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White TG, Hartley NJ, Borm B, Crowley BJB, Harris JWO, Hochhaus DC, Kaempfer T, Li K, Neumayer P, Pattison LK, Pfeifer F, Richardson S, Robinson APL, Uschmann I, Gregori G. Electron-ion equilibration in ultrafast heated graphite. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:145005. [PMID: 24765980 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have employed fast electrons produced by intense laser illumination to isochorically heat thermal electrons in solid density carbon to temperatures of ∼10,000 K. Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, the temperature evolution of the lattice ions is obtained through the Debye-Waller effect, and this directly relates to the electron-ion equilibration rate. This is shown to be considerably lower than predicted from ideal plasma models. We attribute this to strong ion coupling screening the electron-ion interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - N J Hartley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Borm
- Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B J B Crowley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom and AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J W O Harris
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D C Hochhaus
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Kaempfer
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K Li
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - L K Pattison
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - F Pfeifer
- Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Richardson
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom and AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - I Uschmann
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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White TG, Richardson S, Crowley BJB, Pattison LK, Harris JWO, Gregori G. Orbital-free density-functional theory simulations of the dynamic structure factor of warm dense aluminum. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:175002. [PMID: 24206498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report orbital-free density-functional theory (OF DFT) molecular dynamics simulations of the dynamic ion structure factor of warm solid density aluminum at T=0.5 eV and T=5 eV. We validate the OF DFT method in the warm dense matter regime through comparison of the static and thermodynamic properties with the more complete Kohn-Sham DFT. This extension of OF DFT to dynamic properties indicates that previously used models based on classical molecular dynamics may be inadequate to capture fully the low frequency dynamics of the response function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Falk K, Regan SP, Vorberger J, Crowley BJB, Glenzer SH, Hu SX, Murphy CD, Radha PB, Jephcoat AP, Wark JS, Gericke DO, Gregori G. Comparison between x-ray scattering and velocity-interferometry measurements from shocked liquid deuterium. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 87:043112. [PMID: 23679534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.043112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The equation of state of light elements is essential to understand the structure of Jovian planets and inertial confinement fusion research. The Omega laser was used to drive a planar shock wave in the cryogenically cooled deuterium, creating warm dense matter conditions. X-ray scattering was used to determine the spectrum near the boundary of the collective and noncollective scattering regimes using a narrow band x-ray source in backscattering geometry. Our scattering spectra are thus sensitive to the individual electron motion as well as the collective plasma behavior and provide a measurement of the electron density, temperature, and ionization state. Our data are consistent with velocity-interferometry measurements previously taken on the same shocked deuterium conditions and presented by K. Falk et al. [High Energy Density Phys. 8, 76 (2012)]. This work presents a comparison of the two diagnostic systems and offers a detailed discussion of challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Regan SP, Falk K, Gregori G, Radha PB, Hu SX, Boehly TR, Crowley BJB, Glenzer SH, Landen OL, Gericke DO, Döppner T, Meyerhofer DD, Murphy CD, Sangster TC, Vorberger J. Inelastic x-ray scattering from shocked liquid deuterium. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:265003. [PMID: 23368573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.265003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Fermi-degenerate plasma conditions created in liquid deuterium by a laser-ablation-driven shock wave were probed with noncollective, spectrally resolved, inelastic x-ray Thomson scattering employing Cl Ly(α) line emission at 2.96 keV. These first x-ray Thomson scattering measurements of the microscopic properties of shocked deuterium show an inferred spatially averaged electron temperature of 8±5 eV, an electron density of 2.2(±0.5)×10(23) cm(-3), and an ionization of 0.8 (-0.25, +0.15). Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations using equation-of-state models suited for the extreme parameters occurring in inertial confinement fusion research and planetary interiors are consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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White TG, Vorberger J, Brown CRD, Crowley BJB, Davis P, Glenzer SH, Harris JWO, Hochhaus DC, Le Pape S, Ma T, Murphy CD, Neumayer P, Pattison LK, Richardson S, Gericke DO, Gregori G. Observation of inhibited electron-ion coupling in strongly heated graphite. Sci Rep 2012. [PMID: 23189238 PMCID: PMC3506979 DOI: 10.1038/srep00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating non-equilibrium states of matter with highly unequal electron and lattice temperatures (T(ele)≠T(ion)) allows unsurpassed insight into the dynamic coupling between electrons and ions through time-resolved energy relaxation measurements. Recent studies on low-temperature laser-heated graphite suggest a complex energy exchange when compared to other materials. To avoid problems related to surface preparation, crystal quality and poor understanding of the energy deposition and transport mechanisms, we apply a different energy deposition mechanism, via laser-accelerated protons, to isochorically and non-radiatively heat macroscopic graphite samples up to temperatures close to the melting threshold. Using time-resolved x ray diffraction, we show clear evidence of a very small electron-ion energy transfer, yielding approximately three times longer relaxation times than previously reported. This is indicative of the existence of an energy transfer bottleneck in non-equilibrium warm dense matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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Crowley BJB, Bingham R, Evans RG, Gericke DO, Landen OL, Murphy CD, Norreys PA, Rose SJ, Tschentscher T, Wang CHT, Wark JS, Gregori G. Testing quantum mechanics in non-Minkowski space-time with high power lasers and 4(th) generation light sources. Sci Rep 2012; 2:491. [PMID: 22768381 PMCID: PMC3389367 DOI: 10.1038/srep00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A common misperception of quantum gravity is that it requires accessing energies up to the Planck scale of 10¹⁹ GeV, which is unattainable from any conceivable particle collider. Thanks to the development of ultra-high intensity optical lasers, very large accelerations can be now the reached at their focal spot, thus mimicking, by virtue of the equivalence principle, a non Minkowski space-time. Here we derive a semiclassical extension of quantum mechanics that applies to different metrics, but under the assumption of weak gravity. We use our results to show that Thomson scattering of photons by uniformly accelerated electrons predicts an observable effect depending upon acceleration and local metric. In the laboratory frame, a broadening of the Thomson scattered x ray light from a fourth generation light source can be used to detect the modification of the metric associated to electrons accelerated in the field of a high power optical laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J B Crowley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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Schmidt R, Crowley BJB, Mithen J, Gregori G. Quantum hydrodynamics of strongly coupled electron fluids. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 85:046408. [PMID: 22680587 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.046408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have extended the classical hydrodynamics formalism to include nonlocal quantum behavior via the phenomenological Bohm potential. We have then solved the quantum hydrodynamics equations to derive an expression for the dynamical structure factor, which describes the density-density correlations in the system. This formalism can be applied to high density strongly coupled electron fluids in the long wavelength domain. We show that at densities above 7×10(25) cm(-3) there are significant differences in the dispersion relation. Future experiments at large laser facilities could provide an experimental test of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Falk K, Jephcoat AP, Crowley BJB, Fäustlin RR, Fortmann C, Khattak FY, Kleppe AK, Riley D, Toleikis S, Wark J, Wilhelm H, Gregori G. Measurement of the dynamic response of compressed hydrogen by inelastic X-ray scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/244/4/042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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