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Hagos YM, Yalew GT, Meles HN, Tsegay E, Lemelem M, Wasihun AG. Hepatitis B and C viral coinfection and associated factors among HIV-positive patients attending ART clinics of Afar regional state, northeast Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302453. [PMID: 38753600 PMCID: PMC11098400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) coinfection are the major causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The burden of hepatitis among HIV-positive individuals has not been studied in the Afar region. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection and associated factors among HIV-positive patients in Afar Regional State, northeast Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 477 HIV-positive patients between February 2019 and May 2019. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and associated factors. Five milliliters of blood was collected, and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibodies were detected using rapid test kits. Positive samples were confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors. Statistical significance was set at P <0.05. RESULTS Among the 477 study participants, 320/477(67.1%) of them were females and 157(32.9%) males. The overall prevalence of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfection was 25(5.2%) and 7(1.5%), respectively. Multi-sexual practice was significantly associated with HIV-HBV coinfection (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI: 1.2-24.4, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION The prevalence of both HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfection was intermediate. Multi-sexual practice was significantly associated with HIV-HBV coinfection. Screening of all HIV-positive patients for HBV and HCV and health education regarding the transmission modes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemane Mengsteab Hagos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Gebrehiwet Tesfay Yalew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Hadush Negash Meles
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tsegay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Mulu Lemelem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia
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Dejene TA, Hailu GG, Kahsay AG, Wasihun AG. Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6757-6765. [PMID: 37876859 PMCID: PMC10591601 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s433789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health problem. While childhood TB contributes 10% to the global TB burden, the paucibacillary nature of TB disease in children and the absence of reliable diagnostic methods have made MTB diagnosis in children to be a great challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MTB and rifampicin-resistant MTB (RR-MTB) among children using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective database study was conducted among children in ten governmental hospitals in the Tigray region. Gene Xpert MTB/RIF results of sputum/gastric lavage samples from children with presumptive TB from January 2016 to December 2019 were extracted using a data extraction sheet. Data were collected and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed MTB by Gene-Xpert in children with presumptive TB was 7.3% (95% CI: 6.7%-7.9%) and the proportion of those that were Gene-Xpert MTB positive who also have rifampicin resistance was 10.9% (95% CI: 8.2-13.6%). Older children aged 11-15 years [AOR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.33-2.33, p < 0.001] and adolescents 16-17 years [AOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.63-2.92, p < 0.001] were more likely to be MTB positive. Relapse cases [AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.09-2.51, p = 0.017] and lost/failure cases [AOR = 8.82; 95% CI = 3.94-19.76, p < 0.001] were more likely to have MTB compared to the new cases. Conclusion The proportion of MTB-positive among the TB presumptive patients was 7.3%. The proportion of rifampicin-resistant TB to all positive patients was 10.9%. Female participants had more MTB than males (or younger children). The result highlights the need for due attention in children because it is very helpful in determining the future control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aksum University, Axum, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Weledegebriel MG, Abebe HT, Gidey K, Bisrat H, Gebru T, Tsegay N, Abera BT, Gebremeskel H, Asmerom D, Gebreweld A, Miruts F, Wasihun AG, Hagos K, Gebrehiwet TG. The impact of war on HIV/AIDS service provision: In rural health facilities of Tigray, northern Ethiopia, a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278976. [PMID: 37130130 PMCID: PMC10153695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACK GROUND HIV/AIDS remained among the common public health problems in developing country. Despite the extensive delivery of ART and improved coverage of the service access, still, man-made problems like war have negatively influenced the utilization of antiretroviral treatment services. The war in Tigray Region in the northern Ethiopia broke out in November 2020 and thereby has brought about an extreme damage on most of the infrastructure in Tigray, including the health institutions. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to assess and report the trend of HIV service provision across the war affected rural health facilities in Tigray. METHODS The study was conducted in 33 rural health facilities during the active war in Tigray. A facility based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted among health facilities from July 03 to August 05, 2021. RESULT A total of 33 health facilities from 25 rural districts were included in the HIV service delivery assessment. A total of 3274 and 3298 HIV patients were seen during pre-war period in September and October 2020, respectively. The number of follow-up patients during the war period in January remained to be only 847(25%) which is significantly reduced with a P value<0.001. A similar trend was observed during the subsequent months until May. The trend of follow-up patients on ART significantly declined from 1940 in September (pre-war) to 331(16.6%) in May (during the war). This study also revealed a 95.5% reduction of laboratory service provision to HIV/AIDS patients during the war in January and with similar trends thereafter (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The war has led to a significant decline of HIV service provision in the rural health facilities and most part of the region during the first eight months of active war in Tigray.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haftom Temesgen Abebe
- Department of Biostatics, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Kidu Gidey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | | | - Tekae Gebru
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Tsegay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Tesfay Abera
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Hailay Gebremeskel
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Demoze Asmerom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Angesom Gebreweld
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu Miruts
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
| | - Kiflom Hagos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
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García-Gil Á, García-Muñoz RA, Martínez-García A, Polo-López MI, Wasihun AG, Teferi M, Asmelash T, Conroy R, McGuigan KG, Marugán J. Solar water disinfection in large-volume containers: from the laboratory to the field. A case study in Tigray, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18933. [PMID: 36344608 PMCID: PMC9640691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of safe drinking water affects communities in low-to-medium-income countries most. This barrier can be overcome by using sustainable point-of-use water treatments. Solar energy has been used to disinfect water for decades, and several efforts have been made to optimise the standard procedure of solar water disinfection (SODIS process). However, the Health Impact Assessment of implementing advanced technologies in the field is also a critical step in evaluating the success of the optimisation. This work reports a sustainable scaling-up of SODIS from standard 2 L bottles to 25 L transparent jerrycans (TJC) and a 12-month field implementation in four sites of Tigray in Ethiopia, where 80.5% of the population lives without reliable access to safe drinking water and whose initial baseline average rate of diarrhoeal disease in children under 5 years was 13.5%. The UVA dose required for 3-log reduction of E. coli was always lower than the minimum UVA daily dose received in Tigray (9411 ± 55 Wh/m2). Results confirmed a similar decrease in cases of diarrhoea in children in the implementation (25 L PET TJC) and control (2 L PET bottles) groups, supporting the feasibility of increasing the volume of the SODIS water containers to produce safer drinking water with a sustainable and user-friendly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela García-Gil
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael A. García-Muñoz
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Azahara Martínez-García
- grid.420019.e0000 0001 1959 5823Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senes, Km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - Maria Inmaculada Polo-López
- grid.420019.e0000 0001 1959 5823Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senes, Km 4, 04200 Tabernas (Almería), Spain
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- grid.30820.390000 0001 1539 8988Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonen Teferi
- grid.30820.390000 0001 1539 8988Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash
- grid.448640.a0000 0004 0514 3385Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Ronan Conroy
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Data Science Centre, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kevin G. McGuigan
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Javier Marugán
- grid.28479.300000 0001 2206 5938Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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Hailu GG, Wasihun AG. Immunological and virological discordance among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:561. [PMID: 34118891 PMCID: PMC8196496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with immuno-virological discordant responses are at an increased risk to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe non AIDS events which are risk factors for death. This study was aimed to assess prevalence of immuno- virological discordant responses and associated risk factors among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) users in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from September to December 30, 2016 on 260 people living with HIV who started first line HAART from January 2008 to March 2016 at Mekelle hospital and Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital. Baseline and follow-up clinical data and CD4+ result were collected from patient charts. Besides, socio-demographic data and blood samples for CD4 + count and viral load measurement were collected during data collection period. Fisher's exact test, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used for data analysis. P-value < 0.05 with 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. RESULT Among the 260 study participants, 8.80% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) =8.77-8.84%) and 2.70% (95% CI = 2.68-2.72%) had virological and immunological discordant responses, respectively with an overall immuno-virological discordance response of 11.50% (95% CI = 11.46-11.54%). The median age of the study participants at HAART initiation was 35 (IQR: 28-44 years). More than half (58.1%) of the study participants were females. Age at or below 35 years old at HAART initiation (AOR ((95% CI) = 4.25(1.48-12.23), p = 0.007)), male gender ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (95% CI) =1.71(1.13-1.10), p = 0.029)), type of regimen given ((AOR(95% CI) = 0.30 (0.10-0.88), p = 0.028)) and good treatment adherence ((AOR (95% CI) = 0.12 (0.030-0.0.48), p = 0.003)) were associated risk factors for virological discordant response. Likewise, immunological discordant response was associated with tuberculosis co-infections (p = 0.016), hepatitis B virus co-infections (p = 0.05) and low CD4+ count (≤100 cells/μl) at baseline (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Over all, immuno-virological discordance response was 11.5% in the study area. Males, low baseline CD4+ count, poor/fair treatment adherence, and TB and HBV co-infections were significantly associated with higher immuno-virological discordance. We recommend that decision of patient treatment outcome, regimen change and patient management response should be done using trends of both viral load and CD4+ count concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Wasihun AG, Hailu GG, Dejene TA. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rifampicin-Resistant MTB) and Associated Risk Actors Among Pulmonary Presumptive TB Patients in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia: 2015-2019. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:1299-1308. [PMID: 33950463 PMCID: PMC8322199 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem, mainly in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TB and rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RR-MTB) among presumptive tuberculosis patients using Xpert MTB/RIF assay in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among presumptive TB patients from three governmental hospitals in Amhara Regional State. Records of sputum sample results using Xpert MTB/RIF assay from January 2015 to December 2019 were investigated from registration books and analyzed using SPSS v.21. RESULTS Of the total of 26,656 (24,116 adults and 2540 children) TB presumptive patients included in the study, more than half, 14,624 (54.9%), were males and the median age was 36.87 (interquartile: 25.46-50.85 years). The majority of participants were new cases, 20,273 (76.1%), and with unknown HIV status, 18,981 (71.2%), respectively. MTB prevalence was 11% (95% CI: 9.34-12.08%) in all age groups, and 7.6% (95% CI 6.52-9.04%) among children. Of the MTB confirmed cases, prevalence of RR-MTB was 245 (8.3%) in adults and 14 (7.2%) in children. MTB infection was higher in the age groups of 18-35 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.86-2.54, p < 0.001], 36-53 years (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.11-1.54, p < 0.001), those who were relapse cases (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.69-2.27, p < 0.0010), and failure cases (AOR = 4.67; 95% CI 3.36-6.50, p < 0.001). However, the age groups of 54-71 years (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.65-0.95, p = 0.01) and over 71 years (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.35-0.68, p < 0.001) were associated with lower MTB infection. Resistance to rifampicin was higher in the relapsed (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.40-3.03, p < 0.001) and failure cases (AOR = 3.50; 95% CI 1.9-6.61, p < 001). CONCLUSION Prevalence of MTB and RR-MTB low. TB infection was higher in adult age groups and those who had previous TB treatment history. Similarly, resistance to rifampicin was higher among the relapsed and failure patients. Appropriate measurements in monitoring of TB treatment could reduce TB and RR-MTB in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
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Wasihun AG, Dejene TA, Hailu GG. Frequency of MTB and rifampicin resistance MTB using Xpert-MTB/RIF assay among adult presumptive tuberculosis patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240361. [PMID: 33147218 PMCID: PMC7641410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) continues to be a global health problem. Data on rifampicin resistance MTB using Xpert- MTB/RIF assay in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of MTB and rifampicin resistant-MTB among presumptive tuberculosis patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study was conducted among presumptive TB patients from five governmental hospitals and one comprehensive specialized teaching hospital in Tigray regional state. Records of sputum sample results of presumptive MTB patients with Xpert-MTB/RIF assay from January 2016 to December 2019 were investigated. Data extraction tool was used to collect data from registration books and analyzed using SPSS ver.21 statistical software. Statistical significance was set at p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Of the 30,935 presumptive adult TB patients who have provided specimens for TB diagnosis from January 2016 to December 2019, 30,300 (98%) had complete data and were included in this study. More than half, 17,471 (57.7%) were males, and the age of the patients ranged from 18-112 years, with a median age of 40.65 (interquartile 29.4-56.5 years). Majority, 28,996 (95.7%) of the participants were treatment naïve, and 23,965 (79.1%) were with unknown HIV status. The overall frequency of MTB was 2,387 (7.9% (95% CI: 7.6-8.2%); of these, 215 (9% (95% CI: 7.9-10.2%) were rifampicin resistant-MTB. Age (18-29 years), HIV positive and previous TB treatment history were significantly associated with high MTB (p < 0.001), whereas gender (being female) was associated with low MTB (p < 0.001). Likewise, rifampicin resistant-MTB was more prevalent among relapse (p < 0.001) and failure cases (p = 0.025); while age group 30-39 years was significantly associated with lower frequency of rifampicin resistant-MTB (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Frequency of MTB among tuberculosis presumptive patients was low; however, the problem of rifampicin resistant-MTB among the tuberculosis confirmed patients was high. The high frequency of MTB and RR-MTB among previously treated and HIV positive patients highlights the need for more efforts in TB treatment and monitoring program in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Berhe G, Wasihun AG, Kassaye E, Gebreselasie K. Milk-borne bacterial health hazards in milk produced for commercial purpose in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:894. [PMID: 32517771 PMCID: PMC7285727 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk being a suitable medium for bacterial growth, it can serve as a source of bacterial contamination. Pathogenic bacteria in milk pose a serious health threat to humans and constitute about 90% of all dairy-related diseases. However, there are few studies that examined the health hazards of raw milk consumption in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination and associated factors in milk produced for commercial purpose in Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. Methods This study used a cross-sectional study design, selected 315 persons (168 cafeterias, 96 dairy farms, and 51 milk vendors) for interview and collected the same number of bulk raw milk samples using systematic sampling procedure. Data were collected on socio-demographic, farm hygiene and milk handling practices by trained health professionals. Bacterial contamination was defined as total bacterial count (TBC) > 1 × 105, staphylococcus count (SC) > 105, or coliform count (CC) > 102 CFU/ml by culture and the species of bacteria were determined by standard biochemical tests. Results From the 315 milk samples tested, the prevalence of bacterial contamination was 52% (95% CI: 46.5–57.6). The mean counts of contaminated samples of TBC, SC, and CC were 8.94 ± 0.46 Standard Deviation (SD), 8.52 ± 0.6 SD, and 8.78 ± 0.49 SD log CFU/ml, respectively. The proportion of contamination was significantly lower in milk collected from dairy farms (32/96, 33.3, 95% CI: 24.5–43.2) compared to milk from vendors (33/51, 64.7, 95% CI: 51.4–66.2) and cafeterias (99/168, 58.9, 95% CI, 50.9–76.85). The milk samples were culture-positive for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, K. oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii. Conclusions Over half of the sampled raw milk exhibited bacterial contamination with increasing trend from farmers to points of sale. Thus, milk vendors and cafeteria owners should apply good hygienic and sanitation practices during handling of milk; use appropriate, clean containers, and cold chain during milk transportation; and refrigeration of milk during storage.
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Wasihun AG, Teferi M, Negash L, Marugán J, Yemane D, McGuigan KG, Conroy RM, Abebe HT, Dejene TA. Intestinal parasitosis, anaemia and risk factors among pre-school children in Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:379. [PMID: 32460777 PMCID: PMC7251880 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and anaemia are major health problems. This study assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, anaemia and associated factors among pre-school children in rural areas of the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. METHODS A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 610 pre-school children in rural communities of Northern Ethiopia from June 2017 to August 2017. Stool specimens were examined for the presence of trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, and ova using direct, formal-ethyl acetate concentration, Kato-Katz, and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Haemoglobin was measured using a HemoCue spectrometer. RESULTS Among the 610 participating pre-school children in the study, the prevalence of IPIs and anaemia were 58% (95% conference interval (CI): 54.1-61.9%) and 21.6% (95% CI: 18.5-25.1%), respectively. Single, double, and triple parasitic infections were seen in 249 (41, 95% CI: 37-45%), 83 (14, 95% CI: 11-17%), and 22 (3.6, 95% CI: 2.4-5.4%) children, respectively. Of the seven intestinal parasitic organisms recorded from the participants, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was the most prevalent 220 (36.1%) followed by Giardia lamblia 128 (20.1%), and Hymenolepis nana 102 (16.7%). Mixed infections were common among G. lamblia, E. histolytica/dispar and Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst. Intestinal parasitic infection prevalence increased from 47% in children aged 6-11 months to 66% in those aged 48-59 months; the prevalence ratio (PR) associated with a one-year increase in age was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14, p = 0.009). Age-adjusted prevalence was higher in children who had been dewormed (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.00-1.4, p = 0.045), and lower in households having two or more children aged under five (PR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.95, p = 0.015). Anaemia rose from 28% in children aged 6-11 months to 43% in those aged 12-23 months, then fell continuously with age, reaching 7% in those aged 48-59 months. Age adjusted, anaemia was more prevalent in households using proper disposal of solid waste (PR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.1-2.10, p = 0.009) while eating raw meat (PR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.45-0.54, p = 0.000), any maternal education (PR = 0.64 95% CI: 0.52-0.79, p = 0.000), and household water treatment (PR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56-1.0, p = 0.044) were associated with lower prevalence of anaemia. CONCLUSIONS More than half of the children were infected with intestinal parasites, while anaemia prevalence was concentrated in the 12-23 month age group. This study has identified a number of potentially modifiable risk factors to address the significant prevalence of IPIs and anaemia in these children. Improvements in sanitation, clean water, hand hygiene, maternal education could address both short and long-term consequences of these conditions in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Mekonen Teferi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Letemichal Negash
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dejen Yemane
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kevin G McGuigan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Conroy
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Haftu Temesgen Abebe
- Department of Bio Statistics, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Welekidan LN, Bahta YW, Teklehaimanot MG, Abay GK, Wasihun AG, Dejene TA, Muthupandian S, Mezgebo TA, Hagos AK. Prevalence and drug resistance pattern of Listeria monocytogenes among pregnant women in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:538. [PMID: 31443675 PMCID: PMC6708214 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility test of Listeria monocytogenes among pregnant women in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Results The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes among pregnant women was found to be (8.5%; 12/141). With regard to the socio-demographic characteristics, a high prevalence of L. monocytogenes was observed in the age group of 20–24 years (18.6%; 8/43), rural dwellers (10%; 3/30), secondary school (9.6%; 5/52), and housewives (11.4%;10/88). A high drug resistance rate was observed to penicillin G (66.7%), clindamycin (66.7%), amoxicillin (50%) and vancomycin (50%). However, isolates were relatively sensitive to ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (75%), trimethoprim/sulphamethaxazole (66.7%) and chloramphenicol (60%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Letemichael Negash Welekidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Yemane Weldu Bahta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrihit Gebremeskel Teklehaimanot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Kahsay Abay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.,College of Health Sciences, Environmental Microbiology, Aksum University, Axsum, Ethiopia
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Araya Mezgebo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Amlsha Kahsay Hagos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O.Box:1871, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Hailu GG, Hagos DG, Hagos AK, Wasihun AG, Dejene TA. Virological and immunological failure of HAART and associated risk factors among adults and adolescents in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196259. [PMID: 29715323 PMCID: PMC5929526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated morbidity and mortality has reduced significantly since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. As a result of increasing access to highly active antiretroviral therapy, the survival and quality of life of the patients has significantly improved globally. Despite this promising result, regular monitoring of people on antiretroviral therapy is recommended to ensure whether there is an effective treatment response or not. This study was designed to assess virological and immunological failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy users among adults and adolescents in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia, where scanty data are available. Methods A retrospective follow up study was conducted from September 1 to December 30, 2016 to assess the magnitude and factors associated with virological and immunological failure among 260 adults and adolescents highly active antiretroviral therapy users who started first line ART between January 1, 2008 to March 1, 2016. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data. SPSS Version21 statistical software was used for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated to virological and immunological failure. Statistical association was declared significant if p-value was ≤ 0.05. Result A total of 30 (11.5%) and 17 (6.5%) participants experienced virological and immunological failure respectively in a median time of 36 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Virological failure was associated with non-adherence to medications, aged < 40 years old, having CD4+ T-cells count < 250 cells/μL and male gender. Similarly, immunological failure was associated with non-adherence, tuberculosis co-infection and Human immunodeficiency virus RNA ≥1000 copies/mL. Conclusions The current result shows that immunological and virological failure is a problem in a setting where highly active antiretroviral therapy has been largely scale up. The problem is more in patients with poor adherence. This will in turn affect the global targets of 90% viral suppression by 2020. This may indicate the need for more investment and commitment to improving patient adherence in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
- College of Health Sciences, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Department of Laboratory Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Gebregziabher Hagos
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Amlsha Kahsay Hagos
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Axum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Gebremedhn G, Gebremariam TT, Wasihun AG, Dejene TA, Saravanan M. Prevalence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among HIV patients in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. Springerplus 2016; 5:877. [PMID: 28443214 PMCID: PMC5396476 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
HIV-positive individuals are at higher risk of Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and
its related infection. There is limited data in the nation on the prevalence and
risk factors of MRSA colonization among HIV patients. The aim of this study was to
address the existing knowledge gap. Cross sectional study was carried out from
September 2014 to February 2015 in three selected health centers and one general
hospital. A standardized questionnaire was developed for collection of
socio-demographic and clinical data. A total of 498 Nasal and throat swabs (two for
each patient) were collected from 249 patients, transported and processed using
standard bacteriological procedures. Data was analyzed using Chi square
(X2) test and associated risk factors were determined.
P < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant. Out of 249 study participants, S.
aureus was isolated from 81 (32.5 %) patients, with MRSA colonization
rate of 6 (2.4 %). MRSA isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin and
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (16.7 % each), clindamycin (33.3 %) and erythromycin
(50 %). However, all MRSA isolates were 100 % sensitive to Amikacin. History of
hospitalization, percutaneous device usage, patients with a household member’s
hospitalization and low CD4 count (<200
cells/mm3) were significantly associated with S. aureus colonization (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goyitom Gebremedhn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia.,Tigray Regional State Health Bureau, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tewelde Tesfay Gebremariam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Atsbaha AH, Asmelash Dejen T, Belodu R, Getachew K, Saravanan M, Wasihun AG. Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among voluntary counseling testing and anti retroviral treatment clinic attendants in Adwa hospital, northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:121. [PMID: 26905429 PMCID: PMC4765222 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health concern where about 3 % of the world’s population is infected globally. In Ethiopia the prevalence ranges from 0.9 to 1.3 % in the general populations. Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) patients due to their weak immune response are heavily affected by the virus. There is no data on magnitude and associated risk factors for HCV infection among voluntary counseling, testing center and anti retroviral treatment clinic Attendants in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence and associated risk factors for HCV infection among voluntary counseling testing and anti retroviral treatment clinic attendants Adwa general hospital. Methods Cross sectional study was carried out among 302 participants (151 HIV-negative from VCT and 151 HIV-positive from ART follow up) clinics of Adwa hospital from September to December, 2014. About 5 ml of venous blood samples were collected from study participants for anti HCV antibody tests. Univariate analyses were used to identify associated variables with anti HCV positivity. Variables having p < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant association. Results Out of the total 302 participants, 52.6 % of them were females and 47.4 % males. The mean age of the participants was 34.1 year (SD ± 10.5). The overall sero-prevalence of HCV in this study was 4.3 %. The prevalence HCV (6.6 %) was higher among the ART clinic attendants than the VCT (2 %) clinic attendants. History of hospitalization (p = 0.001), tooth extraction (p = 0.018) and blood transfusion (p = 0.041) showed statistically significant association with anti-HCV antibody. Conclusion HCV sero-prevalence in this study was high. The prevalence was three fold higher among HIV positive patients than their counter parts. Thus, screening of HCV should be done among HIV patients for close monitoring and better management in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Rashmi Belodu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Konjit Getachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Araaya GH, Desta KG, Gebremeskel WW, Wasihun AG. Gastrojejunocolic fistula after gastrojejunostomy in Ayder referral hospital Northern Ethiopia: A report of two cases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2015; 4:448-51. [PMID: 26693276 PMCID: PMC4660275 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrojejunocolic fistula (GJCF) is a late and severe complication of a stomal ulcer after gastrojejunostomy, which develops as a result of inadequate resection of stomach or incomplete vagotomy. The occurrence of perforation in a GJCF is even more a rare complication because long evolution time or latent period is required for its appearance. Patients with this condition usually present with diarrhea, weight loss, feculent vomiting, under-nutrition and features of peritonitis that require immediate surgical intervention. Case presentation We described two cases of gastrojejunocolic fistula in men aged 60 and 40, first cases of gastrojejunocolic fistula seen in our referral hospital and in the whole region following more than a decade after gastrojejunostomy. Both patients initially presented with watery diarrhea, vomiting of fecal materials, poor appetite and weight loss. Upper GI series or barium enema studies allowed a conclusive diagnosis to be made. Both patients underwent one-stage en bloc resection, and their postoperative course and outcome was one cure and one death. Conclusion As it is rare phenomenon, high clinical suspicion is very important in the diagnosis of GJCF on patients who manifest with chronic diarrhea, vomiting of fecal matter, abdominal pain and features of malnutrition. Careful preoperative preparation is mandatory before any type of surgical procedure is carried out. Pre-operative nutritional status should be evaluated in patients undergoing corrective surgery. Adequate resection of the stomach after Gastrojejunostomy and complete vagotomy is important to prevention development of GJCF. High Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Vancomycin, Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone were 100% effective. Isolated bacteria showed high resistance to penicillin and Ampicillin. Low MRSA prevalence arte. Food handlers should train on personal hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girmay Hagos Araaya
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Kibrom Gebresilasie Desta
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Weldehawaria Weldu Gebremeskel
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Institute, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
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Wasihun AG, Wlekidan LN, Gebremariam SA, Dejene TA, Welderufael AL, Haile TD, Muthupandian S. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood culture isolates among febrile patients in Mekelle Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. Springerplus 2015; 4:314. [PMID: 26155453 PMCID: PMC4489972 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial bloodstream infections are a major public health problem, which leads to high morbidity and mortality of patients. On time diagnosis and appropriate medication will be the best way to save the lives of affected ones. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial profile of bloodstream infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Mekelle Hospital. Cross sectional study method was carried out in 514 (269 females and 245 males) febrile patients in Mekelle hospital from March to October 2014. Standard bacteriological methods were used for blood collection, bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Out of the total 514 febrile patients, 144 (28%) culture positive were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus 54 (37.5%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci 44 (30.6%), Escherichia coli 16 (3.1%), Citrobacter spp. 9 (1.7%) and Salmonella typhi 8 (1.6%) were the most dominant isolates, collectively accounting for >90% of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance pattern for gram positive and gram negative bacteria was 0-83.3% and 0-100%, respectively. High resistance was seen to Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 101 (70.1%), Oxacillin 65 (62.5%), Ceftriaxone 79 (58.9%) and Doxycycline 71 (49.3%). Fifty-nine percent of the isolated bacteria in this study were multi drug resistant. Most bacterial isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin clavulanic acid. All gram positive isolates in this current study were sensitive to vancomycin. Prevalence of bacterial isolates in blood was high. It also reveals isolated bacteria species developed multi drug resistance to most of the antibiotics tested, which highlights for periodic surveillance of etiologic agent, antibiotic susceptibility to prevent further emergence and spread of resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- />Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Letemichael Negash Wlekidan
- />Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Senay Aregawi Gebremariam
- />Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- />Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Abadi Luel Welderufael
- />Department of Pediatric Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Dejenie Haile
- />Department of Biology, College Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- />Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871 Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Mengesha RE, Kasa BGS, Saravanan M, Berhe DF, Wasihun AG. Aerobic bacteria in post surgical wound infections and pattern of their antimicrobial susceptibility in Ayder Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:575. [PMID: 25164127 PMCID: PMC4158133 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post surgical wound infections are global problem in the field of surgery associated with long hospital stay, higher treatment expenditure, morbidity and mortality. Hence to address the limited data in Ethiopia on post surgical wound infections, we conducted this research to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of aerobic bacteria in post-surgical wound infected patients in Ayder teaching and referral hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based prospective cross sectional study was carried-out in 128 patients who had undergone surgery in general surgery and orthopaedic wards, and showed symptoms of infection clinically from January to June 2012. Standard bacteriological methods were used for bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Results A total of 128 patients (98 male and 30 female) with clinical signs of post surgical wound infections were enrolled. The age of the patients ranged from 15–79 years (with mean 35.95 ± 19.01 years). Out of the 128 wound swabs taken, 96/128 (75%) were culture positive aerobically, yielding 123 bacterial isolates. Out of these the predominant bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 44 (35.77%), Klebsiella species 29 (22.76%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) 18 (14.63%). No bacterial isolates was found to be sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Isolated bacteria showed 102/123 (82.92%) multi drug resistance to the commonly used antibiotics in the hospital. However, 54/ 65 (83.1%) of Gram negative and 58/58 (100%) of Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin and Vancomycin, respectively. Conclusion Prevalence of was Post-operative wound infections rate in this current study was 75% and multi drug resistance was seen in 102/123(82.92%) of the isolates leaving clinicians with few choices of drugs for the treatment of post surgical wound infected patients. This underscores for periodic surveillance of etiologic agent and antibiotic susceptibility to prevent further emergence and spread of resistant bacteria pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, P,O, Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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