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Bruwier M, Mustafa A, Aliaga DG, Archambeau P, Erpicum S, Nishida G, Zhang X, Pirotton M, Teller J, Dewals B. Influence of urban pattern on inundation flow in floodplains of lowland rivers. Sci Total Environ 2018; 622-623:446-458. [PMID: 29220769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the respective influence of various urban pattern characteristics on inundation flow. A set of 2000 synthetic urban patterns were generated using an urban procedural model providing locations and shapes of streets and buildings over a square domain of 1×1km2. Steady two-dimensional hydraulic computations were performed over the 2000 urban patterns with identical hydraulic boundary conditions. To run such a large amount of simulations, the computational efficiency of the hydraulic model was improved by using an anisotropic porosity model. This model computes on relatively coarse computational cells, but preserves information from the detailed topographic data through porosity parameters. Relationships between urban characteristics and the computed inundation water depths have been based on multiple linear regressions. Finally, a simple mechanistic model based on two district-scale porosity parameters, combining several urban characteristics, is shown to capture satisfactorily the influence of urban characteristics on inundation water depths. The findings of this study give guidelines for more flood-resilient urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bruwier
- Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium.
| | - A Mustafa
- Local Environment Management and Analysis (LEMA), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
| | - D G Aliaga
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA
| | - P Archambeau
- Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
| | - S Erpicum
- Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
| | - G Nishida
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA
| | - M Pirotton
- Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
| | - J Teller
- Local Environment Management and Analysis (LEMA), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
| | - B Dewals
- Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE), University of Liege (ULiège), Belgium
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2
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Thawer SG, Horsnell WGC, Darby M, Hoving JC, Dewals B, Cutler AJ, Lang D, Brombacher F. Lung-resident CD4⁺ T cells are sufficient for IL-4Rα-dependent recall immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:239-48. [PMID: 23778354 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reinfection requires pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell responses. We examined whether secondary lymphoid recruited or pre-existing lung CD4⁺ T-cell populations coordinated this immunity. To do this, we blocked T-cell egress from lymph nodes using Fingolimod (FTY720). This impaired host ability to resolve a primary infection but did not change effectiveness of recall immunity. Associated with this effective recall immunity was the expansion and T helper type 2 polarization of a pre-existing pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell population. LTβR-Ig (lymphotoxin beta-receptor fusion protein)-mediated disruption of stromal cell organization of immune cells did not disrupt this recall immunity, suggesting that protection was mediated by a pulmonary interstitial residing CD4⁺ T-cell population. Adoptive transfer of N. brasiliensis-experienced pulmonary CD4⁺ T cells from FTY720-treated wild-type or T-cell interleukin (IL)-4Rα-deficient mice demonstrated protection to be IL-4Rα dependent. These results show that pre-existing CD4⁺ T cells can drive effective recall immunity to N. brasiliensis infection independently of T-cell recruitment from secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Thawer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W G C Horsnell
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Darby
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J C Hoving
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A J Cutler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Horsnell WGC, Vira A, Kirstein F, Mearns H, Hoving JC, Cutler AJ, Dewals B, Myburgh E, Kimberg M, Arendse B, White N, Lopata A, Burger PE, Brombacher F. IL-4Rα-responsive smooth muscle cells contribute to initiation of TH2 immunity and pulmonary pathology in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:83-92. [PMID: 20737001 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections generate pulmonary pathologies that can be associated with strong T(H)2 polarization of the host's immune response. We present data demonstrating N. brasiliensis-driven airway mucus production to be dependent on smooth muscle cell interleukin 4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) responsiveness. At days 7 and 10 post infection (PI), significant airway mucus production was found in IL-4Rα(-/lox) control mice, whereas global knockout (IL-4Rα(-/-)) and smooth muscle-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mice (SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox)) showed reduced airway mucus responses. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-5 cytokine production in SM-MHC(Cre) IL-4Rα(-/lox) mice was impaired along with a transient reduction in T-cell numbers in the lung. In vitro treatment of smooth muscle cells with secreted N. brasiliensis excretory-secretory antigen (NES) induced IL-6 production. Decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent smooth muscle cell proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest was found in cells stimulated with NES. Together, these data demonstrate that both IL-4Rα and NES-driven responses by smooth muscle cells make important contributions in initiating T(H)2 responses against N. brasiliensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Thirion M, Machiels B, Farnir F, Donofrio G, Gillet L, Dewals B, Vanderplasschen A. Bovine herpesvirus 4 ORF73 is dispensable for virus growth in vitro, but is essential for virus persistence in vivo. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2574-84. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Boudry C, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Delforge C, Springael JY, de Leval L, Drion P, Russell G, Haig DM, Vanderplasschen AF, Dewals B. The A5 gene of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor that is non-essential for the induction of malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. J Gen Virol 2008; 88:3224-3233. [PMID: 18024890 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many gammaherpesviruses encode G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Several in vivo studies have revealed that gammaherpesvirus GPCRs are important for viral replication and for virus-induced pathogenesis. The gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest, but causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) following cross-species transmission to a variety of susceptible species. The A5 ORF of the AlHV-1 genome encodes a putative GPCR. In the present study, we investigated whether A5 encodes a functional GPCR and addressed its role in viral replication and in the pathogenesis of MCF. In silico analysis supported the hypothesis that A5 could encode a functional GPCR as its expression product contained several hallmark features of GPCRs. Expression of A5 as tagged proteins in various cell lines revealed that A5 localizes in cell membranes, including the plasma membrane. Using [35S]GTPgammaS and reporter gene assays, we found that A5 is able to constitutively couple to alpha i-type G-proteins in transfected cells, and that this interaction is able to inhibit forskolin-triggered cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation. Finally, using an AlHV-1 BAC clone, we produced a strain deleted for A5 and a revertant strain. Interestingly, the strain deleted for A5 replicated comparably to the wild-type parental strain and induced MCF in rabbits that was indistinguishable from that of the parental strain. The present study is the first to investigate the role of an individual gene of AlHV-1 in MCF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boudry
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - N Markine-Goriaynoff
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Delforge
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J-Y Springael
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology (IRIBHM), Free University of Brussels, Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L de Leval
- Department of Pathology (B23), Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - P Drion
- Animal facility (B23), University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - D M Haig
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - A F Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - B Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Boudry C, Costes B, Fournier G, Dewals B, Vanderplasschen A. [Viral homologues of G-protein-coupled receptor]. Virologie (Montrouge) 2007; 11:457-470. [PMID: 36131468 DOI: 10.1684/vir.2011.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are seven transmembrane proteins that convert extracellular stimuli to cell signaling.Viral genes homologous to cellular GPCR have been described in the genome of Betaherpesvirinae, Gammaherpesvirinae and Poxviridae. The goal of this review is to summarize the knowledge available on viral GPCR (vGPCR) with a special interest for their roles in the biology and the pathogenesis of the infection. This review highlights some properties of vGPCR that are not shared by their cellular homologues and stresses the diversity of their functions in the biology of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boudry
- Université de Liège, Immunologie-Vaccinologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - B Costes
- Université de Liège, Immunologie-Vaccinologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G Fournier
- Université de Liège, Immunologie-Vaccinologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - B Dewals
- Université de Liège, Immunologie-Vaccinologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Vanderplasschen
- Université de Liège, Immunologie-Vaccinologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Dewals B, Boudry C, Gillet L, Markine-Goriaynoff N, de Leval L, Haig DM, Vanderplasschen A. Cloning of the genome of Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 as an infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:509-517. [PMID: 16476972 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), carried asymptomatically by wildebeest, causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) following cross-species transmission to a variety of susceptible species of the order Artiodactyla. The study of MCF pathogenesis has been impeded by an inability to produce recombinant virus, mainly due to the fact that AlHV-1 becomes attenuated during passage in culture. In this study, these difficulties were overcome by cloning the entire AlHV-1 genome as a stable, infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). A modified loxP-flanked BAC cassette was inserted in one of the two large non-coding regions of the AlHV-1 genome. This insertion allowed the production of an AlHV-1 BAC clone stably maintained in bacteria and able to regenerate virions when transfected into permissive cells. The loxP-flanked BAC cassette was excised from the genome of reconstituted virions by growing them in permissive cells stably expressing Cre recombinase. Importantly, BAC-derived AlHV-1 virions replicated comparably to the virulent (low-passage) AlHV-1 parental strain and induced MCF in rabbits that was indistinguishable from that of the virulent parental strain. The availability of the AlHV-1 BAC is an important advance for the study of MCF that will allow the identification of viral genes involved in MCF pathogenesis, as well as the production of attenuated recombinant candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dewals
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Boudry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Gillet
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - N Markine-Goriaynoff
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L de Leval
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D M Haig
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - A Vanderplasschen
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Bona C, Dewals B, Wiggers L, Coudijzer K, Vanderplasschen A, Gillet L. Short Communication: Pasteurization of Milk Abolishes Bovine Herpesvirus 4 Infectivity. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3079-83. [PMID: 16107396 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus highly prevalent in the cattle population that has been isolated from the milk and the serum of healthy infected cows. Several studies reported the sensitivity and the permissiveness of some human cells to BoHV-4 infection. Moreover, our recent study demonstrated that some human cells sensitive but not permissive to BoHV-4 support a persistent infection protecting them from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Together, these observations suggested that BoHV-4 could represent a danger for public health. To evaluate the risk of human infection by BoHV-4 through milk or serum derivatives, we investigated the resistance of BoHV-4 to the mildest thermal treatments usually applied to these products. The results demonstrated that milk pasteurization and thermal decomplementation of serum abolish BoHV-4 infectivity by inactivation of its property to enter permissive cells. Consequently, our results demonstrate that these treatments drastically reduce the risk of human infection by BoHV-4 through treated milk or serum derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bona
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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