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Davidson BL, Allen ED, Kozarsky KF, Wilson JM, Roessler BJ. A model system for in vivo gene transfer into the central nervous system using an adenoviral vector. Nat Genet 1993; 3:219-23. [PMID: 8387378 DOI: 10.1038/ng0393-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous methods of in vivo gene transfer to differentiated neurons of the adult mammalian brain have been inefficient and associated with technical problems. We have therefore developed a model system of direct gene transfer using a replication-defective adenoviral vector containing a beta-galactosidase gene to transduce brain neurons. Following injection of purified high titre recombinant adenovirus into the caudate putamen of seven week old mice, lacZ activity was evident in neural components of the central nervous system (CNS) for at least 8 weeks post infection. The efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer was very high compared to other techniques, suggesting an attractive and efficient alternative for neuronal gene transfer in vivo.
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Fang J, Zhu YY, Smiley E, Bonadio J, Rouleau JP, Goldstein SA, McCauley LK, Davidson BL, Roessler BJ. Stimulation of new bone formation by direct transfer of osteogenic plasmid genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:5753-8. [PMID: 8650165 PMCID: PMC39133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.12.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradable matrices containing expression plasmid DNA [gene-activated matrices (GAMs)] were implanted into segmental gaps created in the adult rat femur. Implantation of GAMs containing beta-galactosidase or luciferase plasmids led to DNA uptake and functional enzyme expression by repair cells (granulation tissue) growing into the gap. Implantation of a GAM containing either a bone morphogenetic protein-4 plasmid or a plasmid coding for a fragment of parathyroid hormone (amino acids 1-34) resulted in a biological response of new bone filling the gap. Finally, implantation of a two-plasmid GAM encoding bone morphogenetic protein-4 and the parathyroid hormone fragment, which act synergistically in vitro, caused new bone to form faster than with either factor alone. These studies demonstrate for the first time that repair cells (fibroblasts) in bone can be genetically manipulated in vivo. While serving as a useful tool to study the biology of repair fibroblasts and the wound healing response, the GAM technology may also have wide therapeutic utility.
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Anderson RD, Haskell RE, Xia H, Roessler BJ, Davidson BL. A simple method for the rapid generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1034-8. [PMID: 10871752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviruses are useful vectors for basic research. When the vectors are used for delineating protein function, several viruses, each containing a mutated version of the transgene are compared at the same time. However, methods to generate multiple vectors simultaneously within a short time period are cumbersome. In this report, we show that a novel backbone plasmid, when cotransfected with routinely used shuttle vectors into HEK293 cells allowed for production of recombinant viruses in an average of 14 days. The recombinant viruses had no detectable wild-type virus contamination by A549 plaque assay and only three to 300 E1a copies per 109 adenovirus genomes by a sensitive PCR-based assay. Further culturing or serial amplification did not result in wild-type revertants nor did cultures show increased levels of E1a copy number by quantitative PCR. Thus, recombinant adenovirus vectors can be produced very simply, rapidly and with little to no contaminating wild-type particles. This system should facilitate the generation of multiple genetic variants by eliminating the need for time-consuming plaque purification and the need to manipulate and screen very large plasmids. We call this the RAPAd.I system.
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Walter E, Janich S, Roessler BJ, Hilfinger JM, Amidon GL. HT29-MTX/Caco-2 cocultures as an in vitro model for the intestinal epithelium: in vitro-in vivo correlation with permeability data from rats and humans. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:1070-6. [PMID: 8897273 DOI: 10.1021/js960110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The diverse secretory and absorptive functions of the intestinal epithelium are conducted by a mixed population of absorptive cells and mucus-producing goblet cells as the major cell types. In order to approach the main characteristics in an in vitro model, a coculture system of absorptive Caco-2 cells and mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells was developed and the permeability of a range of different drugs was tested. Variable goblet cell frequency can be achieved, preserving a significant barrier to drug transport and maintaining the differentiated features of both cell types. Absorption rates for actively transported drugs are rather underestimated in the cell culture model when compared to in vivo data. However, a good correlation with fraction absorbed in humans was attained separating the range of passively transported drugs into two groups of well-absorbable compounds with Peff > or = 10 x 10(-6) cm/s and drugs that are absorbed 40-70% with Peff = 0.1-1 x 10(-5) cm/s. A permeability of Peff < 0.1 x 10(-5) cm/s is suggested for low absorbable drugs.
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Roessler BJ, Allen ED, Wilson JM, Hartman JW, Davidson BL. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to rabbit synovium in vivo. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:1085-92. [PMID: 8349791 PMCID: PMC294950 DOI: 10.1172/jci116614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthropathies is often ineffective in ameliorating the progression of the disease, particularly the invasive destruction of cartilage and bone by rheumatoid synovium. Multiple aspects of this inflammatory process are mediated by the synovial lining cells (synoviocytes). Genetic modification of these cells in vivo represents a potential method for the treatment of these conditions. In this report, we describe a novel technique for the genetic transduction of synovial lining cells in vivo using recombinant adenoviral vectors and intraarticular injection techniques. Purified high titer suspensions of a recombinant adenoviral vector containing the gene for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (AdCMVlacZ) were directly injected into the hind knees of New Zealand white rabbits. Synovial tissues were then examined for transgenic lacZ expression using a combination of in situ staining for beta-galactosidase activity, immunohistochemical staining, and transmission electron microscopy. High efficiency gene transfer and lacZ expression was observed in both type A and type B synoviocytes throughout the articular and periarticular synovium of the rabbit knee, with continued expression of transgenic lacZ detected for > or = 8 wk after infection.
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Davidson BL, Doran SE, Shewach DS, Latta JM, Hartman JW, Roessler BJ. Expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and rat HPRT in the CNS of Macaca mulatta following adenoviral mediated gene transfer. Exp Neurol 1994; 125:258-67. [PMID: 8313940 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1994.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to the caudate nucleus of Macaca mulatta was accomplished using stereotactic injection of two distinct recombinant Ad5 vectors containing the gene for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and the cDNA for rat hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosylphosphotransferase (HPRT), respectively. Multiple analyses (including immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, RNA in situ hybridization, nucleotide pool analysis, and enzyme assay) confirmed efficient expression of beta-galactosidase and rat HPRT. Transgene expression was evident in both neurons and glia. Clinically, no evidence of meningitis or cerebritis was observed and no focal neurological deficits were detected in the animal. These preliminary studies indicate that recombinant adenovirus is capable of mediating high level transgene expression to the brains of higher order mammals.
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Baragi VM, Renkiewicz RR, Jordan H, Bonadio J, Hartman JW, Roessler BJ. Transplantation of transduced chondrocytes protects articular cartilage from interleukin 1-induced extracellular matrix degradation. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2454-60. [PMID: 7593634 PMCID: PMC185898 DOI: 10.1172/jci118303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy used in the context of delivering a therapeutic gene(s) to chondrocytes offers a new approach for treating chondrocyte-mediated cartilage degradation associated with various human arthropathies including osteoarthritis. In this study, gene delivery to human osteoarthritis chondrocytes in monolayer culture was demonstrated using two adenoviral vectors (Ad.CMVlacZ and Ad.RSVntlacZ) carrying the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase marker gene, and a third vector (Ad.RSV hIL-1ra) containing the cDNA for human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. At an moi of 10(3) plaque-forming units/chondrocyte, > 90% of the infected cells stained positive for E. coli beta-galactosidase activity, indicating a high efficiency of transduction. Genetically modified chondrocytes were then transplanted onto the articular surface of osteoarthritic cartilage organ cultures with and without the underlying subchondral bone. Both in situ staining of the cartilage organ cultures for E. coli beta-galactosidase activity and examination by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the transplanted chondrocytes adhered and integrated into the articular surface and continued to express transgenic protein. Chondrocytes transduced with Ad.RSV hIL-1ra and seeded onto the surface of osteoarthritic cartilage secreted high levels of biologically active IL-1 receptor antagonist. The Ad.RSV hIL-1ra-treated cartilage samples were resistant to IL1-induced proteoglycan degradation over 10 d of sustained organ culture. These data demonstrate that transplantation of transduced chondrocytes onto the articular surface protects cartilage from IL-1-induced extracellular matrix degradation.
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Bielinska AU, Yen A, Wu HL, Zahos KM, Sun R, Weiner ND, Baker JR, Roessler BJ. Application of membrane-based dendrimer/DNA complexes for solid phase transfection in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2000; 21:877-87. [PMID: 10735464 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study a general description of the use of solid support membranes as the device for DNA delivery mediated by PAMAM dendrimers is presented. In contrast to the other DNA carriers, dendrimer/DNA complexes retain the ability to transfect after drying, which enabled coating or incorporation of complexes into poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) or collagen-based bioerodable membranes. These studies provide support for the use of this technology for in vitro and in vivo transfection of skin cells. Expression of luciferase or green fluorescent protein from pCF1-Luc and pEGFP1 plasmids indicated that dendrimer/DNA complexes can mediate transfection after dissociation from the solid support and/or when retained on the surface of the membranes. Modification of the membranes by incorporation of an anionic lipid, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) at 1-5% concentrations, resulted in more efficient in situ transfection, particularly with dendrimer/DNA complexes formed at the low charge ratios (1-5). We also report data supporting the feasibility of membrane-based dendrimer/DNA complexes, particularly formed at lower than neutralizing conditions, for topical in vivo delivery of DNA to hairless mouse skin.
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Wu H, Ramachandran C, Weiner ND, Roessler BJ. Topical transport of hydrophilic compounds using water-in-oil nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm 2001; 220:63-75. [PMID: 11376968 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of water-in-oil nanoemulsions were prepared using sorbitan monooleate (Span80), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween80), olive oil and water. The nanoemulsions were tested for their ability to facilitate transport of a model hydrophilic solute, inulin, across hairless and hairy mouse skin and hairy rat skin following topical in vitro application. The transport of inulin incorporated in water-in-oil nanoemulsions was found to be significantly higher (5- to 15-fold) than that obtained with micellar dispersions or aqueous controls. The rate and extent of inulin transport across hairy mouse skin was found to be highly dependent on the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of the surfactant mixture in the nanoemulsion. Nanoemuslions prepared using mixtures with lower HLB exhibited significantly higher rate and extent of transport. It was also found that nanoemulsion-mediated transport was independent of molecular size of the hydrophilic solute and the nature of the aqueous phase. More importantly, transport of inulin from nanoemulsions was independent of animal skin characteristics such as stratum corneum thickness and follicle-type. The combined results suggest that water-in-oil nanoemulsions that are compatible with the lipophilic sebum environment of the hair follicle facilitate efficient transport of incorporated hydrophilic solutes and imply that such transport is predominantly transfollicular in nature.
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Abstract
Since 1982 seven patients at Stanford University Medical Center have been shown to have prosthetic-valve endocarditis caused by Legionella pneumophila or L. dumoffii. We studied the clinical features of legionella endocarditis at the time of diagnosis and performed a case-control study to analyze risk factors for the infection. All patients with endocarditis had a chronic course (3 to 19 months after surgery) of fever, night sweats, weight loss, and anemia, but no embolic events or immune-complex deposition disease. Five patients required surgical replacement of their infected prosthetic valves. The case-control study revealed that during the early postoperative period, patients who later contracted legionella endocarditis were more likely to have had symptoms and signs attributable to postcardiomyotomy syndrome than were patients who did not contract endocarditis (P less than 0.013). Examination of the legionella isolates by means of molecular techniques demonstrated that the Stanford L. pneumophila isolates were genotypically identical to isolates from the hospital drinking water. L. dumoffii isolates from patients with endocarditis were derived from a single strain apparently unique to this medical center. We conclude that legionella infection was nosocomially acquired in the perioperative period. These cases demonstrate an expanding spectrum of illness caused by legionella species and emphasize the need to consider legionella as a cause of "culture-negative" endocarditis.
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Raphael Y, Frisancho JC, Roessler BJ. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer into guinea pig cochlear cells in vivo. Neurosci Lett 1996; 207:137-41. [PMID: 8731440 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of ganglion cells is a common and irreversible complication of hair cell loss in the cochlea. Gene transfer could potentially be used to prevent this neuronal degeneration and other pathologies in the cochlea. Human adenoviruses should provide a feasible gene transfer vehicle for transducing the quiescent cochlear neurons and organ of Corti epithelium. We now describe in vivo experiments in which a replication-deficient adenoviral vector, Ad.RSVntlacZ was injected into the perilymphatic fluid of six normal guinea pigs. Postoperative recovery of animals was complete. Inner ear tissues were assessed for histology and for presence of lacZ-positive cells 1 or 2 weeks after the injection. A large number of blue (lacZ-positive) cells were observed in the neural, epithelial and connective tissues of the cochlea. In four ears spiral ganglion cell infection exceeded 50%, throughout the length of the cochlear spiral. No major pathology was detected in the organ of Corti and other cochlear tissues, and no infection was present in the vestibular tissues or the contralateral cochlea. Immunocytochemical assessment of T cells revealed an increased in the number of lymphocytes in the connective tissue lining the perilymphatic spaces. We conclude that efficient gene transfer into multiple types of cochlear cells in vivo can be achieved without major morphological signs of pathology or toxicity.
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Pang L, Ye W, Che XM, Roessler BJ, Betz AL, Yang GY. Reduction of inflammatory response in the mouse brain with adenoviral-mediated transforming growth factor-ss1 expression. Stroke 2001; 32:544-52. [PMID: 11157195 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.2.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background and Purpose-Chemokines have been shown to play an important role in leukocyte and monocyte/macrophage infiltration into ischemic regions. The purpose of this study is to identify whether overexpression of the active human transforming growth factor-ss1 (ahTGF-ss1) can downregulate expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and reduce ischemic brain injury. METHODS -Overexpression of transforming growth factor-ss1 (TGF-ss1) was achieved through adenoviral gene transfer. Five days after adenoviral transduction, the mouse underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 1 to 7 days of reperfusion. TGF-ss1, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and ICAM-1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Infarct areas and volumes were measured by cresyl violet staining. RESULTS -MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha expression is increased after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and double-labeled immunostaining revealed that MCP-1 is colocalized with neurons and astrocytes. Viral-mediated TGF-ss1 overexpression was significantly greater at measured time points, with a peak at 7 to 9 days. The expression of MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha, but not ICAM-1, was reduced in the mice overexpressing ahTGF-ss1 (P:<0.05). Furthermore, infarct volume was significantly reduced in the mice overexpressing ahTGF-ss1 (P:<0.05). CONCLUSIONS -This study demonstrates that MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha expressed in the ischemic region may play an important role in attracting inflammatory cells. The reduction of MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha, but not ICAM-1, in the mice overexpressing ahTGF-ss1 suggests that the neuroprotective effect of TGF-ss1 may result from the inhibition of chemokines during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.
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Baragi VM, Renkiewicz RR, Qiu L, Brammer D, Riley JM, Sigler RE, Frenkel SR, Amin A, Abramson SB, Roessler BJ. Transplantation of adenovirally transduced allogeneic chondrocytes into articular cartilage defects in vivo. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1997; 5:275-82. [PMID: 9404472 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(97)80023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer to chondrocytes followed by intra-articular transplantation may allow for functional modulation of chondrocyte biology and enhanced repair of damaged articular cartilage. We chose to examine the loss of chondrocytes transduced with a recombinant adenovirus containing the gene for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (Ad.RSVntlacZ), followed by transplantation into deep and shallow articular cartilage defects using New Zealand White rabbits as an animal model. A type I collagen matrix was used as a carrier for the growth of the transduced chondrocytes and to retain the cells within the surgically created articular defects. Histochemical analysis of matrices recovered from the animals 1, 3 and 10 days after implantation showed the continued loss of lacZ positive chondrocytes. The number of cells recovered from the matrices was also compared with the initial innoculum of transduced cells present within the matrices at the time of implantation. The greatest loss of transduced cells was observed in the first 24 h after implantation. The numbers of transduced cells present within the matrices were relatively constant between 1 and 3 days postimplantation, but had progressively declined by 10 days postimplantation. These results suggest that transduction of chondrocytes followed by intra-articular transplantation in this rabbit model may enable us to examine the biological effects of focal transgenic overexpression of proteins involved in cartilage homeostasis and repair.
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Roessler BJ, Hartman JW, Vallance DK, Latta JM, Janich SL, Davidson BL. Inhibition of interleukin-1-induced effects in synoviocytes transduced with the human IL-1 receptor antagonist cDNA using an adenoviral vector. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6:307-16. [PMID: 7779914 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.3-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present data showing that a recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad.RSVIL-1ra) containing the cDNA for human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra) can genetically modify synoviocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Human synoviocytes infected with Ad.RSVIL-1ra in vitro expressed and secreted high levels of human IL-1ra that were detected by ELISA of tissue culture supernatants. New Zealand White rabbits that received intra-articular injections of Ad.RSVIL-1ra expressed transgenic IL-1ra in synoviocytes, and secretion was detected for at least 4 weeks post-infection. Further, biological activity of the transgenic IL-1ra was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit IL-1-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in vitro and IL-1-induced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation in vivo. These data demonstrate that recombinant adenoviral vectors can mediate the intra-articular expression of anti-inflammatory proteins and may be a reasonable method to deliver therapeutically relevant proteins for the regional treatment of synovial inflammation.
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McCoy RD, Davidson BL, Roessler BJ, Huffnagle GB, Janich SL, Laing TJ, Simon RH. Pulmonary inflammation induced by incomplete or inactivated adenoviral particles. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6:1553-60. [PMID: 8664380 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.12-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to pulmonary-directed gene therapy using adenoviral vectors is the induction of inflammation. We investigated whether the adenoviral particles that constitute the initial inoculum can serve as an inflammatory stimulus, independent of their ability to express genes that they contain. Viral particles were prepared that are defective in gene expression by (i) isolating particles that have incomplete genomes by selecting those that have buoyant densities on CsCl density gradients lighter than complete viruses; and (ii) cross-linking viral DNA by exposure to ultraviolet light in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen. The defective particles retained their icosahedral appearance when viewed by electron microscopy but lost their plaque-forming ability on 293 cells. High doses of intact, incomplete, or inactivated viral particles were instilled intratracheally into CBA/J mice, and after 6 days the amount of inflammation was quantified by counting inflammatory cells contained within lung tissue. We found that the inflammatory responses induced by the incomplete or inactivated viral vectors were quantitatively similar to those caused by intact, competent viral vectors. We conclude that high doses of adenoviral vectors that are used for gene therapy can induce pulmonary inflammation, independent of expressing the genes they contain.
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Doran SE, Ren XD, Betz AL, Pagel MA, Neuwelt EA, Roessler BJ, Davidson BL. Gene expression from recombinant viral vectors in the central nervous system after blood-brain barrier disruption. Neurosurgery 1995; 36:965-70. [PMID: 7791989 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199505000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct intracerebral injection of recombinant adenoviral vectors within the brain parenchyma or the ventricular system results in a limited volume of distribution of virus, as demonstrated by transgene expression. Global delivery to the central nervous system may increase the use of these vectors but only if the viral vectors can cross the blood-brain barrier and result in transduction of the underlying cells. This short-term study examines whether osmotic disruption with mannitol can result in sufficient opening of the vascular endothelium to allow for passage of replication-defective adenovirus containing the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ). Virus was injected into the carotid artery of rats after blood-brain barrier disruption with intracarotid hypertonic mannitol, and the animals were killed and analyzed after 4 days. Histochemical analysis and electron microscopy confirmed expression of the E. coli lacZ gene in the pericapillary astrocytes of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and deep grey matter. Furthermore, the extent of gene transfer and expression correlated with the degree of barrier opening, as measured by Evans blue staining. Transgene expression was not seen in control animals that received intracarotid saline before recombinant virus injection. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that blood-brain barrier disruption can allow for the delivery of functional viral vectors to the central nervous system.
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Hagan P, Barks JD, Yabut M, Davidson BL, Roessler B, Silverstein FS. Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces susceptibility to excitotoxic brain injury in perinatal rats. Neuroscience 1996; 75:1033-45. [PMID: 8938739 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In seven-day-old rats, intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate transiently stimulates expression of Interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA. To evaluate the role of Interleukin-1 beta in the pathogenesis of excitotoxic injury, we sought to determine if Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, an endogenous competitive inhibitor of Interleukin-1 beta, could attenuate N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced injury. To induce sustained over-expression of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the brain, a recombinant adenovirus encoding Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist was administered by intracerebroventricular injection into three-day-old rats. Increased brain concentrations of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist two to six days later were documented by assays of tissue homogenates and by immunocytochemistry. To evaluate the impact of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity, three-day-old animals received intracerebroventricular injections of either adenovirus encoding Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist or a control adenovirus encoding beta-galactosidase, followed four days later by right intrastriatal injections of N-methyl-D-aspartate (10 nmol/0.5 microliter), a dose that typically elicits excitotoxic injury in the ipsilateral striatum and adjacent hippocampus, or saline. Animals were killed five days later, and brain damage was quantitated by measurement of bilateral cross-sectional areas of the striatum and anterior hippocampus. In three independent experiments, in N-methyl-D-aspartate-lesioned animals, both striatal and hippocampal injuries were reduced in animals that had been infected with adenovirus that encoded Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in comparison with littermates infected with the control adenovirus (right striatal volume loss ranged from 16 to 24%, compared with 54-65% volume loss in control). There was no striatal atrophy in adenovirus-infected saline-injected animals. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that Interleukin-1 beta is a mediator of excitotoxic brain injury in perinatal rats.
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Croyle MA, Roessler BJ, Hsu CP, Sun R, Amidon GL. Beta cyclodextrins enhance adenoviral-mediated gene delivery to the intestine. Pharm Res 1998; 15:1348-55. [PMID: 9755884 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011985101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In general, the intestinal epithelium is quite refractory to viral and non-viral methods of gene transfer. In this report, various cyclodextrin formulations were tested for their ability to enhance adenoviral transduction efficiency in two models of the intestinal epithelium: differentiated Caco-2 cells and rat jejunum. METHODS Transduction efficiency of replication-deficient adenovirus type 5 vectors encoded with either the E. coli beta-galactosidase or the jellyfish green fluorescent protein gene was assessed by X-gal staining or visualization of fluorescence 48 hours after infection. In vivo experiments were performed using an intestinal loop ligation technique. RESULTS Several formulations of neutral and positively charged beta cyclodextrins significantly enhanced adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in the selected models. The cyclodextrin formulations studied increased adenoviral transduction in the intestine by enhancing both viral binding and internalization. Viral binding was significantly increased on cell membranes treated with positively charged cyclodextrins, as seen with confocal microscopy and rhodamine-labeled virus. Permeability studies and TEER readings revealed that the most successful formulations gently disrupt cell membranes. This enhances internalization of viral particles and results in increased levels of gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These formulations can be of value in gene transfer to cells and tissues in which adenoviral infection is limited due to a lack of fiber and alpha(v) integrin receptors. They are simple to prepare and do not affect the ability of the virus to transduce target cells.
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Yamasoba T, Yagi M, Roessler BJ, Miller JM, Raphael Y. Inner ear transgene expression after adenoviral vector inoculation in the endolymphatic sac. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:769-74. [PMID: 10210144 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950018526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer has been performed in a variety of organs. In the mammalian inner ear, viral vectors have been used to introduce exogenous reporter genes via the scala tympani into the cochlea. While scala tympani inoculation is clinically feasible, it is not without risks. Moreover, transgene expression has so far been restricted to the cochlear tissues in the perilymphatic spaces that are contiguous with the scala tympani. To achieve gene transfer of vestibular organs and cells surrounding the endolymphatic space, and to extend the clinical utility of inner ear gene therapy, we developed a new surgical approach for vector inoculation. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector, Ad.RSVntlacZ, was injected into the guinea pig endolymphatic sac. A large number of blue (LacZ-positive) cells was observed in the endolymphatic sac and duct, the vestibule, and the ampulla. Blue cells were also detected in the cochlea, mainly in cells bordering the endolymphatic space: marginal cells in the stria vascularis and supporting cells in the organ of Corti. These findings indicate that inoculation of viral vectors into the endolymphatic sac can provide efficient gene transfer into a variety of cell types that are not accessible via scala tympani inoculation.
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Roessler BJ, Davidson BL. Direct plasmid mediated transfection of adult murine brain cells in vivo using cationic liposomes. Neurosci Lett 1994; 167:5-10. [PMID: 8177529 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)91015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the anatomic and physiologic isolation of the brain. Direct injection techniques circumvent this, and allow delivery of transgenes to specific areas of the CNS. Previously, direct transfection of cellular components of the CNS has been achieved using plasmid DNA. We report the use of cationic liposomes as a means of transfecting plasmids into adult mammalian brain. Using the gene for E. coli beta-galactosidase or the cDNA or human beta-glucuronidase as reporters, we demonstrate plasmid mediated gene transfer into the caudate putamen of adult mice with expression of the transgene for at least 21 days post-transfection.
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Croyle MA, Roessler BJ, Davidson BL, Hilfinger JM, Amidon GL. Factors that influence stability of recombinant adenoviral preparations for human gene therapy. Pharm Dev Technol 1998; 3:373-83. [PMID: 9742558 DOI: 10.3109/10837459809009865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This report identifies formulation and processing factors that influence stability of viral preparations such as selection of appropriate buffer systems, cryoprotectants, and cooling rates. Adenovirus type 5 containing the lacZ marker gene was suspended in combinations of trehalose, sorbitol, sucrose, mannitol, glycine, CaCl2, and gelatin. X-gal stains of 293 cells were used to determine the lac-forming units (lfu)/ml of each preparation before and after treatments. Phosphate-buffered solutions (except those containing sucrose or trehalose) demonstrated a drop of 3 pH units upon freezing regardless of cryoprotectant used. Tris-buffered solutions demonstrated a variation in pH which was dependent upon chosen cryoprotectant, with 1 M trehalose exhibiting no change and a 5% mannitol/10 mM CaCl2 combination showing a 3-unit drop in pH. 4-[2-Hydroxyethyl]-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered solutions showed little change in initial pH when frozen regardless of cryoprotectant chosen. In solution, adenovirus was not affected by incubation for 24 hr in buffers ranging from pH 4 to 8. However, when the solutions were frozen, the number of remaining infectious virions was dependent upon the final pH of the suspending medium. Cryoprotectant solutions that significantly maintained viral stability during a single freeze--thaw cycle were 0.5 M sucrose, 0.5 M trehalose, and 10% sorbitol/0.4% gelatin. Long-term stability studies were performed at 4 degrees C with lyophilized sorbital/gelatin and sucrose preparations. Both formulations provided adequate stability for the adenovirus, with 2.6 and 5.6 x 10(11) lfu/ml detected 150 days after drying, respectively.
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Becker MA, Heidler SA, Bell GI, Seino S, Le Beau MM, Westbrook CA, Neuman W, Shapiro LJ, Mohandas TK, Roessler BJ. Cloning of cDNAs for human phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetases 1 and 2 and X chromosome localization of PRPS1 and PRPS2 genes. Genomics 1990; 8:555-61. [PMID: 1962753 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90043-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cloned cDNAs representing the entire, homologous (80%) translated sequences of human phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) 1 and PRS 2 cDNAs were utilized as probes to localize the corresponding human PRPS1 and PRPS2 genes, previously reported to be X chromosome linked. PRPS1 and PRPS2 loci mapped to the intervals Xq22-q24 and Xp22.2-p22.3, respectively, using a combination of in situ chromosomal hybridization and human x rodent somatic cell panel genomic DNA hybridization analyses. A PRPS1-related gene or pseudogene (PRPS1L2) was also identified using in situ chromosomal hybridization at 9q33-q34. Human HPRT and PRPS1 loci are not closely linked. Despite marked cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence homology, human PRS 1 and PRS 2 isoforms are encoded by genes widely separated on the X chromosome.
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Wu H, Ramachandran C, Bielinska AU, Kingzett K, Sun R, Weiner ND, Roessler BJ. Topical transfection using plasmid DNA in a water-in-oil nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm 2001; 221:23-34. [PMID: 11397564 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression plasmids encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or human interferon-alpha2 cDNA were formulated in water-in-oil nanoemulsions and applied to murine skin. The histological location of transfected cells was assessed by in situ DNA PCR and showed that the deposition of plasmid DNA was primarily in follicular keratinocytes. Transgene expression in the skin was monitored for 24-72 h, following topical application of either single or multiple daily doses by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. It was found that transgene expression was optimal at 24 h following topical application of a single dose of water-in-oil nanoemulsion containing plasmid DNA. Dose-response studies using a total dose of 3, 10 or 30 microg of plasmid DNA suggested that topical transfection using nanoemulsions is subject to both threshold and saturation effects. None of the cationic liposome formulations tested as controls mediated transgenic protein expression at levels higher than background values of the ELISAs used to assay transgenic protein. Single and multiple dose experiments using human interferon-alpha2 as a transgene indicated that the efficiency of nanoemulsion mediated transfection was most effective in the context of normal versus atrophic hair follicles. In addition, the total amount of human interferon-alpha2 present in skin appeared to accumulate as a consequence of multiple dosing. Histologic evaluation of treated skin showed no overt signs of toxicity or irritation associated with the short-term application of the nanoemulsions. The results suggest that water-in-oil nanoemulsions can be used to facilitate transfection of follicular keratinocytes in vivo.
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Abstract
Gene transfer is an exciting new tool in medical therapy and scientific investigation, but only very recently has it begun to be developed in the auditory system. This paper describes in vivo and ex vivo experiments using an adenoviral vector (Ad. RSVntlacZ), which is a replication-deficient virus based on a human adenoviral (serotype 5) genomic backbone. The in vivo experiments demonstrate successful gene transfer into multiple types of cochlear cells. We observed a relatively efficient transduction, several weeks of sustained transgene expression and an absence of major lethal cytotoxicity in spiral ganglion and epithelial cells of the cochlea in adult animals. The ex vivo experiments were performed using fibroblasts transduced in vitro with Ad. RSVntlacZ. Two weeks after inoculation of the fibroblasts into the perilymph, we observed transplanted fibroblasts, which were adherent to the lining of the perilymphatic spaces, and were expressing the lacZ transgene. We speculate that, as the genetic basis of degenerative cochlear diseases is characterized on a mutational level, transgene expression will allow us to test hypotheses regarding the effects of specific genes on cochlear cell biology. Gene transfer will not only increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of hearing loss, but also may provide gene therapy for disease.
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Croyle MA, Walter E, Janich S, Roessler BJ, Amidon GL. Role of integrin expression in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to the intestinal epithelium. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:561-73. [PMID: 9525317 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.4-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are being developed for oral delivery of therapeutic genes to the intestine. Initial studies in the rat using mucolytics and direct application of adenovirus encoded with the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene to the jejunum produced limited gene expression. The goal of this study was to determine the role of integrins in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to the intestinal epithelium. Integrins are involved in cellular differentiation and tight junction formation and mediate adenoviral internalization. Results from Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells suggest that, as enterocytes differentiate, cell-surface integrin expression decreases. Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with RGD peptides reduced adenoviral transduction efficiency by 80% in undifferentiated cells and 20% in differentiated cells. Both differentiated and undifferentiated IEC-18 cells showed a 70% drop in transduction when pretreated with the peptide. Infection inhibition studies with monoclonal antibodies further suggest that alpha(v)beta3 and alpha6beta1 integrins play significant roles in adenoviral internalization in the intestine. Expression of integrins in cell culture models of the intestine correlated with in vivo expression in intestinal segments. These results indicate that the ileum is a prime target for efficient adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in the rat. To enhance transduction in differentiated enterocytes (probable targets for oral gene delivery), Caco-2 cells were treated with interleukin-1beta (a cytokine known to increase integrin expression) prior to administration of the virus. Transduction efficiency increased four-fold.
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