Phytoalexins from the Vitaceae: biosynthesis, phytoalexin gene expression in transgenic plants, antifungal activity, and metabolism

Resistance of plants to infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms is the result of multiple defense reactions comprising both constitutive and inducible barriers. In grapevine, the most frequently observed and best characterized defense mechanisms are the accumulation of phytoalexins and the synthesis of PR-proteins. Particular attention has been given here to stilbene phytoalexins produced by Vitaceae, specifically, their pathway of biosynthesis (including stilbene phytoalexin gene transfer experiments to other plants) and their biological activity together with fungal metabolism.

Stilbene content of mature Vitis vinifera berries in response to UV-C elicitation

A method using HPLC analysis has been used to compare the level of resveratrol and its derivatives, piceid, pterostilbene and epsilon-viniferin, in grapevine berries of three Vitis vinifera varieties. The concentration of these compounds has been evaluated in healthy and Botrytis cinerea infected grape clusters, both in natural vineyard conditions and in response to UV elicitation.

Changes in the phytoalexin content of various Vitis spp. in response to ultraviolet C elicitation

The phytoalexin production potential of three American Vitis species and that of three cultivars of Vitis vinifera were evaluated in response to UV-C irradiation. Time course changes in resveratrol, piceid, epsilon-viniferin, and pterostilbene contents were studied within 3 days after a short UV-C irradiation. Results show that the two major stilbenes accumulated as a response to UV-C elicitation are resveratrol and epsilon-viniferin, a resveratrol dehydrodimer, the concentration of both compounds usually reaching quantities >100 microgram/g of fresh weight. In contrast, piceid and pterostilbene were constantly produced in low quantities. Owing to the results obtained, the role of stilbene phytoalexins in the resistance of grapevines to diseases is discussed.