Photoelectrocatalytic treatment of levofloxacin using Ti/MMO/ZnO electrode

Here, the antibiotic levofloxacin (LFX) widely used and detected in the environment was degraded by photoelectrolysis using a new electrode based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and a mixture of mixed oxides of ruthenium and titanium (MMO). The influence of the potential and irradiation of UV light was investigated in the photostability of the Ti/MMO/ZnO electrode and in the degradation of the antibiotic. The experiments were conducted at different pH values (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) in sodium sulfate solution in a glass reactor with central lighting. It was observed that the new Ti/MMO/ZnO electrode has good stability under light irradiation and potential, presenting excellent photocurrent and high photoactivity in LFX photoelectrolysis. The removal efficiency of the compound was directly related to the formation of oxidizing species in solution, the photo-generated charges on the electrode and the electrostatic characteristics of the molecule. The mineralization rate, the formation of reaction intermediates and short chain carboxylic acids (acetic, maleic, oxalic and oxamic acid), in addition to the formation of N-mineral species (NO₃^- and NH₄⁺) was dependent on the pH of the solution and the investigated processes: photoelectrolysis was more efficient than photolysis, which, in turn, was more efficient than electrolysis. The synergistic effect and the high rate of degradation of LFX after 4.0 h of treatment (100%) observed in photoelectrolysis at alkaline pH, was associated with the high stability of the Ti/MMO/ZnO electrode at this pH, the photoactivation of sulfate ions and the ease generation of oxidizing radicals, such as OH.

Novel Ti/RuO2IrO2 anode to reduce the dangerousness of antibiotic polluted urines by Fenton-based processes

The treatment of hospital wastewater is very complex, so treating polluted human urine is a significant challenge. Here, we tested a novel MMO-Ti/RuO₂IrO₂ electrode to reduce the ecotoxicity risk of hospital urines contaminated with antibiotics. This electrode was used as the anode in electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PhEF) processes. The results were compared with those obtained using the boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, as well as those obtained by a conventional Fenton oxidation. In order to analyze the performance of the processes, the treatments were evaluated on the subject of Penicilin G (PenG) removal, toxicity (using a standardized method with Vibrio Fisheri), and antibiotic activity (Enterococcus faecalis as the target bacterium). The results reveal that PenG degrades in the following order: Fenton < EF < PhEF. The best results are found for the MMO-PhEF, which completely removed PenG, decreased 96% of toxicity, and completely removed antibiotic activity. Besides, for comparison, tests were performed with BDD, and results point out the higher convenience of the new electrode in terms of acceptable use of energy because the effluents generated can be further degraded in an urban wastewater treatment plant. Because of that, MMO-RuO₂-IrO₂ emerges as a promising cost-effective material for the pre-treatment of hospital urine effluents.

Influence of the doping level of boron-doped diamond anodes on the removal of penicillin G from urine matrixes

The objective of this study is to understand the influence of the characteristics of boron-doped diamond anodes on the degradation of Penicillin G contained in urine. Therefore, five commercial BDD anodes with different boron doping levels (100 ppm - 8000 ppm) were studied. These electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrolysis. The boron doping was found to correlate well with the electrochemical properties of the electrodes, and results indicate a different behavior in drug degradation. The improvement in the toxicity and the reduction of the antibiotic effect of urine were the most innovative inputs monitored. For this, the concentration of Penicillin G, the toxicity toward Vibrio fisheri, and the antibiotic effect in Enterococcus faecalis were monitored. The best results were found for the BDD with a boron content of 200 ppm, capable of removing 100% of the antibiotic, reducing toxicity by 90%, and eradicating the antibiotic effect. These results indicate that low doping levels are more efficient for urine removal by anodic oxidation.

Coexistence of tetrasomy 8 and trisomy 8 in a case with myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis

We present a case of myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis (MM/MF), with tetrasomy 8 as the sole cytogenetic abnormality detected by conventional cytogenetic studies. Tetrasomy 8 was also detected by in situ interphase studies and confirmed by chromosome painting in metaphase. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MM/MF with tetrasomy 8. Noteworthy is the association with neurofibromatosis.

Use of rhG-CSF in the collection of peripheral blood stem cells for autologous blood stem cell transplantation in acute myeloblastic leukemia

The use of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) alone is attractive for the collection of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) in several malignancies. In acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), not enough experience has been gained with rhG-CSF and leukapheresis is more common after recovery from antileukemia chemotherapy. This is the case report of a patient who received rhG-CSF alone to mobilize stem cells where the cells collected in the leukapheresis bag had a blastic immunophenotype.