Wheat Bread Enriched with House Cricket Powder (Acheta domesticus L.) as an Alternative Protein Source

The house cricket (Acheta domesticus L.) is one of four edible insect species introduced to the EU market as a novel food and alternative protein source. Innovative products, such as cricket flour, are increasingly appearing on supermarket shelves and can offer an alternative to traditional cereals, while providing the body with many valuable nutrients of comparable quality to those found in meat and fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using cricket powder as a substitute for wheat flour in the production of bread. The physicochemical properties of cricket powder were evaluated in comparison to wheat flour. As a result of technological studies, bread compositions with 5%, 10% and 15% replacements of wheat flour by cricket powder were designed and their quality characteristics (physicochemical, sensory and microbiological) were evaluated. Cricket powder was characterised by a higher protein (63% vs. 13.5%) and fat (16.3% vs. 1.16%) content and a lower carbohydrate (9.8% vs. 66%) and fibre (7.8% vs. 9.5%) content as compared to wheat flour. The tested preparations had a similar pH (6.9 and 6.8, respectively, for cricket powder and flour) and fat absorption capacity (0.14 vs. 0.27 g oil/g powder, respectively, for cricket powder and flour) but different water holding capacities and completely different colour parameters. All breads had good microbiological quality after baking and during 7 days of storage. In instrumental tests, the 10 and 15% replacements of wheat flour by cricket powder affected the darker colour of the breads and caused a significant increase in the hardness of the breads. The research has shown that the optimal level of replacement, which does not significantly affect the physiochemical and sensory characteristics, is 5% cricket powder in the bread recipe. Considering the results obtained and the fact that insects provide a sufficient supply of energy and protein in the human diet, are a source of fibre, vitamins and micronutrients, and have a high content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the suitability of cricket powder for protein enrichment of bakery products is confirmed.

Statins-From Fungi to Pharmacy

Statins have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Natural fermentation processes of fungi such as Monascus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus terreus, and Pleurotus ostreatus have given rise to natural statins. Compactin (mevastatin), the original naturally occurring statin, is the primary biotransformation substrate in the manufacturing process of marketed drugs. Statins are classified into natural, semi-synthetic derivatives of natural statins, and synthetic ones. Synthetic statins differ from natural statins in their structural composition, with the only common feature being the HMG-CoA-like moiety responsible for suppressing HMG-CoA reductase. Statins do not differ significantly regarding their pleiotropic and adverse effects, but their characteristics depend on their pharmacokinetic parameters and chemical properties. This paper focuses on describing the processes of obtaining natural statins, detailing the pharmacokinetics of available statins, divided into natural and synthetic, and indicating their pleiotropic effects.

The Content of Bioactive Compounds and Technological Properties of Matcha Green Tea and Its Application in the Design of Functional Beverages

Matcha is a powdered green tea obtained from the Camellia sinensis L. plant intended for both "hot" and "cold" consumption. It is a rich source of bioactive ingredients, thanks to which it has strong antioxidant properties. In this research, an organoleptic evaluation was carried out, and the physical characteristics (i.e., instrumental color measurement (L*a*b*), water activity, water solubility index (WSI), water holding capacity (WHC) of 10 powdered Matcha green teas, and in the 2.5% Matcha water solutions, pH, °Brix and osmolality were tested. Also, the content of phenolic ingredients, i.e., selected phenolic acids, flavonoids and total polyphenols, was assessed. The content of chlorophyll, vitamin C and antioxidant potential were also examined. Matcha M-4 was used to design two functional model beverages, in the form of ready-to-use powdered drinks, consisting of Matcha green tea, protein preparations, inulin, maltodextrin and sugar. The obtained powdered drink, when dissolved in the preferred liquid (water, milk, juice), is regenerative, high-protein and rich in bioactive ingredients from the Matcha drink, with prebiotic properties derived from the added inulin. The beverage is also characterized by low osmolality. It can be recommended as a regenerating beverage for a wide group of consumers, athletes and people with deficiencies, among others protein, and elderly people, as well as in the prevention and supportive treatment of bone and joint tissue diseases.

Assessment of the Competence of Nurses in Taking Care of a Dying Patient in Poland

During nursing education, few practical hours are devoted to comprehensively preparing students to care for a dying patient. Contact with a dying patient is a key element of the job of every working nurse in the profession. Therefore, it is necessary to properly prepare nurses to care for a dying patient. This study aimed to assess the professional competence of nurses in caring for a dying patient and the factors that affect this preparation. This study involved 223 nurses during master's degree in nursing at the Medical University of Warsaw, receiving either full-time education (group I, N = 121) or hybrid education (group II, N = 102). The study used the FATCOD-BP ((Frommelt Attitudes Toward the Care Of the Dying scale Form B, Polish version)) questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.75), an original questionnaire containing questions about feelings experienced during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and sociodemographic questions. FATCOD-BP for all groups was below average regarding caring for a dying patient (M = 109, SD = 11.68). Nurses pursuing full-time education were better prepared to care for a dying patient than were nurses pursuing hybrid education. Nurses who exhibited fear of their own deaths had a lower subjective level of preparation for caring for a dying patient. (1) Nurses are not sufficiently prepared to care for a dying patient. (2) The training of nurses should be provided in the form of in-patient education, and the methods of training should be modified by increasing the number of hours of practical and theoretical instruction in palliative care for a dying patient.

Transcriptomic profiling of mare endometrium at different stages of endometrosis

In the current study, transcriptome profiles of mare endometrium, classified into categories I, IIA, and IIB according to Kenney and Doig, were compared using RNA sequencing, analyzed, and functionally annotated using in silico analysis. In the mild stage (IIA) of endometrosis compared to category I endometrium, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated to inflammation, abnormal metabolism, wound healing, and quantity of connective tissue. In the moderate stage (IIB) of endometrosis compared to category I endometrium, DEGs were annotated to inflammation, fibrosis, cellular homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pregnancy disorders. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-17 as upstream regulators of DEGs associated with cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and fibrosis signaling pathways. In vitro studies showed the effect of these cytokines on DEGs such as ADAMTS1, -4, -5, -9, and HK2 in endometrial fibroblasts at different stages of endometrosis. The effect of cytokines on ADAMTS members' gene transcription in fibroblasts differs according to the severity of endometrosis. The identified transcriptomic changes associated with endometrosis suggest that inflammation and metabolic changes are features of mild and moderate stages of endometrosis. The changes of ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -9, in fibrotic endometrium as well as in endometrial fibroblast in response to TGF-β1, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17 suggest the important role of these factors in the development of endometrosis.

Changes in Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) and Its Products

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) is a plant that is commonly cultivated around the world, known for centuries for its valuable nutritional and healing properties. Although quince fruit are extremely aromatic, due to their high hardness and sour, astringent, and bitter taste, they are not suitable for direct consumption in an unprocessed form. However, they are an important raw material in fruit processing, e.g., in the production of jams, jellies, and juices. Quince fruits fall under the category of temperate fruits, so their shelf life can be predicted. Considering that technological processing affects not only the organoleptic properties and shelf life but also the functional properties of fruits, the aim of this research was to determine the impact of various types of technological treatments on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of quince fruit. In fresh, boiled, and fried fruits and in freshly squeezed quince fruit juice, basic parameters, such as the content of dry matter, moisture, soluble solids (°Brix), pH, total acidity, water activity, and color parameters (L*a*b*) were determined. The content of key bioactive ingredients, i.e., tannins, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and total polyphenols, was also determined, as well as the antioxidant activity of raw and technologically processed (cooked, fried, and squeezed) quince fruits. The conducted research showed that fresh quince fruit and processed quince products can be a very good source of bioactive ingredients in the diet, such as tannins (3.64 ± 0.06 mg/100 g in fresh fruit; from 2.22 ± 0.02 mg/100 g to 5.59 ± 0.15 g/100 g in products), carotenoids (44.98 ± 0.18 mg/100 g in fresh fruit; from 141.88 ± 0.62 mg/100 g to 166.12 ± 0.62 mg/100 g in products), and polyphenolic compounds (246.98 ± 6.76 mg GAE/100 g in fresh fruit; from 364.53 ± 3.76 mg/100 g to 674.21 ± 4.49 mg/100 g in products). Quince fruit and quince products are also characterized by high antioxidant properties (452.41 ± 6.50 µM TEAC/100 g in fresh fruit; 520.78 ± 8.56 µM TEAC/100 g to 916.16 ± 6.55 µM TEAC/100 g in products). The choice of appropriate technological processing for the quince fruit may allow producers to obtain high-quality fruit preserves and act a starting point for the development of functional products with the addition of quince fruit in its various forms, with high health-promoting values and a wide range of applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Beneficial Proapoptotic Effect of Heterobasidion Annosum Extract in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mouse Model

Fungal extracts possess potential anticancer activity against many malignant neoplastic diseases. In this research, we focused on the evaluation of Heterobasidion annosum (HA) extract in colorectal cancer in an in vivo model. The mice with implanted DLD-1 human cancer cells were given HA extract, the referential drug-5-fluorouracil (5FU), or were treated with its combination. Thereafter, tumor volume was measured and apoptotic proteins such as caspase-8, caspase-3, p53, Bcl-2, and survivin were analyzed in mice serum with an ELISA assay. The Ki-67 protein was assessed in tumor cells by immunohistochemical examination. The biggest volumes of tumors were confirmed in the DLD-1 group, while the lowest were observed in the population treated with 5FU and/or HA extract. The assessment of apoptosis showed increased concentrations of caspase 8 and p53 protein after the combined administration of 5FU and HA extract. The levels of survivin and Bcl-2 were decreased in all tested groups compared to the DLD-1 group. Moreover, we observed a positive reaction for Ki-67 protein in all tested groups. Our findings confirm the apoptotic effect of extract given alone or with 5FU. The obtained results are innovative and provide a basis for further research concerning the antitumor activity of the HA extract, especially in the range of its interaction with an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent.

Adding Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder to Wheat Bread: Effects on Physicochemical, Sensory and Microbiological Qualities of the End-Product

Entomophagy, that is, the consumption of insects, is gaining more and more popularity. The research carried out so far on the use of edible insects in the food industry has shown that they are a valuable source of protein, and do not significantly affect the functional and sensory properties of food. Edible insects also contribute to sustainable, environment friendly food production. Taking the above into account, the influence of adding insect powder on the physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and microbiological qualities of wheat bread was evaluated. This study aimed to partially replace wheat flour (5, 10, and 15%) in bread with mealworm powder (T. molitor) to produce protein-fortified bread. Bread containing mealworm powder showed similar density and water activity compared to the control wheat bread. The addition of mealworm powder did not negatively affect the properties of bread. The total color difference increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the insect flour share in bread formulation and ranged between 2.27 for M5, 4.00 for M10, and 4.50 for M15. The protein content in bread fortified with 5−15% mealworm powder increased by 15−59% compared to the control bread, whereas fat content increased by 35% to 113%. Results of sensory evaluation revealed that modification of the recipe, depending on the mealworm powder addition level, significantly (p < 0.05) affected bread color, odor, flavor, and overall sensory quality. The research showed that the optimal enrichment level is using 5% mealworm flour in the bread recipe. Moreover, the obtained variants of bread were characterized by good microbiological quality after baking. In bread M10, no yeasts and molds were found during a period of 2 days of storage. The number of yeasts and molds in the other bread variants was relatively low. To conclude, the results confirmed the usefulness of insect powder in making protein-fortified bread of good quality comparable to traditional wheat bread.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Power of Active DNA Demethylation Pathway Intermediates in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by genomic instability, which may arise from the global hypomethylation of the DNA. The active DNA demethylation process may be linked with aberrant methylation and can be involved in leukemogenesis. The levels of 5-methylcytosine oxidation products were analyzed in minimally invasive material: the cellular DNA from peripheral blood cells and urine of patients with AML and MDS along with the control group, using isotope-dilution two-dimensional ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for the assessment of the ability to discriminate patients’ groups from the control group, and AML from MDS. The most diagnostically useful for discriminating AML patients from the control group was the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (AUC = 0.918, sensitivity: 85%, and specificity: 97%), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (0.873, 74%, and 92%), while for MDS patients 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2′-deoxycytidine in DNA (0.905, 82%, and 98%) and urinary 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (0.746, 66%, and 92%). Multi-factor models of classification trees allowed the correct classification of patients with AML and MDS in 95.7% and 94.7% of cases. The highest prognostic value of the analyzed parameters in predicting the transformation of MDS into AML was observed for 5-carboxy-2′-deoxycytidine (0.823, 80%, and 97%) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (0.872, 100%, and 75%) in DNA. The presented research proves that the intermediates of the active DNA demethylation pathway determined in the completely non-invasive (urine) or minimally invasive (blood) material can be useful in supporting the diagnostic process of patients with MDS and AML. The possibility of an early identification of a group of MDS patients with an increased risk of transformation into AML is of particular importance.

Effect of Heat-Treated Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on Growth Parameters, Plasma Lipid Profile and Histological Changes in the Ileum of Atherogenic Rats

Dietary supplementation with raw garlic has a preventive and healing effect in cardiovascular diseases, but it could also damage the intestinal mucosa, resulting in impairment of nutrient absorption. Garlic processing, including heat treatment, changes the content and biological activity of garlic, so it is crucial to find food-processing methods that will preserve the health-promoting properties of garlic while minimizing its negative impact on the digestive system. Therefore, in this study, the effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth parameters, plasma lipid profile, and morphological parameters in the ileum of Wistar rats subjected to various types of heat treatment (90 s blanching garlic, 10 min boiling in water, 10 min pan frying without fat, microwave heating fresh garlic, 90 s blanching and microwave heating garlic, 10 min boiling in water and microwave heating garlic, and 10 min pan frying without fat and microwave heating garlic) was determined in an atherogenic diet (containing 1% addition of cholesterol). In the conducted research, it was found that the diet supplemented with heat-treated garlic used in the atherogenic diet improved the consumption and growth parameters of rats, depending on the type and time of its use. The highest consumption was recorded in atherogenic groups supplemented with garlic subjected to a longer (10 min) heat treatment and was then heated in a microwave oven. Garlic subjected to the shortest heat treatment proved to be most effective, and a significant improvement in the lipid profiles of rats' plasma with atherogenic was observed. Extending the time of heat treatment of garlic and, additionally, its microwaving significantly weakened the action of garlic in the body, but still retained its hypolipidemic effect. The greatest influence on the structural changes in the mucosa of the rats' iliac intestine, manifested by degeneration of the mucosa, shortening the length of the intestinal villi, damage to the brush border, and thus impairment of the intestinal absorption, was exerted by supplementing the atherogenic diet with garlic subjected to short-term heat treatment. Among the processes used, blanching was the least favorable, and the long-lasting thermal processes (cooking, frying for 10 min) had a positive effect on the mucosa of the rats' intestines. The results obtained in this study confirm that the selection of an appropriate method of thermal processing of garlic may allow for the maintenance of preventive and therapeutic efficacy of garlic in cardiovascular diseases, while ensuring the safety of its long-term use in the context of degenerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Evidence-Based Network Modelling to Simulate Nucleus Pulposus Multicellular Activity in Different Nutritional and Pro-Inflammatory Environments

Initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration is thought to be biologically driven. This reflects a process, where biochemical and mechanical stimuli affect cell activity (CA) that compromise the tissue strength over time. Experimental research enhanced our understanding about the effect of such stimuli on different CA, such as protein synthesis or mRNA expression. However, it is still unclear how cells respond to their native environment that consists of a “cocktail” of different stimuli that might locally vary. This work presents an interdisciplinary approach of experimental and in silico research to approximate Nucleus Pulposus CA within multifactorial biochemical environments. Thereby, the biochemical key stimuli glucose, pH, and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL1β were considered that were experimentally shown to critically affect CA. To this end, a Nucleus Pulposus multicellular system was modelled. It integrated experimental findings from in vitro studies of human or bovine Nucleus Pulposus cells, to relate the individual effects of targeted stimuli to alterations in CA. Unknown stimulus-CA relationships were obtained through own experimental 3D cultures of bovine Nucleus Pulposus cells in alginate beads. Translation of experimental findings into suitable parameters for network modelling approaches was achieved thanks to a new numerical approach to estimate the individual sensitivity of a CA to each stimulus type. Hence, the effect of each stimulus type on a specific CA was assessed and integrated to approximate a multifactorial stimulus environment. Tackled CA were the mRNA expressions of Aggrecan, Collagen types I & II, MMP3, and ADAMTS4. CA was assessed for four different proinflammatory cell states; non-inflamed and inflamed for IL1β, TNF-α or both IL1β&TNF-α. Inflamed cell clusters were eventually predicted in a multicellular 3D agent-based model. Experimental results showed that glucose had no significant impact on proinflammatory cytokine or ADAMTS4 mRNA expression, whereas TNF-α caused a significant catabolic shift in most explored CA. In silico results showed that the presented methodology to estimate the sensitivity of a CA to a stimulus type importantly improved qualitative model predictions. However, more stimuli and/or further experimental knowledge need to be integrated, especially regarding predictions about the possible progression of inflammatory environments under adverse nutritional conditions. Tackling the multicellular level is a new and promising approach to estimate manifold responses of intervertebral disc cells. Such a top-down high-level network modelling approach allows to obtain information about relevant stimulus environments for a specific CA and could be shown to be suitable to tackle complex biological systems, including different proinflammatory cell states. The development of this methodology required a close interaction with experimental research. Thereby, specific experimental needs were derived from systematic in silico approaches and obtained results were directly used to enhance model predictions, which reflects a novelty in this research field. Eventually, the presented methodology provides modelling solutions suitable for multiscale approaches to contribute to a better understanding about dynamics over multiple spatial scales. Future work should focus on an amplification of the stimulus environment by integrating more key relevant stimuli, such as mechanical loading parameters, in order to better approximate native physiological environments.

Synergistic effect of folate-conjugated polymers and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer

Background

In recent years, targeted drug delivery strategies have received special attention from the scientific world due to advantages such as more effective therapy and reduction of side effects. The principle of operation is delayed excretion from the bloodstream of the drug delivery system compared to the drug itself, as well as facilitated penetration into diseased cells thanks to the use of ligands recognized by appropriate receptors. Particularly interesting drug carriers are amphiphilic copolymers that form nano-sized micelles with a drug, which can release the drug at a specific place in the body under the influence of appropriate stimuli.

Results

We describe the synthesis of the diblock polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) using RAFT/MADIX (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer/MAcromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate) controlled polymerization affording polymers with good dispersity according to SEC (Size-Exclusion Chromatography). Some post-modifications of the polymer with folic acid were then performed as evidenced by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV–Vis (UltraViolet–Visible) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, and TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis). The formation of stable micellar systems from polymers with and without the drug, 5-fluorouracil, was confirmed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) imaging. Finally, the cloud point of the polymers was investigated, which turned out to be close to the temperature of the human body. Most importantly, these micellar systems have been explored as a drug delivery system against colon cancer, showing increased cytotoxicity compared to the drug alone. This effect was achieved due to the easier cellular uptake by the interaction of folic acid and its receptors on the surface of cancer cells.

Conclusions

The presented results constitute a solid foundation for the implementation of a nano-sized drug delivery system containing folic acid for practical use in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, as well as more effective therapy with fewer side effects.

Graphical Abstract

Human kidney injury molecule-1 as a urine biomarker differentiating urothelial and renal cell carcinoma

Introduction

Urine concentration of human kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is suggested to be increased in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, it has never been tested in patients with urothelial tumors, while preoperative differentiation between RCC and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) plays an essential role in therapeutic decisions.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of urinary KIM-1 expression in preoperative differentiation between RCC and urothelial carcinoma (UC).

Material and methods

Sixty-four participants were enrolled in the study, including 30 patients with RCC and 27 with UC (16 with UTUC and 11 with bladder tumor). Preoperative urinary KIM-1 levels were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit and normalized to urinary creatinine levels.

Results

The median concentration of urinary KIM-1 normalized to urinary creatinine was lower in patients with RCC compared to UC (1.35 vs 1.86 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.04). The comparison between RCC and UTUC shows even more significant difference (1.33 vs 2.23 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.02). Urinary KIM-1 concentration did not correlate with tumor stage nor grade in any of the groups. ROC analysis to identify UC revealed AUC of 0.657 with sensitivity 33.3% and specificity 96.7% at the cut-off value of 3.226 ng/mg creatinine. Among patients with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m², ROC analysis to detect UC achieved AUC of 0.727 with sensitivity 69.5% and specificity 70.2%.

Conclusions

Urine KIM-1 can potentially differentiate UC from RCC. However, a wide range of observed results and limited sensitivity and specificity requires caution in making clinical decisions before confirmatory studies.

Assessment of the Reliability of the Polish Language Version of the FATCOD-B Scale Among Nursing Students

Providing care for dying patients and their families is an important skill for the nursing profession. The attitude of persons working with a dying person plays an important role in the quality of care provided. In this context, comprehensive preparation of medical staff for care giving to dying patient is very important. No scientific research based on the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale form B has been done in Poland. The study aimed at translations, assessments of credibility, and reliability of psychometric properties of the Polish version of the questionnaire of Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale form B (FATCOD-BP). The study included 107 students of the Nursing Department at Medical University of Warsaw. The validation was performed with the use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Horn's parallel analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index, and Bartlett's sphericity test. The result of Cronbach's alpha for FATCOD-BP was a = 0.725. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index equaled 0.696. Bartlett's sphericity test was p < 0.001. The FATCOD-BP scale is characterized by a high index of reliability. Reciprocal correlations occur between variables introduced into the model. The FATCOD-BP scale is an appropriate research tool for conducting further studies in nurses in Poland.

A head-to-head comparison review of biological and toxicological studies of isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose on glycemic control

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Different preventive and therapeutic agents, as well as various pharmacological strategies or non-pharmacological tools, improve the glycemic profile of diabetic patients. Isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose are naturally occurring, low glycemic sugars that are not synthesized by humans but widely used in food industries. Various studies have shown that these carbohydrates can regulate glucose metabolism and provide support in maintaining glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes, but also can improve insulin response, subsequently leading to better control of hyperglycemia. In this review, we discussed the anti-hyperglycemic effects of isomaltulose, D-tagatose, and trehalose, comparing their properties with other known sweeteners, and highlighting their importance for the development of the pharmaceutical and food industries.

MCM5 urine expression (ADXBLADDER) is a reliable biomarker of high-risk non- muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence: A prospective matched case-control study

BACKGROUND

Mini Chromosome Maintenance 5 (MCM5) is considered as a urinary biomarker of bladder cancer. ADXBLADDER is a commercially available test to detect MCM5 antibodies.

OBJECTIVE

External validation of ADXBLADDER test as a urinary biomarker of histopathologically confirmed non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence.

METHODS

The study enrolled 119 consecutive patients with a history of NMIBC and 37 healthy volunteers matched as controls. Single, full-void urine samples were collected from patients before cystoscopy ± TUR. To measure MCM5 expression, Arquer Diagnostics ADXBLADDER test was used. The study protocol was registered within the clinical trials database (NCT03796299).

RESULTS

Among patients with NMIBC history, recurrence was diagnosed in 83 patients (69.7%). ADXBLADDER demonstrated sensitivity of 73.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 62.7%-82.6%), specificity of 33.3% (95% CI 18.6% to 51%), overall negative predictive value (NPV) of 35.3% (95% CI 23.3% to 49.5%) and overall positive predictive value of 71.8% (95% CI 66.1% to 76.8%) for detecting recurrence. In a control group, false positive ADXBLADDER results were noticed in 18 patients (48.6%). The sensitivity and NPV were the highest in invasive tumors (100% and 100%, respectively) and in high-grade recurrences (81.8% and 94.1%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

ADXBLADDER has a moderate sensitivity and poor specificity in detecting NMIBC recurrence. However, it properly diagnoses patients with T1+ stage recurrence or high-grade tumors.

Assessment of Chokeberry Powders Quality Obtained Using an Innovative Fluidized-Bed Jet Milling and Drying Method with Pre-Drying Compared with Convection Drying

There is a need and great interest among food producers in obtaining powders from fruit and vegetables of both high nutritional value and sensory qualities superior to those hitherto obtained by convection drying (CD) and spray drying methods and cheaper to prepare than the sublimation method. This study is focused on whether powders can be obtained from fruit berries with a sticky structure, using the chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) as a test example, by a combined fluidized-bed jet milling and drying (FBJD) of pre-dried fruit by CD to an adequate water activity (a_w). The pre-drying step reduced sticking between fruit particles during the simultaneous drying and grinding processes of the FBJD method in order to obtain powders of desired granulation. Three different pre-drying temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 °C were tested for levels of microorganisms in chokeberries at a water activity of 0.4. Vitamin C content and antioxidant properties were also examined along with polyphenol separation. Fruit pre-dried at 60-70 °C had significantly higher vitamin C and polyphenolic content and greater antioxidant properties than those pre-dried at 50 °C. Further studies were thus undertaken on powders pre-dried at 70 °C in which antioxidant properties, vitamin C, and polyphenols content were also compared with CD obtained powders. The FBJD method combined with CD pre-drying proved superior to just using the CD method, where powders had a greater preservation of vitamin C at 84% (CD powders 35%), a 12% higher total polyphenol content, and a 10% higher antioxidant activity. The test method also uses a much shorter drying time than the CD method, because the grinding of the hard-textured material takes only few minutes.

Depression But Not Inflammatory Markers Are Increased in Family Versus Nonfamily Caregivers of Persons With Dementia

We investigated quality of life (WHOQoL-BREF), perceived stress (PSS-10), anxiety and depression (HADS-M), life satisfaction (SWLS), and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol in family caregivers (n = 94) and professional caregivers (n = 48) of demented patients, as well as among noncaregivers (n = 30). Compared with professional caregivers, family caregivers had higher scores in HADS-M depression (P = .003) and anxiety (P = .033), lower life satisfaction (P = .04), and lower quality of life in psychological (P = .02) and social relationship (P = .03) domains. There were no differences in serum levels of IL-6, CRP, or cortisol between caregivers and control participants. In multivariable analysis, when family relationship was considered together with the time period of caregiving and results of the Mini-Mental State Examination test in care recipients (n = 118, 12.49 ± 7.99), only family relationship influenced scores in HADS-M depression (P = .004), SWLS scores (P = .011), and WHOQoL-BREF scores in psychological (P = .011) and social relationship (P = .008) domains. In conclusion, family caregivers are more stressed and have deeper depressive and anxiety disorders, lower life satisfaction, and lower quality of life than professional caregivers.

Urinary Human Kidney Injury Molecule1- (hKIM1-) is not Increased in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE

Human Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (hKIM-1) was proposed as urinary biomarker of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the study was to validate urinary hKIM-1 as a biomarker of RCC.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Forty-six participants were enrolled into the study, including 30 patients with clear-cell or papillary RCC and 16 matched patients in the comparison group. Preoperative urinary hKIM-1 levels were measured using commercially available ELISA kit and normalized to urinary creatinine levels.

RESULTS

The concentrations of urinary hKIM-1 normalized to urinary creatinine in patients with RCC and comparison group did not differ significantly (1.35 vs. 1.32 ng/mg creatinine, p=.25). There was also no difference in urinary hKIM-1 concentration regarding stage or grade of renal cancer. Additional analysis of patients without chronic kidney disease (defined as eGFR ≥60mL/min/1.73m²) also did not reveal significant difference in urinary hKIM-1 concentrations between the groups (1.54 vs. 1.37; p=.47).

CONCLUSION

Results of our study do not confirm recent suggestions that urinary hKIM-1 may be a biomarker of RCC.

Coping Strategy Influences Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer by Mediating Mood

INTRODUCTION

Patients with advanced lung cancer experience high physical symptom burden with substantial psychological distress. Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common and associated with worse quality of life (QoL). Early palliative care (EPC) addresses the complex supportive care needs improving QoL and mood. The mechanisms of EPC are uncertain. We examined whether and how coping strategy, a primary component of EPC, influenced QoL in these patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study of patients with advanced lung cancer. A total of 125 patients completed assessments of QoL (QLQ-C15-PAL), depressive and anxiety symptoms (HADS), and coping (brief COPE questionnaire). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. To determine whether and how coping strategy influences QoL, correlations and logistic regressions were performed.

RESULTS

Positive reframing correlates significantly with global QoL (r = 0.25, P < .01), emotional well-being (r = 0.33, P < .01), pain (r = -0.30, P < .01), fatigue (r = -0.22, P < .01), loss of appetite (r = -0.22, P < .01) and nausea (r = -0.24, P < .01). Self-blame correlates significantly with worse emotional well-being (r = -0.19, P < .05) and insomnia (r = 0.19, P < .05). Using a 4-step logistic regression model, it was found that anxiety and depressive symptoms fully mediated the relationship between positive reframing and QoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with advanced lung cancer using positive reframing as coping strategy, experience higher QoL. The mechanism behind it seems that positive reframing goes along with less anxiety and depressive symptoms leading to a better QoL. Self-blame leads to more insomnia and worse emotional well-being. Providing skills to cope effectively could impact QoL in these patients.

Effect of donor non-muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH9) gene polymorphisms on clinically relevant kidney allograft dysfunction

Background

Despite its established association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) the role of myosin-9 (MYH9) gene variation on transplanted kidney function remains unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of donor MYH9 nephrogenic variants on renal allograft function within the first post transplantation year.

Methods

In the longitudinal kidney transplant study 207 deceased donors were genotyped for previously known risk MYH9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The predictor was MYH9 high–risk variants status. The primary outcome was mean eGFR found in low vs. high risk MYH9 genotypes between third and twelfth post-transplant month, the secondary outcome was the risk of proteinuria.

Results

Distribution of genotypes remained in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The T allele of rs3752462 (dominant model, TT or TC vs. CC) was associated with higher filtration rate (P = 0.05) in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for delayed graft function and donor sex. Two G alleles of rs136211 (recessive model, GG vs. GA or AA) resulted in doubling the risk of proteinuria (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.18–4.37, P = 0.017) after adjusting for donor and recipient sex.

Conclusion

Deceased donor kidneys of European descent harboring MYH9 SNPs rs3752462 T allele show significantly superior estimated filtration rate while those of rs136211 GG genotype excessive risk of proteinuria. These findings, if replicated, may further inform and improve individualization of allocation and treatment policies.

Properties of raspberry powder obtained by a new method of fluidised-bed jet milling and drying compared to other drying methods

BACKGROUND

Among food producers, there is a need for and a great interest in obtaining powders from fruit and vegetables characterised by high nutritional values and sensory qualities at favourable prices, preferably lower than those for powders obtained by freeze-drying (FD). The present study assessed the functional properties, including bioactive ingredient contents, of the raspberry powders obtained by a new method of fluidised-bed jet milling and drying (FBJD) which has not been yet used on an industrial scale.

RESULTS

Compared to the powders obtained by FD, the powders obtained by the new method were characterised by a comparable content of vitamin C (~2.70-2.74 mg g^-1 ), approximately 10-15% higher contents of anthocyanins and polyphenols, and higher antioxidant properties. Compared to the powders obtained by convection drying (CD) and spray drying (SD) methods, FBJD powders were characterised by approximately 40% and 80% higher polyphenol contents and 43% and 77% higher antioxidant activities, respectively. The content of vitamin C in FBJD powders was 49% higher than in CD powders, and only 4% higher than in SD powders.

CONCLUSION

Considering the findings outlined above, the method tested is concluded to be competitive with the methods currently used as a result of the high content of bioactive compounds in powders obtained by means of the cheaper, low-temperature process of simultaneous drying and micronisation in FBJD. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Low basal metabolic rate as a risk factor for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

INTRODUCTION

Identification of physiological factors influencing susceptibility to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains an important challenge for biology and medicine. Numerous studies reported energy expenditures as one of those components directly linked to T2D, with noticeable increase of basal metabolic rate (BMR) associated with the progression of insulin resistance. Conversely, the putative link between genetic, rather than phenotypic, determination of BMR and predisposition to development of T2D remains little studied. In particular, low BMR may constitute a considerable risk factor predisposing to development of T2D.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed the development of insulin resistance and T2D in 20-week-old male laboratory mice originating from three independent genetic line types. Two of those lines were subjected to divergent, non-replicated selection towards high or low body mass-corrected BMR. The third line type was non-selected and consisted of randomly bred animals serving as an outgroup (reference) to the selected line types. To induce insulin resistance, mice were fed for 8 weeks with a high fat diet; the T2D was induced by injection with a single dose of streptozotocin and further promotion with high fat diet. As markers for insulin resistance and T2D advancement, we followed the changes in body mass, fasting blood glucose, insulin level, lipid profile and mTOR expression.

RESULTS

We found BMR-associated differentiation in standard diabetic indexes between studied metabolic lines. In particular, mice with low BMR were characterized by faster body mass gain, blood glucose gain and deterioration in lipid profile. In contrast, high BMR mice were characterized by markedly higher expression of the mTOR, which may be associated with much slower development of T2D.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that genetically determined low BMR makeup involves metabolism-specific pathways increasing the risk of development of insulin resistance and T2D.

Heterobasidion annosum Induces Apoptosis in DLD-1 Cells and Decreases Colon Cancer Growth in In Vivo Model

Application of substances from medicinal mushrooms is one of the interesting approaches to improve cancer therapy. In this study, we commenced a new attempt in the field of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato to further extend our knowledge on this basidiomycete fungus. For this purpose, analysis of the active substances of Heterobasidion annosum methanolic extract and also its influence on colorectal cancer in terms of in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. In vivo studies on mice were conducted to verify its acute toxicity and to further affirm its anticancer potential. Results indicated that all the most common substances of best known medicinal mushrooms that are also responsible for their biological activity are present in tested extracts. In vitro tests showed a high hemocompatibility and a significant decrease in viability and proliferation of DLD-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner of Heterobasidion annosum extract. The studies performed on xenograft model of mice showed lower tendency of tumor growth in the group of mice receiving Heterobasidion annosum extract as well as mild or moderate toxicity. Obtained results suggest beneficial potential of Heterobasidion annosum against colon cancer as cytotoxic agent or as adjuvant anticancer therapy.

[Study on the level of knowledge about medical marijuana among medical students]

OBJECTIVE

Introduction: Medical marijuana is used in many diseases. There are not many studies on society's knowledge about use of medical cannabis. This study aimed to check the level of knowledge about aspects of medical cannabis among students of medical and medical emergency degree courses. Authors emphasize the need of knowledge about law regulations, composition, properties or contraindications of medical cannabis among students of medical universities, as they are fundamental resource of information for patients and any other person who is not included in medical world.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Material and methods: An original questionnaire containing 29 questions was created. There were 311 randomly selected students from medicine (N=52), nursing (N=117), midwifery (N=66), paramedicine (N=54) and dietetics (N=22). Results of the study were evaluated with help of statistical test ANOVA and student t-test. The Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw took note of the information about the study and issued a statement with reference number AKBE/35/2020.

RESULTS

Results: The correctness of answers among students was on the average level of 24.06%. In the survey, the highest percentage of correct answers was characteristic for medicalstudents, achieving about 35.0% effectiveness, then medical emergency students answered correctly in 26.9%, nursing - 23.7%, obstetrics - 21.5%, dietetics - 13.2%. Among all groups, the answer was "I don't know": medical students - 44.0% of all answers, emergency medical services - 53.2%, nursing - 56.2% obstetrics - 62.4%, dietetics - 73.9%. The value of correct answers was assessed as statically valid in the ANOVA test; at the significance level p = 0.05 (F-ratio: 11.32004; p = 0.0001). In the t-student test, it was proved that the ANOVA test result relates to the variance of responses between all study groups except dietetics.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: The level of knowledge of medical students is insufficient to inform patients about possibility of using medical marijuana in their diseases. The low level of knowledge is conditioned by little time at the university devoted to medical marijuana. Education of students about medical marijuana should be increased.

Functional and structural changes in aorta of mice divergently selected for basal metabolic rate

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most common causes of mortality likely genetically linked to the variation in basal metabolic rate (BMR). A robust test of the significance of such association may be provided by artificial selection experiments on animals selected for diversification of BMR. Here we asked whether genetically determined differences in BMR correlate with anatomical shift in endothelium structure and if so, the relaxation and contraction responses of the aorta in mice from two lines of Swiss-Webster laboratory mice (Mus musculus) divergently selected for high or low BMR (HBMR and LBMR lines, respectively). Functional and structural study of aorta showed that a selection for divergent BMR resulted in the between-line difference in diastolic aortic capacity. The relaxation was stronger in aorta of the HBMR mice, which may stem from greater flexibility of aorta mediated by higher activity of Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels. Structural examination also indicated that HBMR mice had significantly thicker aorta's middle layer compared to LBMR animals. Such changes may promote arterial stiffness predisposing to cardiovascular diseases. BMR-related differences in the structure and relaxation ability of aortas in studied animals may be reminiscent of potential risk factors in the development of CVD in humans.

Urinary levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines as potential biomarkers of ongoing pathological processes in kidney allograft: an association with BK virus nephropathy

INTRODUCTION

Early prognostic markers that identify high‑risk kidney transplant recipients may lead to optimization of immunosuppressive therapy and improved long‑term outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess whether the measurement of urinary concentrations of CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines can be a valuable noninvasive tool for identifying ongoing pathological processes in a kidney allograft.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 40 patients who underwent a protocol biopsy within 1‑year post kidney transplant. The urinary concentrations of CCL2 and CXCL10 with reference to creatinine in urine were assayed in all patients. On the basis of biopsy results, a study group was selected (n = 25), including patients with a diagnosis of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy grades II to III (n = 16), BK virus (BKV) nephropathy (n = 4), or mild inflammatory lesions fulfilling the criteria for mild rejection processes or borderline lesions (n = 11). Patients with normal biopsy results were included in a control group (n = 15).

RESULTS

The ratio of CCL2 to creatinine (CCL2:Cr) was a significant independent predictor of BKV ephropathy (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2; P = 0.04). The CXCL10:Cr ratio was not found to be an independent predictor of BKV nephropathy (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.99-1.71; P = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

The CCL2:Cr and CXCL10:Cr ratios may predict BKV nephropathy. The diagnostic value of CCL2 and CXCL10 in BKV infection should be further evaluated.

Comparison of quality and microstructure of chokeberry powders prepared by different drying methods, including innovative fluidised bed jet milling and drying

The study assessed the functional properties, microstructural features and sensory characteristics of chokeberry powders obtained by the new fluidised bed jet milling and drying method as compared to other drying methods such as freeze-drying, vacuum drying and convection drying. The new method was based on simultaneously drying and milling plant material which had been subjected to partial air drying at 70 °C prior to this treatment. The technique resulted in the production of good quality fruit powders with high vitamin C and polyphenolic content, as well as high antioxidant activity. Favourable physiochemical characteristics and sensory qualities were also observed together with low water activity. The new fluidized bed jet milling and drying therefore compared very favourably with freeze-drying, vacuum drying and convection drying when considering the content of bioactive substances, physiochemical features and the sensory quality of the prepared powders.

Prognostic Understanding and Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Study

INTRODUCTION

Communication about the palliative setting remains a barrier for many physicians because they are afraid to harm the patient by giving bad news. We sought to determine whether this a valid concern; the influence of prognostic understanding on patients' quality of life (QoL); and which factors influence this relationship.

METHODS

The present multicenter, cross-sectional study used a questionnaire to measure patients' prognostic understanding, QoL, mood, and coping strategy.

RESULTS

We surveyed 125 patients with advanced lung cancer. Prognostic understanding correlated significantly with emotional well-being (r = -0.20; P = .01) and pain (r = 0.43; P = .00) but not with anxiety (r = 0.12, P = .12) or depression (r = 0.05; P = .29). Patients with anxiety (r = -0.23; P = .01) and patients with depressive feelings (r = -0.63; P = .00) experienced poorer QoL. Four in 10 patients reported feelings of anxiety and/or depression. Positive reframing as a coping strategy was associated with a better QoL (r = 0.25; P = .00).

CONCLUSION

Prognostic understanding was related to poorer emotional well-being and more pain but does not affect mood. Four in 10 patients reported feelings of anxiety and/or depression, which were associated with a poorer QoL. A holistic approach seems necessary when physicians communicate about the palliative setting.

Osmosensing, osmosignalling and inflammation: how intervertebral disc cells respond to altered osmolarity

Intervertebral disc (IVD) cells are naturally exposed to high osmolarity and complex mechanical loading, which drive microenvironmental osmotic changes. Age- and degeneration-induced degradation of the IVD's extracellular matrix causes osmotic imbalance, which, together with an altered function of cellular receptors and signalling pathways, instigates local osmotic stress. Cellular responses to osmotic stress include osmoadaptation and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. This review summarises the current knowledge on how IVD cells sense local osmotic changes and translate these signals into physiological or pathophysiological responses, with a focus on inflammation. Furthermore, it discusses the expression and function of putative membrane osmosensors (e.g. solute carrier transporters, transient receptor potential channels, aquaporins and acid-sensing ion channels) and osmosignalling mediators [e.g. tonicity response-element-binding protein/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (TonEBP/NFAT5), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)] in healthy and degenerated IVDs. Finally, an overview of the potential therapeutic targets for modifying osmosensing and osmosignalling in degenerated IVDs is provided.

Urine levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines as potential biomarkers of kidney allograft function: a pilot study

Introduction

Early prognostic markers that identify high-risk patients could lead to increased surveillance, personalized immunosuppression, and improved outcomes. The vigilance and rapid detection of allograft injury is what would result in the identification of patients who will require more intensive monitoring to ensure that their new allografts function well for the longest possible time.

The aim of the study was to assess whether urine levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 can be valuable, noninvasive source of information about inflammation, tubular injury, progression of fibrosis and other damage features in the kidney allograft.

Materials and methods

In this prospective study 40 patients who underwent a protocolar biopsy within 1 year post kidney transplant were included. The levels of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 with reference to creatinine in urine were assayed in all patients. Based on biopsy results research group (N=25) with diagnosis of BKV nephropathy, IFTA II–III, peritubular capillaritisis, C4d or rejection was selected. Patients with normal biopsy results were included as control group (N=15).

Results

Median urinary CCL2-to-creatinine (Cr) ratio [ng/mmol] was significantly elevated in research group compared to control group (21.76 ± 18.57 vs 8.99 ±5.12, p=0.003). There was no statistical difference between groups regarding CXCL10/Cr ratio (7.96 ± 9.08 vs 5.58 ±5.7 p=0.32). Patients with BKV nephropathy (N=3) had much higher level of CCL2 [ng/l] than control group but the difference did not reach statistical significance (429.69 ± 166.49 vs 78.04 ±53.61, p=0.06).

Conclusion

CCL2/Cr may be used as a non-ivasive tool useful for monitoring graft condition and predicting recipients with high risk of transplant kidney loss.

Diagnostic utility of monitoring cytomegalovirus-specific immunity by QuantiFERON-cytomegalovirus assay in kidney transplant recipients

Background

Despite universal prophylaxis, late cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in a high proportion of kidney transplant recipients. We evaluated whether a specific viral T-cell response allows for the better identification of recipients who are at high risk of CMV infection after prophylaxis withdrawal.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study in 19 pretransplant anti-CMV seronegative kidney graft recipients R- (18 from seropositive donors [D+] and one from a seronegative donor [D-]) and 67 seropositive recipients R(+) (59 from seropositive donors and eight from seronegative donors) who received antiviral prophylaxis with valganciclovir. The QuantiFERON-CMV (QF-CMV) assay was performed within the first and third months after transplantation. Blood samples were monitored for CMV DNAemia using a commercial quantitative nucleic acid amplification test (QNAT) that was calibrated to the World Health Organization International Standard.

Results

Twenty-one of the 86 patients (24%) developed CMV viremia after prophylaxis withdrawal within 12 months posttransplantation. In the CMV R(+) group, the QF-CMV assay yielded reactive results (QF-CMV[+]) in 51 of 67 patients (76%) compared with 7 of 19 patients (37%) in the CMV R(−) group (p = 0.001). In the CMV R(+) group, infection occurred in seven of 16 recipients (44%) who were QF-CMV(−) and eight of 51 recipients (16%) who were QF-CMV(+). In the CMV R(−) group, infection evolved in five of 12 recipients (42%) who were QF-CMV(−) and one of 7 recipients (14%) who were QF-CMV(+). No difference was found in the incidence of CMV infection stratified according to the QF-CMV results with regard to the recipients’ pretransplant CMV IgG serology (p = 0.985). Cytomegalovirus infection occurred in 15 of 36 patients (42%) with hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) 90 days posttransplantation compared with two of 34 patients (6%) without HGG (p = 0.0004). Cytomegalovirus infection occurred in seven of 13 patients (54%) with lymphocytopenia compared with 14 of 70 patients (20%) without lymphocytopenia (p = 0.015). The multivariate analysis revealed that the nonreactive QuantiFERON-CMV assay was an independent risk factor for postprophylaxis CMV infection.

Conclusions

In kidney transplant recipients who received posttransplantation prophylaxis, negative QF-CMV results better defined the risk of CMV infection than initial CMV IgG status after prophylaxis withdrawal. Hypogammaglobulinemia and lymphocytopenia were risk factors for CMV infection.

The Functional Properties of Chokeberry and Kale Powders Obtained by an Innovative Method of Fluidised-Bed Jet Milling with Drying Compared to Freeze Drying

The study evaluated the functional properties of chokeberry and kale powders obtained by the fluidised-bed jet milling with drying (FJMD) method compared to the freeze-drying (FD) method. The powders obtained by the FJMD method were characterised by low water activity (<0.3), vitamins C content of 320.2 mg/100 g d.m. for kale powder, total content of polyphenols of 1864.2 mg/100 g d.m. for chokeberry powder, antioxidant activity of 37.0 and 27.6 mmol Trolox/g d.m for chokeberry and kale powders respectively and sensory quality similar to raw material. The high content of vitamin C in the kale powder indicates the desirability of its greater use as a natural source of this vitamin. The properties of FJMD powders were similar to the functional properties of the FD powders, which indicate that the FJMD method can be very competitive as compared to FD method.

Association of MYH9 rs3752462 and rs5756168 Polymorphisms With Transplanted Kidney Artery Stenosis

Allelic variants of the MYH9 gene, encoding myosin nonmuscle heavy chain type IIA, have been shown to correlate with diminished glomerular filtration rates and end-stage kidney disease in individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Myosin nonmuscle heavy chain type IIA is expressed during development as well as in injured vessels and kidney structures. We hypothesized that MYH9 risk variants may correlate with kidney artery injury and dysfunctional healing, such as transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). Our study aimed at evaluating the association of MYH9 risk allelic variants (rs4821480, rs4821481, rs3752462, rs11089788, rs136211, rs5756168, rs2032487, and rs2239784) with TRAS, defined as >50% renal artery lumen reduction. Genotyping was performed with the use of custom Taqman genotyping assays on DNA samples (n = 295) from white deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients and genomic DNA from the corresponding donors. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, and proportional hazard Cox models. Recipients carrying TT in rs5756168 experienced diminished risk of TRAS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; P < .009), whereas organs carrying CC in rs3752462 were exposed to excessive TRAS risk (HR, 2.54; P < .047). In multivariate stepwise analysis TRAS was 10.9-fold increased in kidneys originating from rs3752462 CC, whereas the risk was decreased 3.45-fold (adjusted HR, 0.29) in recipients carrying rs5756168 TT (P < .007 and P < .033, respectively). Intracranial bleeding or trauma compared with other mechanisms of donor death diminished TRAS risk by 87% and 91%, respectively (P < .030 and P < .017). Our study is the first to identify genetic predisposition to transplant renal artery stenosis.

Assessing polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in coffee beans according to origin and the degree of roasting

BACKGROUND

The roasting stage constitutes a key component in the manufacturing process of natural coffee because temperature elicits changes in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and that Maillard-reaction compounds appear, thus affecting the product’s sensory and antioxidant properties. Actual contents of these compounds may depend on which region the coffee is cultivated as well as the extent to which the beans are roasted

OBJECTIVES

To determine polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in the ‘Arabica’ coffee type coming from various world regions of its cultivation and which have undergone industrial roasting. Also to establish which coffee, taking into account the degree of roasting (ie. light, medium and strong), is nutritionally the most beneficial

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study material was natural coffee beans (100% Arabica) roasted to various degrees, as aforementioned, that had been cultivated in Brazil, Ethiopia, Columbia and India. Polyphenols were measured in the coffee beans by spectrophotometric means based on the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction, whereas antioxidant activity was measured colourimetrically using ABTS+ cat-ionic radicals

RESULTS

Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were found to depend both on the coffee’s origin and degree of roasting. Longer roasting times resulted in greater polyphenol degradation. The highest polyphenol concentrations were found in lightly roasted coffee, ranging 39.27 to 43.0 mg/g, whereas levels in medium and strongly roasted coffee respectively ranged 34.06 to 38.43 mg/g and 29.21 to 36.89 mg/g. Antioxidant activity however significantly rose with the degree of roasting, where strongly roasted coffee had higher such activity than lightly roasted coffee. This can be explained by the formation of Maillard-reaction compounds during roasting, leading then to the formation of antioxidant melanoidin compounds which, to a large extent, compensate for the decrease in polyphenols during roasting

CONCLUSIONS

Polyphenols levels and antioxidant activities in the studied Arabica coffee beans that had undergone roasting depended on the cultivation region of the world. Longer roasting caused a significant decline in polyphenols compound levels (from 7.3% to 32.1%) in the coffee beans. Antioxidant activities of coffee increased with roasting, despite reduced levels of natural antioxidants. From a nutritional standpoint, the most favoured coffees are those lightly or medium roasted

Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers Under Bisphosphonate Therapy Used in the First Year After Liver Transplantation

BACKGROUND Rapid bone loss occurs early after liver transplantation (Tx), concomitantly with intensified bone turnover. In the present study we investigated the effect of bisphosphonates (bisph) added to vitamin D (vitD) and calcium on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone biomarkers in liver graft recipients in the first posttransplant year. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 28 patients BMD was determined at the third month after Tx. In case of osteopenia (Tscore ≤-1.0) and no contraindications, oral bisph was started for 1 year (group BP, n=14); other patients served as controls (CON, n=14). The changes in BMD and biomarkers of bone formation were osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and resorption. Study endpoints were active isoform 5b of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP5b), serum pyridinoline crosslinks (PYD), and urine excretion of deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) crosslinks. RESULTS In 19 (68%) patients, reduced BMD (T-score ≤1.0) was observed at baseline. The changes in lumbar BMD in BP and CON groups were 5.2% and 1.5%, respectively, not reaching statistical significance. Baseline PYD, Dpd/creat, and OC were elevated in all patients, indicating high bone turnover. We observed decrease in PYD and Dpd/creat in both groups; however, OC decreased only under bisph therapy. Increase in BAP was observed in the control group but not in the BP group. The changes in BAP and OC were significantly different (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Combining bisph with vitD and calcium is an effective bone- sparing strategy in liver transplant recipients in the first posttransplant year. Bisph more efficiently decreased the rate of bone turnover than vitD and calcium alone.

Regulation of sphingomyelin metabolism

Sphingolipids (SFs) represent a large class of lipids playing diverse functions in a vast number of physiological and pathological processes. Sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant SF in the cell, with ubiquitous distribution within mammalian tissues, and particularly high levels in the Central Nervous System (CNS). SM is an essential element of plasma membrane (PM) and its levels are crucial for the cell function. SM content in a cell is strictly regulated by the enzymes of SM metabolic pathways, which activities create a balance between SM synthesis and degradation. The de novo synthesis via SM synthases (SMSs) in the last step of the multi-stage process is the most important pathway of SM formation in a cell. The SM hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases (SMases) increases the concentration of ceramide (Cer), a bioactive molecule, which is involved in cellular proliferation, growth and apoptosis. By controlling the levels of SM and Cer, SMSs and SMases maintain cellular homeostasis. Enzymes of SM cycle exhibit unique properties and diverse tissue distribution. Disturbances in their activities were observed in many CNS pathologies. This review characterizes the physiological roles of SM and enzymes controlling SM levels as well as their involvement in selected pathologies of the Central Nervous System, such as ischemia/hypoxia, Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), depression, schizophrenia and Niemann Pick disease (NPD).

Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Milk on the Domestic Market

The evaluation of the microbiological and sensory quality of 30 assortments of market milk was the objective of the presented research. The study also compared the sensory profile of selected samples of milk differing in preservation method. Microbiological tests included determination of the presence and number of Enterobacteriaceae and the total number of microorganisms. Sensory characteristics of all the milk samples was performed by scaling method (5-points scale). Selected samples of milk were additionally assessed by means of profile method. Microbiological tests showed satisfactory microbiological purity of milk, which indicates the effectiveness of the heat treatment and the lack of secondary contamination. Regardless of the preservation method, all the evaluated milk samples were characterised by a high sensory quality (4.25-5 points). There were no changes in smell and taste, resulting from the development of undesirable microflora. The tested samples of milk differing in the preservation method (sterilisation, pasteurisation at high temperature and subjected to microfiltration and low pasteurisation) varied in the sensory profile. Milk pasteurised at high temperature was characterised by the most harmonised overall quality.

Antidiabetic drugs and risk of cancer

Antidiabetic drugs are an important group of medications used worldwide. They differ from each other in the mechanisms of lowering blood glucose as well as in adverse effects that may affect the course of the treatment and its efficacy. In recent years, new drugs have been discovered in order to improve the maintenance of proper blood glucose level and to reduce unwanted effects of these drugs. Their growing administration is related to the increasing incidence of diabetes observed in all countries in the world. Epidemiological data indicate that diabetes increases the risk of cancer, as well as the risk of death linked with neoplasms. It is still unknown whether this is an effect of antidiabetic drugs or just the effect of diabetes itself. In recent years there have been numerous investigations and meta-analyzes, based on both comparative and cohort studies trying to establish the relationship between antidiabetic pharmacotherapy and the incidence and mortality due to cancer. According to their findings, most of antidiabetic drugs increase the risk of cancer while only few of them show antitumor properties. Different mechanisms of action of glucose-lowering drugs may be responsible for these effects. However, most of the published studies concerning the influence of these drugs on cancer incidence were designed with some limitations and differed from each other in the approach. In this review, we discuss the association between antidiabetic drugs used in monotherapy or polytherapy and cancer risk, and consider potential mechanisms responsible for the observed effects.

Characterization of Porcine Granulosa Cell Line AVG-16

Commercially available, but not yet characterized, the AVG-16 granulosa cell line was established from granulosa cells of medium porcine follicles. To examine the suitability of the AVG-16 cell line for studying the molecular mechanism of action of various environmental oestrogens, we investigated: 1/ cell morphology (by standard haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining); 2/ basal and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated steroid hormone (progesterone; P4 and 17β-oestradiol; E2) secretion (by radioimmunoassay) and 3/ expression of receptors involved in the regulation of granulosa cell function: FSH receptor (FSHR), LH receptor (LHR), oestrogen receptor α (ERα), oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). mRNA and protein expression was determined by RT-PCR and fluorescence immunocytochemistry, respectively. The secretion of P4 and E2 by AVG-16 cells was in the range of steroid hormone secretion by porcine cultured primary granulosa cells. Neither FSH (100 ng/ml) nor LH (100 ng/ml) affected P4 and E2 secretion by AVG-16 cells. The presence of FSHR and LHR at both mRNA and protein level was not demonstrated in the cells. However, AVG-16 cells were found to express mRNA and protein of ERα, ERβ and AhR. The results of our study showed that AVG-16 cells possess the capability of steroid hormone production, and both oestrogen receptors and AhR are present in these cells. Therefore, AVG-16 cells may serve as an unlimited source of homogenous porcine granulosa cells useful for studying the effects of environmental oestrogens on ovarian physiology.

Level of information about gynaecological prevention in teenagers at risk from social exclusion, referred by family court rulings to juvenile attendance centres - a pilot study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to present preliminary results of a pilot study concerning the level of knowledge of gynaecological prevention, conducted in teenagers referred by court rulings to a juvenile attendance centre.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The instrument was an anonymous survey questionnaire completed by participants in health prevention classes in late 2010 and early 2011. The studied group consisted of teenagers aged 15-17 years (mean age: 15.72 years, median = 16 years, SD = 0.679) who were under probation officers' supervision in the Zamość region of south-eastern Poland. The sample size was 101 persons - 51 boys (50.50%), 50 girls (49.5%).

RESULTS

According to the respondents, the most important reasons for seeing a gynaecologist were: menstrual disorders (70.30%), suspicion of pregnancy (63.37%) and pain or burning sensations while urinating (58.42%). The following were regarded as prevalent cancers in women: cancers of the breast (99.01%), cervix (89.1%), and ovaries (62.38%). Over 92% of subjects stated that it was possible to protect oneself from cervical cancer, but only 41.5% of respondents indicated the correct definition of the term 'cytology'. Statistical analysis focused on differences between genders. A higher self-assessment of mental health was shown in boys.

CONCLUSIONS

Teenagers of similar background may find it more difficult to gain access to knowledge about health prophylaxis, including gynaecological prevention. Efforts should be intensified in order to 'equalize health opportunities' through appropriate preparation of teaching curricula (including health education and philosophy of medicine).