Quantitative Trait Loci for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Spring Barley Populations Derived from Crosses between European and Syrian Cultivars

In response to climatic changes, breeding programmes should be aimed at creating new cultivars with improved resistance to water scarcity. The objective of this study was to examine the yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from three cross-combinations of European and Syrian spring cultivars, and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits in these populations. RILs were evaluated in field experiments over a period of three years (2011 to 2013) and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; a genetic map for each population was constructed and then one consensus map was developed. Biological interpretation of identified QTLs was achieved by reference to Ensembl Plants barley gene space. Twelve regions in the genomes of studied RILs were distinguished after QTL analysis. Most of the QTLs were identified on the 2H chromosome, which was the hotspot region in all three populations. Syrian parental cultivars contributed alleles decreasing traits' values at majority of QTLs for grain weight, grain number, spike length and time to heading, and numerous alleles increasing stem length. The phenomic and molecular approaches distinguished the lines with an acceptable grain yield potential combining desirable features or alleles from their parents, that is, early heading from the Syrian breeding line (Cam/B1/CI08887//CI05761) and short plant stature from the European semidwarf cultivar (Maresi).

Selection and electrophoretic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica biocide variants resistant to antibiotics

The proposed research outlines a serious common concern of Salmonella resistance to antimicrobials following prolonged exposure to the disinfectants (biocides). These phenotypes of bacteria could potentially result in hard to treat infections. Typical for avian sources, biocide sensitive S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars: Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Virchow and Zanzibar and their isogenic biocide-tolerant variants were studied in order to investigate bacteriostatic effect of two commercially available biocide formulations: potassium peroxymonosulfate (P) and dodecylamine based structure (triamine, D). We found that cultivating of the bacteria in the medium supplemented with a blend containing P did not influence their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. In contrast, tolerance of bacteria to D compound resulted in resistance to co-trimoxazole, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin of which two cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin are used commonly for the treatment of invasive Salmonella infections in humans. The dependency between OMP patterns and the level of Salmonella survival in media containing the biocides was observed merely in serovar Typhimurium. In conclusion, these results suggest that Salmonella strains challenged by prolonged treatment with the disinfectants become resistant to antibiotics, however it depends on Salmonella serovar and the chemical used. This paper also highlights the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a technique that offers great benefits to microbiological detecting of Salmonella species in the samples.