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Eriksen EØ, Nielsen JP, Agerlin MV, Christensen AE, Pedersen KS. Easy and reliable assessment of the prevalence of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106041. [PMID: 37866129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea is a condition of increasing importance due to recent restrictions and bans on the preventive use of antimicrobials and medicinal zinc oxide. For various purposes, it is valuable to monitor the occurrence of post-weaning diarrhoea. The aim of this paper was to propose a protocol for easy and reliable assessment of the prevalence of post-weaning diarrhoea within a section of pigs as an alternative to clinical examination of a random sample of pigs. Two datasets were collected in two different observational field investigations, including more than 4000 individual clinical examinations of newly weaned pigs. First we identified a clinical marker for post-weaning diarrhoea. Second, we drew samples by simulation from our two dataset using different simplified sampling strategies and compared these to conventional random sampling strategies. The prediction error for estimates of the diarrhoea prevalence within a section was compared for the different sampling strategies. The study showed that pigs with diarrhoea had an increased risk of displaying diarrheic soiling of the hind part as well as dull, long, and bristly hair coat, and possibly also hollow flanks and a suboptimal body condition score. Diarrheic soiling of the hind part was the best clinical predictor of diarrhoea; our best estimate of the diagnostic sensitivity was 76.1% (95% credible interval: 72.0, 79.8), and the specificity was 97.1% (95% credible interval: 96.5 0.97.7). Diarrheic soiling of the hind is only a valid clinical predictor of diarrhoea for the first 14 days after insertion into the nursery unit. The precision and accuracy of prevalence estimates were similar for haphazard sampling compared to random sampling of the pigs. Likewise, sampling from a restricted number of pens produced prediction errors similar to sampling across all pens. Yet, the study had limitations regarding sample sizes, and furthermore it is difficult to provide certainty for absence of effects. We recommend sampling pigs haphazardly within at least three randomly selected pens for post-weaning diarrhoea prevalence surveys in order to easily obtain a reliable prevalence estimate. Based on our findings, we conclude the paper by proposing a simple four-step protocol for surveys of the within-section prevalence of post-weaning diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Viuf Agerlin
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anja Ejlersgård Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Ø-VetA/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Ø-VetA/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700 Næstved, Denmark
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Eriksen EØ, Kudirkiene E, Christensen AE, Agerlin MV, Weber NR, Nødtvedt A, Nielsen JP, Hartmann KT, Skade L, Larsen LE, Pankoke K, Olsen JE, Jensen HE, Pedersen KS. Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs weaned without medicinal zinc: risk factors, pathogen dynamics, and association to growth rate. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:54. [PMID: 34627400 PMCID: PMC8501929 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) has reemerged as an important topic in pig production, as common control strategies based on prophylactic use of antimicrobials and zinc oxide have been deemed unsustainable. The objectives of this study were to estimate the cumulative incidence of porcine post-weaning diarrhea with different etiologies in production systems weaning without zinc oxide and prophylactic antimicrobials, to assess risk factors for post-weaning diarrhea, and to estimate the impact of post-weaning diarrhea on growth rate. A cohort study was conducted at two commercial indoor producers weaning without medicinal zinc oxide and prophylactic antimicrobials. RESULTS Piglets were included at birth (n = 300) and 272 survived until weaning. After insertion to the nursery units, the piglets were clinically examined every day for 14 days, and rectal swabs were collected and analyzed for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and rotavirus A. The cumulative incidences of PWD the first 14 days after insertion to the nursery units were 41.8% (CI 33.6, 50.4) and 51.1% (CI 42.3, 60.0) at the two producers, respectively. We found a low incidence of cases associated to ETEC, and detected a substantial proportion of cases associated to rotavirus. We observed a biphasic pattern in the assumed etiology with rotavirus occurring first, and then a shift towards cases associated to ETEC/non-ETEC hemolytic E. coli. Being offspring of older sows was a protective factor for the development of PWD (Hazard ratio = 0.88 [CI 0.78, 0.99] per unit increase in parity of the dam). Low birth weight reduced the post-weaning growth rate (- 5.2 g/day [CI - 7.5, - 2.9] per 100 g decrease in birthweight) and increased the hazard of developing PWD (Hazard ratio for birthweight below 1100 g: 2.30 [CI 1.41-3.74]). The combined effect of having diarrhea for 2 days or more and receiving antimicrobial treatment was associated with an increased average daily weight gain. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests novel insights regarding pathogen dynamics and risk factors for PWD in productions not using prophylactic antimicrobials and medicinal zinc. The findings may have important implications for both antimicrobial usage and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Top Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Skade
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Pankoke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Ø-Vet A/S, Næstved, Denmark
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Joseph G, Marott JL, Sogaard P, Nielsen G, Christensen AE, Biering-Sorensen T, Schnohr P, Jensen JS, Mogelvang R. 4331Dose-response association between level of daily physical activity and mortality in persons with arterial hypertension: a population based cohort study. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Joseph
- Vendsyssel Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - J L Marott
- Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - P Sogaard
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - G Nielsen
- Vendsyssel Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - A E Christensen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T Biering-Sorensen
- Gentofte University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - P Schnohr
- Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J S Jensen
- Gentofte University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - R Mogelvang
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kuhn KS, Schou AJ, Christensen AE. PReS-FINAL-2066: Use of chiropractic care in danish children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013. [PMCID: PMC4045781 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-11-s2-p78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Christensen AE, Schou AJ. PReS-FINAL-2026: Glucose and lipid metabolism in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013. [PMCID: PMC4043460 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-11-s2-p39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Christensen AE, Bistrup L, Toftedal P. PReS-FINAL-2027: Cerebral demyelination and optic neuritis during treatment with eternacept and methotrexate. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013. [PMCID: PMC4044739 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-11-s2-p40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Schou AJ, Toftedal P, Christensen AE. Familial hypercholesterolemia misinterpreted as juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2011. [PMCID: PMC3194589 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-9-s1-p228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Christensen AE. [Kernicterus in a full term infant]. Ugeskr Laeger 1996; 158:1230-1. [PMID: 8644429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a case history of a term infant who developed extreme hyperbilirubinaemia and neurological manifestations of kernicterus during the first postnatal week. Signs of haemolysis (AB0) were found, and in addition the infant suffered from hypernatremic dehydration. The current hypothesis for the development of kernicterus is described.
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Christensen AE. [Multiple cystic pulmonary changes in a patient with previous bronchopulmonary dysplasia]. Ugeskr Laeger 1995; 157:5839-41. [PMID: 7483061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This report describes multiple pulmonary air cysts in a twelve year-old girl. The pathogenesis is discussed, taking into consideration the possible role of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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