1
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Salem RM, Todd JN, Sandholm N, Cole JB, Chen WM, Andrews D, Pezzolesi MG, McKeigue PM, Hiraki LT, Qiu C, Nair V, Di Liao C, Cao JJ, Valo E, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Smiles AM, McGurnaghan SJ, Haukka JK, Harjutsalo V, Brennan EP, van Zuydam N, Ahlqvist E, Doyle R, Ahluwalia TS, Lajer M, Hughes MF, Park J, Skupien J, Spiliopoulou A, Liu A, Menon R, Boustany-Kari CM, Kang HM, Nelson RG, Klein R, Klein BE, Lee KE, Gao X, Mauer M, Maestroni S, Caramori ML, de Boer IH, Miller RG, Guo J, Boright AP, Tregouet D, Gyorgy B, Snell-Bergeon JK, Maahs DM, Bull SB, Canty AJ, Palmer CNA, Stechemesser L, Paulweber B, Weitgasser R, Sokolovska J, Rovīte V, Pīrāgs V, Prakapiene E, Radzeviciene L, Verkauskiene R, Panduru NM, Groop LC, McCarthy MI, Gu HF, Möllsten A, Falhammar H, Brismar K, Martin F, Rossing P, Costacou T, Zerbini G, Marre M, Hadjadj S, McKnight AJ, Forsblom C, McKay G, Godson C, Maxwell AP, Kretzler M, Susztak K, Colhoun HM, Krolewski A, Paterson AD, Groop PH, Rich SS, Hirschhorn JN, Florez JC. Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Kidney Disease Highlights Biology Involved in Glomerular Basement Membrane Collagen. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2000-2016. [PMID: 31537649 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diabetic kidney disease demonstrates both familial clustering and single nucleotide polymorphism heritability, the specific genetic factors influencing risk remain largely unknown. METHODS To identify genetic variants predisposing to diabetic kidney disease, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses. Through collaboration with the Diabetes Nephropathy Collaborative Research Initiative, we assembled a large collection of type 1 diabetes cohorts with harmonized diabetic kidney disease phenotypes. We used a spectrum of ten diabetic kidney disease definitions based on albuminuria and renal function. RESULTS Our GWAS meta-analysis included association results for up to 19,406 individuals of European descent with type 1 diabetes. We identified 16 genome-wide significant risk loci. The variant with the strongest association (rs55703767) is a common missense mutation in the collagen type IV alpha 3 chain (COL4A3) gene, which encodes a major structural component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Mutations in COL4A3 are implicated in heritable nephropathies, including the progressive inherited nephropathy Alport syndrome. The rs55703767 minor allele (Asp326Tyr) is protective against several definitions of diabetic kidney disease, including albuminuria and ESKD, and demonstrated a significant association with GBM width; protective allele carriers had thinner GBM before any signs of kidney disease, and its effect was dependent on glycemia. Three other loci are in or near genes with known or suggestive involvement in this condition (BMP7) or renal biology (COLEC11 and DDR1). CONCLUSIONS The 16 diabetic kidney disease-associated loci may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of this condition and help identify potential biologic targets for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany M Salem
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jennifer N Todd
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Genomic Medicine and
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Joanne B Cole
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Center for Genomic Medicine and
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Darrell Andrews
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Metabolism Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul M McKeigue
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics and
| | - Linda T Hiraki
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Viji Nair
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Chen Di Liao
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jing Jing Cao
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Stuart J McGurnaghan
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jani K Haukka
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and.,The Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalie van Zuydam
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ross Doyle
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Maria Lajer
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Maria F Hughes
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jihwan Park
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan Skupien
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Hyun M Kang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ronald Klein
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Xiaoyu Gao
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Silvia Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel G Miller
- University of Pittsburgh Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingchuan Guo
- University of Pittsburgh Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - David Tregouet
- INSERM UMR_S 1166, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Beata Gyorgy
- INSERM UMR_S 1166, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | | | - David M Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shelley B Bull
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo J Canty
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lars Stechemesser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Weitgasser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Medicine, Diakonissen-Wehrle Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Vita Rovīte
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Valdis Pīrāgs
- University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Lina Radzeviciene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nicolae Mircea Panduru
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,2nd Clinical Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leif C Groop
- Department of Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.,Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Harvest F Gu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anna Möllsten
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Finian Martin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Costacou
- University of Pittsburgh Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Michel Marre
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM CIC 1402, Poitiers, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Amy J McKnight
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Gareth McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Peter Maxwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jose C Florez
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; .,Center for Genomic Medicine and.,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Sandholm N, Van Zuydam N, Ahlqvist E, Juliusdottir T, Deshmukh HA, Rayner NW, Di Camillo B, Forsblom C, Fadista J, Ziemek D, Salem RM, Hiraki LT, Pezzolesi M, Trégouët D, Dahlström E, Valo E, Oskolkov N, Ladenvall C, Marcovecchio ML, Cooper J, Sambo F, Malovini A, Manfrini M, McKnight AJ, Lajer M, Harjutsalo V, Gordin D, Parkkonen M, Tuomilehto J, Lyssenko V, McKeigue PM, Rich SS, Brosnan MJ, Fauman E, Bellazzi R, Rossing P, Hadjadj S, Krolewski A, Paterson AD, Florez JC, Hirschhorn JN, Maxwell AP, Dunger D, Cobelli C, Colhoun HM, Groop L, McCarthy MI, Groop PH. The Genetic Landscape of Renal Complications in Type 1 Diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:557-574. [PMID: 27647854 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD. Despite evidence for a substantial heritability of diabetic kidney disease, efforts to identify genetic susceptibility variants have had limited success. We extended previous efforts in three dimensions, examining a more comprehensive set of genetic variants in larger numbers of subjects with type 1 diabetes characterized for a wider range of cross-sectional diabetic kidney disease phenotypes. In 2843 subjects, we estimated that the heritability of diabetic kidney disease was 35% (P=6.4×10-3). Genome-wide association analysis and replication in 12,540 individuals identified no single variants reaching stringent levels of significance and, despite excellent power, provided little independent confirmation of previously published associated variants. Whole-exome sequencing in 997 subjects failed to identify any large-effect coding alleles of lower frequency influencing the risk of diabetic kidney disease. However, sets of alleles increasing body mass index (P=2.2×10-5) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (P=6.1×10-4) associated with the risk of diabetic kidney disease. We also found genome-wide genetic correlation between diabetic kidney disease and failure at smoking cessation (P=1.1×10-4). Pathway analysis implicated ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (P=9.0×10-6), and pentose and glucuronate interconversions (P=3.0×10-6) in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. These data provide further evidence for the role of genetic factors influencing diabetic kidney disease in those with type 1 diabetes and highlight some key pathways that may be responsible. Altogether these results reveal important biology behind the major cause of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Institute
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Harshal A Deshmukh
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Di Camillo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao Fadista
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ziemek
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rany M Salem
- Departments of Genetics,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda T Hiraki
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Pezzolesi
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Trégouët
- Sorbonne Universities, Pierre et Marie Curie University (UPMC) and National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Mixed Research Unit in Health (UMR_S) 1166, Paris, France.,Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Genomics and pathophysiology of Cardiovascular diseases, Paris, France
| | - Emma Dahlström
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nikolay Oskolkov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jason Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Sambo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Malovini
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, IRCCS (Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico); Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Manfrini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lajer
- Diabetic Complications, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- The Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Diabetic Complications, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Paul M McKeigue
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Eric Fauman
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Riccardo Bellazzi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter Rossing
- Diabetic Complications, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.,Department of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Functional Research Unit of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Center of Clinical Investigation, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.,Institute National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Center of Clinical Investigation 1402 and Unit 1082, Poitiers, France
| | - Andrzej Krolewski
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jose C Florez
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Diabetes Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Departments of Genetics,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Metabolic Science, and
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Baker IDI (International Diabetes Institute) Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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