Ocwieja
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Iglesias
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rima Fawaz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott Elisofon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanvi S Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Yadavalli SS, Carey JN, Leibman RS, Chen AI, Stern AM, Roggiani M, Lippa AM, Goulian M. Antimicrobial peptides trigger a division block in Escherichia coli through stimulation of a signalling system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12340. [PMID: 27471053 PMCID: PMC4974570 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are an important component of the molecular arsenal employed by hosts against bacteria. Many bacteria in turn possess pathways that provide protection against these compounds. In Escherichia coli and related bacteria, the PhoQ/PhoP signalling system is a key regulator of this antimicrobial peptide defence. Here we show that treating E. coli with sublethal concentrations of antimicrobial peptides causes cells to filament, and that this division block is controlled by the PhoQ/PhoP system. The filamentation results from increased expression of QueE, an enzyme that is part of a tRNA modification pathway but that, as we show here, also affects cell division. We also find that a functional YFP-QueE fusion localizes to the division septum in filamentous cells, suggesting QueE blocks septation through interaction with the divisome. Regulation of septation by PhoQ/PhoP may protect cells from antimicrobial peptide-induced stress or other conditions associated with high-level stimulation of this signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana S. Yadavalli
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Carey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rachel S. Leibman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Annie I. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Manuela Roggiani
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew M. Lippa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Physics, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Izumi K, Lippa AM, Wilkens A, Feret HA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH. Congenital heart defects in oculodentodigital dysplasia: Report of two cases. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3150-4. [PMID: 24115525 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oculodentodigital dysplasia is caused by mutations in the GJA1 gene. Oculodentodigital dysplasia presents with a spectrum of clinical features including craniofacial, ocular, dental, and limb anomalies. Although recent findings implicate the major role of GJA1 during cardiac organogenesis, congenital heart defects are infrequently reported in oculodentodigital dysplasia. Here we report on two patients with GJA1 mutations presenting with cardiac malformations and type III syndactyly. Patient 1 presented with pulmonary atresia, an intact septum, right ventricular hypoplasia and tricuspid stenosis. The infant had a small nose, thin columella and bilateral 4-5 syndactyly of the fingers. A de novo c.226C>T (p.Arg76Cys) mutation was identified. Patient 2 presented at 6 months with a ventricular septal defect. The child had hypoplastic alae nasi with a thin columella and bilateral 4-5 syndactyly of the digits. A de novo missense mutation, c.145C>G (p.Gln49Glu) was found. Our two patients underscore the importance of cardiac evaluations as part of the initial workup for patients with findings of oculodentodigital dysplasia. Conversely, those patients with type III syndactyly and congenital heart defect should be screened for GJA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Lippa AM, Goulian M. Perturbation of the oxidizing environment of the periplasm stimulates the PhoQ/PhoP system in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:1457-63. [PMID: 22267510 PMCID: PMC3294871 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06055-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The PhoQ/PhoP two-component system is repressed by divalent cations, such as Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), in the growth medium and stimulated by low pH and certain cationic antimicrobial peptides. In Escherichia coli, it was recently shown that the histidine kinase PhoQ is also modulated by at least two additional factors, the small membrane proteins SafA and MgrB. This raises the possibility that the PhoQ/PhoP circuit has additional regulatory components and integrates additional input signals. We screened E. coli transposon insertion mutants to look for proteins that modulate the activity of the PhoQ/PhoP system, and we uncovered a role for DsbA, a periplasmic oxidant that facilitates the formation of disulfide bonds. Deletion of dsbA or dsbB, which maintains a pool of oxidized DsbA, leads to increased transcription of at least two PhoP-regulated genes. Addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol to wild-type cells had a similar effect, and treatment of a dsbA null strain with the oxidant Cu(2+) rescued the reporter gene expression phenotype. We also demonstrated that expression of an MgrB mutant that lacked cysteines blocked the effect of a dsbA null mutation on PhoQ/PhoP activity, suggesting that MgrB acts downstream of DsbA in this pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a decrease in the oxidizing activity of the periplasm stimulates PhoQ/PhoP and may reveal a new input stimulus for this important two-component system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Lippa
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
The PhoQ/PhoP signaling system responds to low magnesium and the presence of certain cationic antimicrobial peptides. It regulates genes important for growth under these conditions, as well as additional genes important for virulence in many gram-negative pathogens. PhoQ is a sensor kinase that phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor PhoP. Since feedback inhibition is a common theme in stress-response circuits, we hypothesized that some members of the PhoP regulon may play such a role in the PhoQ/PhoP pathway. We therefore screened for PhoP-regulated genes that mediate feedback in this system. We found that deletion of mgrB (yobG), which encodes a 47 amino acid peptide, results in a potent increase in PhoP-regulated transcription. In addition, over-expression of mgrB decreased transcription at both high and low concentrations of magnesium. Localization and bacterial two-hybrid studies suggest that MgrB resides in the inner-membrane and interacts directly with PhoQ. We further show that MgrB homologs from Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia pestis also repress PhoP-regulated transcription in these organisms. In cell regulatory circuits, feedback has been associated with modulating the induction kinetics and/or the cell-to-cell variability in response to stimulus. Interestingly, we found that elimination of MgrB-mediated feedback did not have a significant effect on the kinetics of reporter protein production and did not decrease the variability in expression among cells. Our results indicate MgrB is a broadly conserved membrane peptide that is a critical mediator of negative feedback in the PhoQ/PhoP circuit. This new regulator may function as a point of control that integrates additional input signals to modulate the activity of this important signaling system. The proteins PhoQ and PhoP comprise an environmental sensing system that has been extensively studied in numerous bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. The PhoQ/PhoP system is stimulated by conditions of low extracellular magnesium or the presence of certain cationic antimicrobial peptides; and it controls genes, whose protein products protect the cell under these conditions or play other critical roles in regulating the virulence of pathogens. The functions of many members of the PhoP regulon, however, remain uncharacterized. This leaves open the possibility that some PhoP-regulated genes may mediate feedback in this system. Regulatory circuits that allow adaptation to environmental change often make use of negative feedback to achieve the appropriate level of response. To look for negative feedback, we screened knockouts of PhoP-regulated genes in E. coli. We have identified a remarkably small membrane protein of just 47 amino acids that mediates potent negative feedback on the PhoQ/PhoP circuit in E. coli, S. typhimurium, Yersinia pestis, and likely other related bacteria. This represents a striking example of a small, easily-overlooked open reading frame that plays a critical role in regulating a broadly conserved signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Lippa
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Goulian
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Drolet BS, Mott KR, Lippa AM, Wechsler SL, Perng GC. Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus type 1 is required to cause keratitis at low infectious doses in intact rabbit corneas. Curr Eye Res 2009; 29:181-9. [PMID: 15512965 DOI: 10.1080/02713680490504542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viral glycoprotein C (gC) plays a role in induction of keratitis in unscarified and scarified rabbit eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A gC deletion mutant (DeltagC) was constructed and then rescued back to wild type (wt) for use as a control. Following ocular infection with each virus in rabbit eyes, with or without prior corneal scarification, keratitis was compared. RESULTS At low infection doses of 2 x 10(3) and 2 x 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU)/eye, in unscarified cornea, DeltagC produced significantly less keratitis than did wt virus (p = 0.007 and 0.03, respectively). In contrast, the keratitis induced by DeltagC was similar to that induced by the wt virus (p > 0.60) in scarified cornea. At high infection dose (2 x 10(5) PFU/eye), keratitis induced by DeltagC was similar in scarified and unscarified cornea, and the severity of disease was similar to that seen in scarified eyes at the low-dose DeltagC infections. Interestingly, although DeltagC induced keratitis with or without corneal scarification at high infection doses, the severity of disease was significantly less than that induced by wt infection. At all infection doses, keratitis induced by wt infection was similar in scarified and unscarified eyes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that (1) at low infection doses, in unscarified corneas, gC is required for HSV-1 induced keratitis; (2) corneal scarification prior to infection can circumvent the need for gC at low doses, but (3) at higher doses, gC is required for wild-type levels of keratitis even in scarified cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbra S Drolet
- Department of Ophthalmology, UC Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
The Chlamydomonas anterograde intraflagellar transport motor, kinesin-2, is isolated as a heterotrimeric complex containing two motor subunits and a nonmotor subunit known as kinesin-associated polypeptide or KAP. One of the two motor subunits is encoded by the FLA10 gene. The sequence of the second motor subunit was obtained by mass spectrometry and sequencing. It shows 46.9% identity with the Fla10 motor subunit and the gene maps to linkage group XII/XIII near RPL9. The temperature-sensitive flagellar assembly mutants fla1 and fla8 are linked to this kinesin-2 motor subunit. In each strain, a unique single point mutation gives rise to a unique single amino acid substitution within the motor domain. The fla8 strain is named fla8-1 and the fla1 strain is named fla8-2. The fla8 and fla10 alleles show a chromosome loss phenotype. To analyze this chromosome loss phenotype, intragenic revertants of fla8-1, fla8-2, and fla10-14 were generated. The analysis of the mutants and the revertants demonstrates the importance of a pocket in the amino terminus of these motor subunits for both motor activity and for a novel, dominant effect on the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
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