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Wanta JW, Gianakakos G, Nguy A, Balsamo DN. Systems-Involved Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: Homelessness, Juvenile Legal Systems, and Child Welfare and Foster Care. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:839-848. [PMID: 37739638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth are overrepresented in legal and social support systems intended to protect and support youth along their developmental journeys. However, these systems often fall short for TGD youth and further stigmatize an already vulnerable population. This article provides an overview of the experience, care, and treatment of systems-involved TGD youth. Working with systems-involved transgender and gender-diverse youth necessitates a high level of compassion and advocacy in pursuit of more equitable care and access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Wanta
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - George Gianakakos
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dalia N Balsamo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Rais M, Lovelace JW, Shuai XS, Woodard W, Bishay S, Estrada L, Sharma AR, Nguy A, Kulinich A, Pirbhoy PS, Palacios AR, Nelson DL, Razak KA, Ethell IM. Functional consequences of postnatal interventions in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105577. [PMID: 34871737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading genetic cause of autism and intellectual disability with cortical hyperexcitability and sensory hypersensitivity attributed to loss and hypofunction of inhibitory parvalbumin-expressing (PV) cells. Our studies provide novel insights into the role of excitatory neurons in abnormal development of PV cells during a postnatal period of inhibitory circuit refinement. METHODS To achieve Fragile X mental retardation gene (Fmr1) deletion and re-expression in excitatory neurons during the postnatal day (P)14-P21 period, we generated CreCaMKIIa/Fmr1Flox/y (cOFF) and CreCaMKIIa/Fmr1FloxNeo/y (cON) mice, respectively. Cortical phenotypes were evaluated in adult mice using biochemical, cellular, clinically relevant electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral tests. RESULTS We found that similar to global Fmr1 KO mice, the density of PV-expressing cells, their activation, and sound-evoked gamma synchronization were impaired in cOFF mice, but the phenotypes were improved in cON mice. cOFF mice also showed enhanced cortical gelatinase activity and baseline EEG gamma power, which were reduced in cON mice. In addition, TrkB phosphorylation and PV levels were lower in cOFF mice, which also showed increased locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors. Remarkably, when FMRP levels were restored in only excitatory neurons during the P14-P21 period, TrkB phosphorylation and mouse behaviors were also improved. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that postnatal deletion or re-expression of FMRP in excitatory neurons is sufficient to elicit or ameliorate structural and functional cortical deficits, and abnormal behaviors in mice, informing future studies about appropriate treatment windows and providing fundamental insights into the cellular mechanisms of cortical circuit dysfunction in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lovelace
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xinghao S Shuai
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Walker Woodard
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven Bishay
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Leo Estrada
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ashwin R Sharma
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anna Kulinich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patricia S Pirbhoy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Arnold R Palacios
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Khaleel A Razak
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Fiani B, Dahan A, El-Farra MH, Kortz MW, Runnels JM, Suliman Y, Miranda A, Nguy A. Cellular transplantation and platelet-rich plasma injections for discogenic pain: a contemporary review. Regen Med 2021; 16:161-174. [PMID: 33650437 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the leading cause of chronic back pain. It is a pathologic condition associated with aging and is believed to result from catabolic excess in the intervertebral discs' (IVD) extracellular matrix. Two new treatment options are intradiscal cellular transplantation and growth factor therapy. Recent investigations on the use of these therapies are discussed and compared with emerging evidence supporting novel cellular injections. At present, human and animal studies provide a compelling rationale for the use of cellular injections in the treatment of discogenic pain. Since DDD results from the IVD extracellular matrix's unmitigated catabolism, cellular injections are used to induce regeneration and homeostasis in the IVD. Here, we review intervertebral disc anatomy, DDD pathophysiology and clinical considerations, as well as the current and emerging literature investigating outcomes associated with cellular transplantation and platelet-rich plasma for discogenic pain. Further high-quality trials are certainly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, 92262 CA, USA
| | - Alden Dahan
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Mohamed H El-Farra
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Michael W Kortz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, 80045 CO, USA
| | - Juliana M Runnels
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, 87106 NM, USA
| | - Yasmine Suliman
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Anita Miranda
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, 92507 CA, USA
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Theofilas P, Ehrenberg AJ, Nguy A, Thackrey JM, Dunlop S, Mejia MB, Alho AT, Paraizo Leite RE, Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Nascimento CF, Chin M, Medina-Cleghorn D, Cuervo AM, Arkin M, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Filho WJ, Rueb U, Neuhaus J, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. Probing the correlation of neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and cell death markers across the Alzheimer's disease Braak stages: a quantitative study in humans. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 61:1-12. [PMID: 29031088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the mechanisms connecting neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) neurotoxicity to neuronal dysfunction in humans is likely to be pivotal for developing effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To model the temporal progression of AD in humans, we used a collection of brains with controls and individuals from each Braak stage to quantitatively investigate the correlation between intraneuronal caspase activation or macroautophagy markers, NFT burden, and neuronal loss, in the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus, the earliest vulnerable areas to NFT accumulation. We fit linear regressions with each count as outcomes, with Braak score and age as the predictors. In progressive Braak stages, intraneuronal active caspase-6 positivity increases both alone and overlapping with NFTs. Likewise, the proportion of NFT-bearing neurons showing autophagosomes increases. Overall, caspases may be involved in upstream cascades in AD and are associated with higher NFTs. Macroautophagy changes correlate with increasing NFT burden from early AD stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia M Thackrey
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Dunlop
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria B Mejia
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana T Alho
- Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Chin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Anatomy and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Udo Rueb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Department of Anatomy, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alegro M, Theofilas P, Nguy A, Castruita PA, Seeley W, Heinsen H, Ushizima DM, Grinberg LT. Automating cell detection and classification in human brain fluorescent microscopy images using dictionary learning and sparse coding. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 282:20-33. [PMID: 28267565 PMCID: PMC5600818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunofluorescence (IF) plays a major role in quantifying protein expression in situ and understanding cell function. It is widely applied in assessing disease mechanisms and in drug discovery research. Automation of IF analysis can transform studies using experimental cell models. However, IF analysis of postmortem human tissue relies mostly on manual interaction, often subjected to low-throughput and prone to error, leading to low inter and intra-observer reproducibility. Human postmortem brain samples challenges neuroscientists because of the high level of autofluorescence caused by accumulation of lipofuscin pigment during aging, hindering systematic analyses. We propose a method for automating cell counting and classification in IF microscopy of human postmortem brains. Our algorithm speeds up the quantification task while improving reproducibility. NEW METHOD Dictionary learning and sparse coding allow for constructing improved cell representations using IF images. These models are input for detection and segmentation methods. Classification occurs by means of color distances between cells and a learned set. RESULTS Our method successfully detected and classified cells in 49 human brain images. We evaluated our results regarding true positive, false positive, false negative, precision, recall, false positive rate and F1 score metrics. We also measured user-experience and time saved compared to manual countings. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS We compared our results to four open-access IF-based cell-counting tools available in the literature. Our method showed improved accuracy for all data samples. CONCLUSION The proposed method satisfactorily detects and classifies cells from human postmortem brain IF images, with potential to be generalized for applications in other counting tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Alegro
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Panagiotis Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Austin Nguy
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Patricia A Castruita
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - William Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Reboucas 381, São Paulo, SP 05401-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniela M Ushizima
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Theofilas P, Ehrenberg AJ, Dunlop S, Di Lorenzo Alho AT, Nguy A, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Mejia MB, Suemoto CK, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, Polichiso L, Nascimento CF, Seeley WW, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob Filho W, Rueb U, Neuhaus J, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. Locus coeruleus volume and cell population changes during Alzheimer's disease progression: A stereological study in human postmortem brains with potential implication for early-stage biomarker discovery. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:236-246. [PMID: 27513978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression follows a specific spreading pattern, emphasizing the need to characterize those brain areas that degenerate first. The brainstem's locus coeruleus (LC) is the first area to develop neurofibrillary changes (neurofibrillary tangles [NFTs]). METHODS The methods include unbiased stereological analyses in human brainstems to estimate LC volume and neuronal population in controls and individuals across all AD stages. RESULTS As the Braak stage increases by 1 unit, the LC volume decreases by 8.4%. Neuronal loss started only midway through AD progression. Age-related changes spare the LC. DISCUSSION The long gap between NFT accumulation and neuronal loss suggests that a second trigger may be necessary to induce neuronal death in AD. Imaging studies should determine whether LC volumetry can replicate the stage-wise atrophy observed here and how these changes are specific to AD. LC volumetry may develop into a screening biomarker for selecting high-yield candidates to undergo expensive and less accessible positron emission tomography scans and to monitor AD progression from presymptomatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Dunlop
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana T Di Lorenzo Alho
- Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Austin Nguy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria B Mejia
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Polichiso
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Udo Rueb
- University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Theofilas P, Ehrenberg AJ, Dunlop S, Alho AT, Nguy A, Paraizo Leite RE, Rodriguez RD, Mejia MB, Suemoto CK, Farfel JM, Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Polichiso L, Prata TV, Nascimento CF, Seeley WW, Nitrini R, Pasquallucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Rueb U, Neuhaus J, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. P1‐216: Lc caudal cells show the earliest vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Alexander J. Ehrenberg
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
- University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Sara Dunlop
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Ana T. Alho
- Hospital Albert EinsteinSao PauloBrazil
- University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
| | - Austin Nguy
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
- University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | | | - Maria B. Mejia
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Udo Rueb
- University of FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - John Neuhaus
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
- Universiy of WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- University of CaliforniaSan Francisco - UCSF, San FranciscoCAUSA
- University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
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