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Tran TN, Dang THT, Thai TT, Ha ULN, Le HT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen ANT, Vo KCN, Nguyen TV, van Nguyen T, Ly QX, Nguyen KV, Truong D. Normative data for the Vietnamese smell identification test. Clin Park Relat Disord 2023; 9:100222. [PMID: 37868821 PMCID: PMC10589741 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 12-item Vietnamese smell identification test (VSIT) has been developed to evaluate the olfactory function of the Vietnamese population. This study aimed to investigate the normative value of the VSIT in different age groups and sexes. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ho Chi Minh University Medical Center, Vietnam. All participants were evaluated for odor identification ability using the VSIT. We included healthy participants aged 18 years or older with no history of olfactory disturbances. Results A total of 391 healthy volunteers were recruited with a mean age of 45.80 years (SD: 17.62; range: 18-86; female: 63.4 %). The tenth percentile of scores on the 0-12 VSIT scale was 8.3 in participants aged 18-29 years, 9.0 in 30-39 years, 8.0 in 40-49 years, 7.8 in 50-59 years, 7.9 in 60-69 years and 6.0 in over 70 years. Young adults (18-39 years old) had better olfactory identification ability than older adults (over 50 years), p < 0.001. There was a significant main effect of sex on VSIT score (p = 0.02), suggesting that females outperformed males. Sensitivity to 8 odors were negatively correlated with age: lemon, garlic, banana, coffee, mango, guava, apple and watermelon (p < 0.05 in all cases) whereas four odors were age-independent including orange, fish sauce, soy sauce, and fish. Conclusion Normative data provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory function. However, there were significant sex and age effects on olfactory identification scores on the VSIT. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to better adjust for those confounders mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Ngoc Tran
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuong Huyen Thi Dang
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Uyen Le Ngoc Ha
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hien Thi Le
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Thu Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hai Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Ngoc Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Khang Chung Ngoc Vo
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh van Nguyen
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quang Xuan Ly
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Khang Vinh Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Daniel Truong
- The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Tran TN, Thi Dang TH, Thai TT, Le HT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen ANT, Le Ha UN, Vo KCN, Nguyen TV, van Nguyen T, Ly QX, Truong D. Development and validation of the Vietnamese smell identification test. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 113:105494. [PMID: 37413956 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct olfactory identification requires familiarity with the odor stimuli and is culturally dependent. Existing smell identification tests (SIT) are not culturally specific and may not be reliable in detecting hyposmia in all populations. This study aimed to develop a smell identification test suitable for Vietnamese patients (VSIT). METHODS The study included 4 phases: 1) survey-based evaluation of the familiarity of 68 odors to identify 18 odors for subsequent testing (N = 1050); 2) smell identification test of 18 odors in healthy patients (N = 50) to determine which 12 should be included in the VSIT; 3) comparison of VSIT scores on 12 odors in patients with hyposmia (N = 60; Brief smell identification test (BSIT) score <8 and those with normosmia (N = 120; BSIT score ≥8) to establish the validity of the newly developed test; and 4) retest of the VSIT in 60 normosmic patients from phase 3 (N = 60) to determine test-retest reliability. RESULTS As expected, the mean (SD) VSIT score was significantly higher in the healthy participants than in the hyposmic patients [10.28 (1.34) vs 4.57 (1.76); P < 0.001]. Using a cut-off score at 8, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument in detecting hyposmia were 93.3% and 97.5% respectively. The test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient was at 0.72 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The Vietnamese Smell Identification Test (VSIT) demonstrated favorable validity and reliability and will allow for assessment of olfactory function in Vietnamese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Ngoc Tran
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuong Huyen Thi Dang
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Hien Thi Le
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuy Thu Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Hai Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Anh Ngoc Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Uyen Ngoc Le Ha
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Khang Chung Ngoc Vo
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh van Nguyen
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Quang Xuan Ly
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Daniel Truong
- The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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