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Margul DJ, Park J, Boehler RM, Smith DR, Johnson MA, McCreedy DA, He T, Ataliwala A, Kukushliev TV, Liang J, Sohrabi A, Goodman AG, Walthers CM, Shea LD, Seidlits SK. Reducing neuroinflammation by delivery of IL-10 encoding lentivirus from multiple-channel bridges. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:136-148. [PMID: 27981242 PMCID: PMC5125399 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is unable to regenerate after injury largely due to growth‐inhibition by an inflammatory response to the injury that fails to resolve, resulting in secondary damage and cell death. An approach that prevents inhibition by attenuating the inflammatory response and promoting its resolution through the transition of macrophages to anti‐inflammatory phenotypes is essential for the creation of a growth permissive microenvironment. Viral gene delivery to induce the expression of anti‐inflammatory factors provides the potential to provide localized delivery to alter the host inflammatory response. Initially, we investigated the effect of the biomaterial and viral components of the delivery system to influence the extent of cell infiltration and the phenotype of these cells. Bridge implantation reduces antigen‐presenting cell infiltration at day 7, and lentivirus addition to the bridge induces a transient increase in neutrophils in the spinal cord at day 7 and macrophages at day 14. Delivery of a lentivirus encoding IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory factor that inhibits immune cell activation and polarizes the macrophage population towards anti‐inflammatory phenotypes, reduced neutrophil infiltration at both day 7 and day 28. Though IL‐10 lentivirus did not affect macrophages number, it skewed the macrophage population toward an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype and altered macrophage morphology. Additionally, IL‐10 delivery resulted in improved motor function, suggesting reduced secondary damage and increased sparing. Taken together, these results indicate that localized expression of anti‐inflammatory factors, such as IL‐10, can modulate the inflammatory response following spinal cord injury, and may be a key component of a combinatorial approach that targets the multiple barriers to regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Margul
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Ryan M Boehler
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Mitchell A Johnson
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Dylan A McCreedy
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109; Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Ting He
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Aishani Ataliwala
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Todor V Kukushliev
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | - Jesse Liang
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Alireza Sohrabi
- Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL, 48109
| | | | - Lonnie D Shea
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109; Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, 48109
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL, 48109; Dept. of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095; Brain Research Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, 90024
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Azarin SM, Yi J, Gower RM, Aguado BA, Sullivan ME, Goodman AG, Jiang EJ, Rao SS, Ren Y, Tucker SL, Backman V, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. In vivo capture and label-free detection of early metastatic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8094. [PMID: 26348915 PMCID: PMC4563812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death for women, with mortality resulting from metastasis. Metastases are often detected once tumor cells affect the function of solid organs, with a high disease burden limiting effective treatment. Here we report a method for the early detection of metastasis using an implanted scaffold to recruit and capture metastatic cells in vivo, which achieves high cell densities and reduces the tumor burden within solid organs 10-fold. Recruitment is associated with infiltration of immune cells, which include Gr1hiCD11b+ cells. We identify metastatic cells in the scaffold through a label-free detection system using inverse-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, which identifies changes to nanoscale tissue architecture associated with the presence of tumor cells. For patients at risk of recurrence, scaffold implantation following completion of primary therapy has the potential to identify metastatic disease at the earliest stage, enabling initiation of therapy while the disease burden is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Robert M Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Megan E Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Eric J Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yinying Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Susan L Tucker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Thomas AM, Seidlits SK, Goodman AG, Kukushliev TV, Hassani DM, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Sonic hedgehog and neurotrophin-3 increase oligodendrocyte numbers and myelination after spinal cord injury. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:694-705. [PMID: 24873988 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury and has limited available therapies. Multiple channel bridges have been investigated as a means to create a permissive environment for regeneration, with channels supporting axonal growth through the injury. Bridges support robust axon growth and myelination. Here, we investigated the cell types that myelinate axons in the bridges and whether over-expression of trophic factors can enhance myelination. Lentivirus encoding for neurotrophin-3 (NT3), sonic hedgehog (SHH) and the combination of these factors was delivered from bridges implanted into a lateral hemisection defect at T9/T10 in mice, and the response of endogenous progenitor cells within the spinal cord was investigated. Relative to control, the localized, sustained expression of these factors significantly increased growth of regenerating axons into the bridge and enhanced axon myelination 8 weeks after injury. SHH decreased the number of Sox2(+) cells and increased the number of Olig2(+) cells, whereas NT3 alone or in combination with SHH enhanced the numbers of GFAP(+) and Olig2(+) cells relative to control. For delivery of lentivirus encoding for either factor, we identified cells at various stages of differentiation along the oligodendrocyte lineage (e.g., O4(+), GalC(+)). Expression of NT3 enhanced myelination primarily by infiltrating Schwann cells, whereas SHH over-expression substantially increased myelination by oligodendrocytes. These studies further establish biomaterial-mediated gene delivery as a promising tool to direct activation and differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Todor V Kukushliev
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Donna M Hassani
- Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Reproductive Science (CRS), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Boehler RM, Kuo R, Shin S, Goodman AG, Pilecki MA, Gower RM, Leonard JN, Shea LD. Lentivirus delivery of IL-10 to promote and sustain macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1210-21. [PMID: 24375008 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery from biomaterials can create an environment that promotes and guides tissue formation. However, the immune response induced upon biomaterial implantation can be detrimental to tissue regeneration. Macrophages play a central role in mediating early phases of this response, and functional "polarization" of macrophages towards M1 (inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes may bias the local immune state at the implant site. Since gene delivery from biomaterial scaffolds can confer transgene expression in macrophages in vivo, we investigated whether transduction of macrophages with an IL-10 encoding lentivirus can (1) induce macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype even in an pro-inflammatory environment, and (2) prevent a shift in polarization from M2 to M1 following exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli. IL-10 lentivirus delivery to pre-polarized M1 macrophages reduced TNF-α production 1.5-fold when compared to cells treated with either a control virus or a bolus delivery of recombinant IL-10 protein. IL-10 lentivirus delivery to naïve macrophages reduced the amount of TNF-α produced following an inflammatory challenge by 2.5-fold compared to cells treated with both the control virus and recombinant IL-10. At a mechanistic level, IL-10 lentivirus delivery mediated sustained reduction in NF-κB activation and, accordingly, reduced transcription of TNF-α. In sum, lentiviral delivery of IL-10 to macrophages represents a promising strategy for directing and sustaining macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype in order to promote local immune responses that facilitate tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Boehler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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Tuinstra HM, Margul DJ, Goodman AG, Boehler RM, Holland SJ, Zelivyanskaya ML, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Long-term characterization of axon regeneration and matrix changes using multiple channel bridges for spinal cord regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:1027-37. [PMID: 24168314 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury and has limited available therapies. The host response to SCI is typified by limited endogenous repair, and biomaterial bridges offer the potential to alter the microenvironment to promote regeneration. Porous multiple channel bridges implanted into the injury provide stability to limit secondary damage and support cell infiltration that limits cavity formation. At the same time, the channels provide a path that physically directs axon growth across the injury. Using a rat spinal cord hemisection injury model, we investigated the dynamics of axon growth, myelination, and scar formation within and around the bridge in vivo for 6 months, at which time the bridge has fully degraded. Axons grew into and through the channels, and the density increased overtime, resulting in the greatest axon density at 6 months postimplantation, despite complete degradation of the bridge by that time point. Furthermore, the persistence of these axons contrasts with reports of axonal dieback in other models and is consistent with axon stability resulting from some degree of connectivity. Immunostaining of axons revealed both motor and sensory origins of the axons found in the channels of the bridge. Extensive myelination was observed throughout the bridge at 6 months, with centrally located and peripheral channels seemingly myelinated by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition was restricted to the edges of the bridge, was greatest at 1 week, and significantly decreased by 6 weeks. The dynamics of collagen I and IV, laminin, and fibronectin deposition varied with time. These studies demonstrate that the bridge structure can support substantial long-term axon growth and myelination with limited scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Tuinstra
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
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Barr LC, Brunt AM, Goodman AG, Drury A, Phillips RH, Ellis H. The primary management of breast cancer: is breast conservation feasible for all patients? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989; 71:390-3. [PMID: 2604349 PMCID: PMC2499051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A consecutive series of 411 patients with primary breast cancer treated by a consistent policy of breast conservation, regardless of tumour size, location, clinical stage or histological subtype, is reported. Actuarial 5-year survival was 84% for UICC Stage I, 73% for Stage II and 47% for Stage III/IV. The incidence of local recurrence at 5 years was 13% for Stage I, 12% for Stage II, and 26% for Stage III/IV. The probability of salvage mastectomy at 5 years was 5% for Stage I, 8% for Stage II, and 15% for Stage III/IV. Of local recurrences, 40% were managed with further breast conservation. Primary treatment with breast conservation results in satisfactory local control rates, 5-year survival and cosmesis, but the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of local recurrence within the conserved breast requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Barr
- Academic Surgical Unit, Westminster Hospital, London
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Abstract
Three hundred fifty-six patients with early (Stage I and II) breast cancer and 55 with advanced (Stage III and IV) breast cancer were treated between 1979 and 1985 with a consistent policy of breast conservation irrespective of tumor site, size, or histologic features. Only three patients underwent primary mastectomy (Stage III), and the remainder were treated either by wide local excision and postoperative radiotherapy (357 cases) or by needle biopsy and primary irradiation (51 cases). A total of seven of 356 (2%) Stage I and II patients have developed uncontrolled local or nodal recurrence at a median follow-up of 5 years, and nine of 55 (16%) of Stage III and IV patients. Of the 62 Stage I and II patients who have died, seven (11%) have died with uncontrolled locoregional disease. Of the 22 Stage III and IV patients who have died, eight (36%) have died with uncontrolled locoregional disease. Although the majority of local recurrences within the conserved breast could be salvaged by secondary surgery (37/38 Stage I and II patients), the development of chest wall or nodal recurrence was usually associated with the appearance of distant metastases and a poor prognosis. Data on uncontrolled local recurrence should be given in all studies of breast cancer treatment, since it represents an important end-point of therapy and a difficult clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Barr
- Academic Surgical Unit, Westminster Hospital, London, England
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Abstract
Patients with epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma, who are often taking zidovudine, may be treated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Both cytotoxic chemotherapy and zidovudine are myelotoxic and we have treated 16 patients with this combination. We report an acceptable rate of anaemia, leucopaenia, thrombocytopaenia and non-haematological side effects. This combination can be safely administered to this group of patients, although much of our experience is with the relatively non-myelotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, bleomycin and vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brunt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, St. Stephen's Hospital, London, UK
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