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Carletti L, Sinobad M, Ma P, Yu Y, Allioux D, Orobtchouk R, Brun M, Ortiz S, Labeye P, Hartmann JM, Nicoletti S, Madden S, Luther-Davies B, Moss DJ, Monat C, Grillet C. Mid-infrared nonlinear optical response of Si-Ge waveguides with ultra-short optical pulses. Opt Express 2015; 23:32202-32214. [PMID: 26699010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the nonlinear optical response of low loss Si(0.6)Ge(0.4) / Si waveguides in the mid-infrared between 3.3 μm and 4 μm using femtosecond optical pulses. We estimate the three and four-photon absorption coefficients as well as the Kerr nonlinear refractive index from the experimental measurements. The effect of multiphoton absorption on the optical nonlinear Kerr response is evaluated and the nonlinear figure of merit estimated providing some guidelines for designing nonlinear optical devices in the mid-IR. Finally, we compare the impact of free-carrier absorption at mid-infrared wavelengths versus near-infrared wavelengths for these ultra-short pulses.
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2
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Carletti L, Ma P, Yu Y, Luther-Davies B, Hudson D, Monat C, Orobtchouk R, Madden S, Moss DJ, Brun M, Ortiz S, Labeye P, Nicoletti S, Grillet C. Nonlinear optical response of low loss silicon germanium waveguides in the mid-infrared. Opt Express 2015; 23:8261-8271. [PMID: 25968664 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the nonlinear optical response of low loss Si(0.6)Ge(0.4) / Si waveguides in the mid-infrared wavelength range from 3.25- 4.75μm using picosecond optical pulses. We observed and measured the three and four-photon absorption coefficients as well as the Kerr nonlinear refractive index. The dynamics of the spectral broadening suggests that, in addition to multiphoton absorption, the corresponding higher order nonlinear refractive phenomena also needs to be included when high optical pulse intensities are used at mid-infrared wavelengths in this material.
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3
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Madden S, Jin Z, Choi D, Debbarma S, Bulla D, Luther-Davies B. Low loss coupling to sub-micron thick rib and nanowire waveguides by vertical tapering. Opt Express 2013; 21:3582-3594. [PMID: 23481815 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.003582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly nonlinear planar glass waveguides have been shown to be useful for all optical signal processing. However, the typical SMF-28 fiber to waveguide coupling loss of ~5dB/end remains a barrier to practical implementation. Low loss coupling to a fiber using vertical tapering of the waveguide film is analyzed for rib and nanowire waveguides and experimentally demonstrated for ribs showing polarization and wavelength independence over >300nm bandwidth. Tapers with essentially zero excess loss led to total losses from the waveguide to fiber core of 1.1dB per facet comprising only material absorption (0.75dB) and mode overlap loss (0.36dB), both of which can be eliminated with improvements to processing and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madden
- Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Laser Physics Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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4
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Kaban I, Jóvári P, Wang RP, Luther-Davies B, Mattern N, Eckert J. Structural investigations of Ge5As(x)Se(95-x) and Ge15As(x)Se(85-x) glasses using x-ray diffraction and extended x-ray fine structure spectroscopy. J Phys Condens Matter 2012; 24:385802. [PMID: 22945236 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/38/385802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The structure of Ge(5)As(x)Se(95-x) (x = 10, 20, 30, 38 at.%) and Ge(15)As(x)Se(85-x) (x = 10, 25, 34 at.%) glasses has been investigated by high-energy x-ray diffraction and extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements. The experimental datasets have been modelled using the reverse Monte Carlo simulation technique. The model atomic configurations have been analysed in detail. It has been found that the homonuclear Ge-Ge, As-As, Se-Se and heteronuclear Ge-As bonds play an important role in the structure formation of the Ge-As-Se glasses. The total number of these bonds decreases quite slowly with the mean coordination number similarly to the nonlinear refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kaban
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Gai X, Wang RP, Xiong C, Steel MJ, Eggleton BJ, Luther-Davies B. Near-zero anomalous dispersion Ge11.5As24Se64.5 glass nanowires for correlated photon pair generation: design and analysis. Opt Express 2012; 20:776-786. [PMID: 22274423 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass nanowire waveguides with near-zero anomalous dispersion should be capable of generating correlated photon-pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing at frequencies detuned by over 17 THz from the pump where Raman noise is absent. In this region we predict a photon pair correlation of >100, a figure of merit >10 and brightness of ~8×10(8) pairs/s over a bandwidth of >15 THz in nanowires with group velocity dispersion of <5 ps∙km(-1) nm(-1). We present designs for double-clad Ge(11.5)As(24)Se(64.5) glass nanowires with realistic tolerance to fabrication errors that achieve near-zero anomalous dispersion at a 1420 nm pump wavelength. This structure has a fabrication tolerance of 80-170 nm in the waveguide width and utilizes a SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) layer deposited by atomic layer deposition to compensate the fabrication errors in the film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gai
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia.
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6
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Pant R, Li E, Choi DY, Poulton CG, Madden SJ, Luther-Davies B, Eggleton BJ. Cavity enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering in an optical chip for multiorder Stokes generation. Opt Lett 2011; 36:3687-3689. [PMID: 21931433 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of on-chip cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Cascaded SBS is characterized in a 4 cm long chalcogenide (As₂S₃) rib waveguide where the end facet reflections provide a monolithic Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator. The presence of the FP cavity reduces the Brillouin gain threshold, which enables observation of cascaded SBS at reduced pump powers. We observe up to three orders of Stokes waves in the backscattered signal at a coupled peak power of 1.34 W. Anti-Stokes waves due to four-wave mixing between the pump and the Stokes wave were observed in the forward spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pant
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Pelusi MD, Luan F, Choi DY, Madden SJ, Bulla DAP, Luther-Davies B, Eggleton BJ. Optical phase conjugation by an As(2)S(3) glass planar waveguide for dispersion-free transmission of WDM-DPSK signals over fiber. Opt Express 2010; 18:26686-26694. [PMID: 21165019 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.026686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of optical phase conjugation (OPC) transmission of phase encoded and wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) signals by the Kerr effect in a planar structured waveguide. The phase conjugated electric field of the signal is produced by four wave mixing pumped by a CW laser during co-propagating with the signal in a highly nonlinear waveguide fabricated in As(2)S(3) glass. Experiments demonstrate the capability of the device to perform dispersion-free transmission through up to 225 km of standard single mode fiber for a 3 × 40 Gb/s WDM signal, with its channels encoded as return-to-zero differential phase shift keying and spaced either 100 or 200 GHz apart. This work represents an important milestone towards demonstrating advanced signal processing of high-speed and broadband optical signals in compact planar waveguides, with the potential for monolithic optical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pelusi
- ARC Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, IPOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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8
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Vo TD, Hu H, Galili M, Palushani E, Xu J, Oxenløwe LK, Madden SJ, Choi DY, Bulla DAP, Pelusi MD, Schröder J, Luther-Davies B, Eggleton BJ. Photonic chip based transmitter optimization and receiver demultiplexing of a 1.28 Tbit/s OTDM signal. Opt Express 2010; 18:17252-17261. [PMID: 20721113 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.017252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate chip-based Tbaud optical signal processing for all-optical performance monitoring, switching and demultiplexing based on the instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity in a dispersion-engineered As(2)S(3) planar waveguide. At the Tbaud transmitter, we use a THz bandwidth radio-frequency spectrum analyzer to perform all-optical performance monitoring and to optimize the optical time division multiplexing stages as well as mitigate impairments, for example, dispersion. At the Tbaud receiver, we demonstrate error-free demultiplexing of a 1.28 Tbit/s single wavelength, return-to-zero signal to 10 Gbit/s via four-wave mixing with negligible system penalty (< 0.5 dB). Excellent performance, including high four-wave mixing conversion efficiency and no indication of an error-floor, was achieved. Our results establish the feasibility of Tbaud signal processing using compact nonlinear planar waveguides for Tbit/s Ethernet applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Vo
- ARC Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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9
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Vo TD, Pelusi MD, Schröder J, Luan F, Madden SJ, Choi DY, Bulla DAP, Luther-Davies B, Eggleton BJ. Simultaneous multi-impairment monitoring of 640 Gb/s signals using photonic chip based RF spectrum analyzer. Opt Express 2010; 18:3938-3945. [PMID: 20389406 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of simultaneous multi-impairment monitoring at ultrahigh bitrates using a THz bandwidth photonic-chip-based radio-frequency (RF) spectrum analyzer. Our approach employs a 7 cm long, highly nonlinear (gamma approximately 9900 /W/km), dispersion engineered chalcogenide planar waveguide to capture the RF spectrum of an ultrafast 640 Gb/s signal, based on cross-phase modulation, from which we numerically retrieve the autocorrelation waveform. The relationship between the retrieved autocorrelation trace and signal impairments is exploited to simultaneously monitor dispersion, in-band optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and timing jitter from a single measurement. This novel approach also offers very high OSNR measurement dynamic range (> 30 dB) and is scalable to terabit data rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Vo
- ARC Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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10
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Pelusi MD, Vo TD, Luan F, Madden SJ, Choi DY, Bulla DAP, Luther-Davies B, Eggleton BJ. Terahertz bandwidth RF spectrum analysis of femtosecond pulses using a chalcogenide chip. Opt Express 2009; 17:9314-9322. [PMID: 19466183 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.009314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of the use of an RF spectrum analyser with multi-terahertz bandwidth to measure the properties of femtosecond optical pulses. A low distortion and broad measurement bandwidth of 2.78 THz (nearly two orders of magnitude greater than conventional opto-electronic analyzers) was achieved by using a 6 cm long As(2)S(3) chalcogenide waveguide designed for high Kerr nonlinearity and near zero dispersion. Measurements of pulses as short as 260 fs produced from a soliton-effect compressor reveal features not evident from the pulse's optical spectrum. We also applied an inverse Fourier transform numerically to the captured data to re-construct a time-domain waveform that resembled pulse measurement obtained from intensity autocorrelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pelusi
- ARC Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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11
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Orbons SM, Haftel MI, Schlockermann C, Freeman D, Milicevic M, Davis TJ, Luther-Davies B, Jamieson DN, Roberts A. Dual resonance mechanisms facilitating enhanced optical transmission in coaxial waveguide arrays. Opt Lett 2008; 33:821-823. [PMID: 18414544 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and computationally demonstrate high transmission through arrays of coaxial apertures with different geometries and arrangements in silver films. By studying both periodic and random arrangements of apertures, we were able to isolate transmission enhancement phenomena owing to surface plasmon effects from those owing to the excitation of cylindrical surface plasmons within the apertures themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Orbons
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Rode AV, Gamaly EG, Luther-Davies B, Taylor BT, Graessel M, Dawes JM, Chan A, Lowe RM, Hannaford P. Precision ablation of dental enamel using a subpicosecond pulsed laser. Aust Dent J 2008; 48:233-9. [PMID: 14738125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2003.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report the use of ultra-short-pulsed near-infrared lasers for precision laser ablation of freshly extracted human teeth. The laser wavelength was approximately 800nm, with pulsewidths of 95 and 150fs, and pulse repetition rates of 1kHz. The laser beam was focused to an approximate diameter of 50microm and was scanned over the tooth surface. The rise in the intrapulpal temperature was monitored by embedded thermocouples, and was shown to remain below 5 degrees C when the tooth was air-cooled during laser treatment. The surface preparation of the ablated teeth, observed by optical and electron microscopy, showed no apparent cracking or heat effects, and the hardness and Raman spectra of the laser-treated enamel were not distinguishable from those of native enamel. This study indicates the potential for ultra-short-pulsed lasers to effect precision ablation of dental enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rode
- Research School of Physical Science and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
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13
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Boschetto D, Gamaly EG, Rode AV, Luther-Davies B, Glijer D, Garl T, Albert O, Rousse A, Etchepare J. Small atomic displacements recorded in bismuth by the optical reflectivity of femtosecond laser-pulse excitations. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:027404. [PMID: 18232923 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.027404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Subtle atomic motion in a Bi crystal excited by a 35 fs-laser pulse has been recovered from the transient reflectivity of an optical probe measured with an accuracy of 10(-5). Analysis shows that a novel effect reported here-an initial negative drop in reflectivity-relates to a delicate coherent displacement of atoms by the polarization force during the pulse. We also show that reflectivity oscillations with a frequency coinciding with that of cold Bi are related to optical phonons excited by the electron temperature gradient through electron-phonon coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boschetto
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
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14
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Madden SJ, Choi DY, Bulla DA, Rode AV, Luther-Davies B, Ta'eed VG, Pelusi MD, Eggleton BJ. Long, low loss etched As(2)S(3) chalcogenide waveguides for all-optical signal regeneration. Opt Express 2007; 15:14414-14421. [PMID: 19550720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.014414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and optical properties of etched highly nonlinear As(2)S(3) chalcogenide planar rib waveguides with lengths up to 22.5 cm and optical losses as low as 0.05 dB/cm at 1550 nm - the lowest ever reported. We demonstrate strong spectral broadening of 1.2 ps pulses, in good agreement with simulations, and find that the ratio of nonlinearity and dispersion linearizes the pulse chirp, reducing the spectral oscillations caused by self-phase modulation alone. When combined with a spectrally offset band-pass filter, this gives rise to a nonlinear transfer function suitable for all-optical regeneration of high data rate signals.
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15
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16
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Kolev VZ, Duering MW, Luther-Davies B, Rode AV. Compact high-power optical source for resonant infrared pulsed laser ablation and deposition of polymer materials. Opt Express 2006; 14:12302-12309. [PMID: 19529658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel tuneable table-top optical source as an alternative to the free electron laser currently used for resonant infrared pulsed laser deposition of polymers. It is based on two-stage pulsed optical parametric amplification using MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. Gain in excess of 10(6) in the first stage and pump depletion of 58% in the second stage were achieved when the system was pumped by a high-power Nd:YVO(4) picosecond laser source at 1064 nm and seeded by a CW tuneable diode laser at 1530 nm. An average power of 2 W was generated at 3.5 microm corresponding to 1.3 microJ pulse energy.
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17
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Kolev VZ, Duering MW, Luther-Davies B. Corrections to refractive index data of stoichiometric lithium tantalate in the 5-6 microm range. Opt Lett 2006; 31:2033-5. [PMID: 16770423 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.002033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose corrections to the coefficients in the published Sellmeier equation for stoichiometric LiTaO3 [Opt. Lett.28, 194 (2003)] that allow the extension of the wavelength range within the region of midinfrared absorption edge up to 6 microm. The required extraordinary refractive index data for this range were obtained using single-pass optical parametric fluorescence measurements with a pump wavelength of 1064.4 nm. We also observed efficient parasitic second-harmonic generation that could affect some quasi-phase-matching interactions. The corrected Sellmeier equation improves the accuracy of poling period calculations where the idler wavelength is within the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Z Kolev
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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18
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Juodkazis S, Nishimura K, Tanaka S, Misawa H, Gamaly EG, Luther-Davies B, Hallo L, Nicolai P, Tikhonchuk VT. Laser-induced microexplosion confined in the bulk of a sapphire crystal: evidence of multimegabar pressures. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:166101. [PMID: 16712248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.166101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high pressures (approximately 10 TPa) and temperatures (5 x 10(5) K) have been produced using a single laser pulse (100 nJ, 800 nm, 200 fs) focused inside a sapphire crystal. The laser pulse creates an intensity over 10(14) W/cm2 converting material within the absorbing volume of approximately 0.2 microm3 into plasma in a few fs. A pressure of approximately 10 TPa, far exceeding the strength of any material, is created generating strong shock and rarefaction waves. This results in the formation of a nanovoid surrounded by a shell of shock-affected material inside undamaged crystal. Analysis of the size of the void and the shock-affected zone versus the deposited energy shows that the experimental results can be understood on the basis of conservation laws and be modeled by plasma hydrodynamics. Matter subjected to record heating and cooling rates of 10(18) K/s can, thus, be studied in a well-controlled laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Juodkazis
- CREST-JST and Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21-W10, CRIS Building, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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19
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Ta'eed V, Moss D, Eggleton B, Freeman D, Madden S, Samoc M, Luther-Davies B, Janz S, Xu D. Higher order mode conversion via focused ion beam milled Bragg gratings in Silicon-on-Insulator waveguides. Opt Express 2004; 12:5274-5284. [PMID: 19484087 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first Bragg gratings fabricated by Focused Ion Beam milling in optical waveguides. We observe striking features in the optical transmission spectra of surface relief gratings in silicon-on-insulator waveguides and achieve good agreement with theoretical results obtained using a novel adaptation of the beam propagation method and coupled mode theory. We demonstrate that leaky Higher Order Modes (HOM), often present in large numbers (although normally not observed) even in nominally single mode rib waveguides, can dramatically affect the Bragg grating optical transmission spectra. We investigate the dependence of the grating spectrum on grating dimensions and etch depth, and show that our results have significant implications for designing narrow spectral width gratings in high index waveguides, either for minimizing HOM effects for conventional WDM filters, or potentially for designing devices to capitalize on very efficient HOM conversion.
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20
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Rode AV, Gamaly EG, Luther-Davies B, Taylor BT, Graessel M, Dawes JM, Chan A, Lowe RM, Hannaford P. Precision ablation of dental enamel using a subpicosecond pulsed laser. Aust Dent J 2003. [PMID: 14738125 DOI: 10.1063/1.1495896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report the use of ultra-short-pulsed near-infrared lasers for precision laser ablation of freshly extracted human teeth. The laser wavelength was approximately 800nm, with pulsewidths of 95 and 150fs, and pulse repetition rates of 1kHz. The laser beam was focused to an approximate diameter of 50microm and was scanned over the tooth surface. The rise in the intrapulpal temperature was monitored by embedded thermocouples, and was shown to remain below 5 degrees C when the tooth was air-cooled during laser treatment. The surface preparation of the ablated teeth, observed by optical and electron microscopy, showed no apparent cracking or heat effects, and the hardness and Raman spectra of the laser-treated enamel were not distinguishable from those of native enamel. This study indicates the potential for ultra-short-pulsed lasers to effect precision ablation of dental enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rode
- Research School of Physical Science and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
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21
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Kolev VZ, Lederer MJ, Luther-Davies B, Rode AV. Passive mode locking of a Nd:YVO4 laser with an extra-long optical resonator. Opt Lett 2003; 28:1275-1277. [PMID: 12885045 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a mode-locked, diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser with a very long optical cavity operating at 1064 nm. High-modulation, InGaAs quantum-well, semiconductor saturable-absorber mirrors were used for passive mode locking, providing a stable train of 13-ps pulses. A novel zero-q-transformation multipass cell provided a variable-length optical cavity as much as 100 m long. The output beam had M2 < 1.1 at average powers of 4.1, 3.9, and 3.5 W at repetition rates of 4.1, 2.6, and 1.5 MHz, respectively. To the best of our knowledge the last of these is the lowest repetition rate ever generated directly from a mode-locked nonfiber solid-state laser without cavity dumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Z Kolev
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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22
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Lederer MJ, Hildebrandt M, Kolev VZ, Luther-Davies B, Taylor B, Dawes J, Dekker P, Piper J, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Passive mode locking of a self-frequency-doubling Yb:YAl(3) (BO(3))(4) laser. Opt Lett 2002; 27:436-438. [PMID: 18007826 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report passive mode-locking experiments with a novel self-doubling laser crystal Yb:YAl(3)(BO(3))(4) (Yb:YAB). The diode-pumped laser was mode locked by an ion-implanted semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. Far off phase matching, soliton mode locking produced pulse widths of 198 fs to 1.4 ps, with up to 660-mW output and optical efficiency of 24% at 1040 nm. The shortest pulses had a peak power of 28 kW with 440-mW average power and 16% efficiency. A few degrees off phase matching, a total of 60 mW of green femtosecond pulses was generated simultaneously. Close to phase matching, the laser produced picosecond pulses and, without infrared output, a total of 270 mW of green output, corresponding to 10% conversion efficiency (absorbed pump to green output).
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Feliz M, Garriga JM, Llusar R, Uriel S, Humphrey MG, Lucas NT, Samoc M, Luther-Davies B. Synthesis, structure, and optical-limiting properties of heterobimetallic [M(3)CuS(4)] cuboidal clusters (M = Mo or W) with terminal phosphine ligands. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:6132-8. [PMID: 11703110 DOI: 10.1021/ic010098y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cubane-type clusters of formula [Mo(3)CuS(4)Cl(4)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (4), [Mo(3)CuS(4)Br(4)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (5), and [W(3)CuS(4)Br(4)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (6) have been prepared by reacting the incomplete cuboidal trimers [Mo(3)S(4)Cl(3)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (1), [Mo(3)S(4)Br(3)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (2), and [W(3)S(4)Br(3)(dmpe)(3)](PF(6)) (3), respectively, with CuX (X = Cl or Br) or the mononuclear copper complex [Cu(CH(3)CN)(4)](+) in THF. The reaction takes place without global changes in the metal oxidation states, and compounds 4-6 with a [M(3)CuS(4)](5+) core possess 16 e(-) for metal-metal bonding. X-ray structural analysis of 4-6 revealed an effective C(3v) symmetry for the M(3)Cu unit with the M-M distances being statistically the same for M = Mo or W. However, the M-Cu distance is 0.04 and 0.1 A longer than the M-M bond length for Mo and W, respectively. There is no significant structural rearrangement of the ligand-metal bonding in proceeding from [M(3)S(4)X(3)(dmpe)(3)](+) to [M(3)CuS(4)X(4)(dmpe)(3)](+). The cyclic voltammograms of the [Mo(3)CuS(4)] cubane clusters show one quasi-reversible reduction process at E(1/2) = -0.31 V for 4 and at E(1/2) = -0.23 V for 5 and one irreversible reduction at -0.69 and -0.58 V for 4 and 5, respectively. The tungsten cluster 6 shows a unique quasi-reversible reduction wave at E(1/2) = -0.71 V. The incorporation of copper into the incomplete [M(3)S(4)] cuboidal complexes produces a decrease of the reduction potential for both molybdenum and tungsten. Absorption spectra of 1-6 are broadly similar; replacing Mo by W in proceeding from 2 to 3 or from 5 to 6 and replacing Br by Cl in proceeding from 2 to 1 or from 5 to 4 results in a blue shift of the three UV-visible absorption bands. All six clusters exhibit optical limiting, as measured by the Z-scan technique at 523 nm using 40 ns pulses. The power-limiting mechanism remains obscure, but under the conditions employed, threshold-limiting fluence decreases on replacing W by Mo on proceeding from 3 to 2 or 6 to 5 and on proceeding from tetranuclear cluster (4-6) to trinuclear precursor (1-3, respectively). For all six clusters, values of the excited-state cross section sigma(eff) are larger than those of the corresponding ground-state cross section sigma(0); i.e., all clusters are efficient optical limiters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feliz
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, P.O. Box 224, Castelló, Spain
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Rode AV, Samoc M, Luther-Davies B, Gamaly EG, Macdonald KF, Zheludev NI. Dynamics of light-induced reflectivity switching in gallium films deposited on silica by pulsed laser ablation: errata. Opt Lett 2001; 26:852. [PMID: 18040472 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Rode AV, Samoc M, Luther-Davies B, Gamaly EG, Macdonald KF, Zheludev NI. Dynamics of light-induced reflectivity switching in gallium films deposited on silica by pulsed laser ablation. Opt Lett 2001; 26:441-443. [PMID: 18040347 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present what is to our knowledge the first experimental study of light-induced reflectivity changes at an alpha-Ga/Si interface irradiated by femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses. After exposure, the reflectivity can increase from R?0.55 , which is typical for alpha-Ga , to R?0.8 , which is close to that of liquid Ga. The initial step in the reflectivity change of 2-4 ps is resolved with 150-fs laser pulses. The light-induced reflectivity change relaxes during 100ns-10 mus , depending strongly on the background temperature of the Ga mirror and the laser fluence.
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Desyatnikov AS, Neshev D, Ostrovskaya EA, Kivshar YS, Krolikowski W, Luther-Davies B, García-Ripoll JJ, Pérez-García VM. Multipole spatial vector solitons. Opt Lett 2001; 26:435-437. [PMID: 18040345 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of multipole spatial optical vector solitons associated with higher-order guided modes trapped by a soliton-induced waveguide in a bulk medium. Such stationary localized waves include previously predicted vortex- and dipole-mode vector solitons and also describe new higher-order vector solitons and necklace-type beams. We present the theoretical and experimental results of the structure, formation, and instability development of the quadrupole vector solitons.
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Ell R, Morgner U, Kãârtner FX, Fujimoto JG, Ippen EP, Scheuer V, Angelow G, Tschudi T, Lederer MJ, Boiko A, Luther-Davies B. Generation of 5-fs pulses and octave-spanning spectra directly from a Ti:sapphire laser. Opt Lett 2001; 26:373-375. [PMID: 18040328 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spectra extending from 600 to 1200 nm have been generated from a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser producing 5-fs pulses. Specially designed double-chirped mirror pairs provide broadband controlled dispersion, and a second intracavity focus in a glass plate provides additional spectral broadening. These spectra are to our knowledge the broadest ever generated directly from a laser oscillator.
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Krolikowski W, Ostrovskaya EA, Weilnau C, Geisser M, McCarthy G, Kivshar YS, Denz C, Luther-Davies B. Observation of dipole-mode vector solitons. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:1424-1427. [PMID: 10970520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental observation of a novel type of optical vector soliton, a dipole-mode soliton, recently predicted theoretically. We show that these vector solitons can be generated in a photorefractive medium employing two different processes: a phase imprinting, and a symmetry-breaking instability of a vortex-mode vector soliton. The experimental results display remarkable agreement with the theory, and confirm the robust nature of these radially asymmetric two-component solitary waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krolikowski
- Laser Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Krolikowski W, Luther-Davies B, McCarthy G, Bledowski A. Analytical solution for photorefractive screening solitons. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 61:2010-2014. [PMID: 11046490 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study formation and interaction of one-dimensional screening solitons in a photorefractive medium with sublinear dependence of the photoconductivity on light intensity. We find an exact analytical solution to the corresponding nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We show that these solitons are stable in propagation and their interaction is generic for solitons of saturable nonlinearity. In particular, they may fuse or "give birth" to new solitons upon collision.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krolikowski
- Australian Photonics Cooperative Research Centre, Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Abstract
We study the interaction of an optical vortex soliton with a dark-soliton stripe in a bulk nonlinear defocusing medium. We develop a multiscale asymptotic theory to predict the main effect of the interaction and then study it experimentally, observing vortex-induced stripe bending, development of the transverse instability, and stripe breakup.
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Samoc M, Samoc A, Luther-Davies B, Woodruff M. The concept of guiding light with light and negative third-order optical nonlinearities of organics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/5/5/021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Samoc M, Samoc A, Luther-Davies B, Reisch H, Scherf U. Saturable absorption in poly(indenofluorene): a picket-fence polymer. Opt Lett 1998; 23:1295-1297. [PMID: 18087503 DOI: 10.1364/ol.23.001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(indenofluorene) shows a strong degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) response when it is excited with 100-fs pulses at 800 nm. The DFWM signal scales with the 1.5 power of the input intensity, which we interpret as being due to absorption saturation phenomena. The saturation was studied by open-aperture Z scan in dilute solutions of poly(indenofluorene) in chloroform. The changes in the absorption coefficient alpha are described by the formula alpha = alpha(0)/[1 + (I/I(sat))(1/2)], where I(sat) is the saturation intensity, which is found to be of the order of 100>MW/cm(2).
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Akhmediev NN, Ankiewicz A, Lederer MJ, Luther-Davies B. Ultrashort pulses generated by mode-locked lasers with either a slow or a fast saturable-absorber response. Opt Lett 1998; 23:280-282. [PMID: 18084485 DOI: 10.1364/ol.23.000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a new exact solution for ultrashort pulses generated by passively mode-locked lasers, taking into account the slow and the fast parts of the semiconductor saturable-absorber response in the nonsaturated limit.
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Abstract
We investigate experimentally the interaction of two-dimensional solitary beams in photorefractive strontium barium niobate crystal. We show that simultaneous collision of many solitons can result in complete annihilation of some of them. This effect depends on the relative phases of the solitons and may be useful for application in the formation of multiport waveguide junctions.
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Królikowski W, Akhmediev N, Luther-Davies B, Cronin-Golomb M. Self-bending photorefractive solitons. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1996; 54:5761-5765. [PMID: 9965764 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Experimental demonstration of the steering of an optical vortex soliton by the superposition of a weak coherent background field is presented. A model to account for vortex motion is derived, and its validity is verified experimentally and numerically.
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Tikhonenko V, Christou J, Luther-Davies B, Kivshar YS. Observation of vortex solitons created by the instability of dark soliton stripes. Opt Lett 1996; 21:1129-1131. [PMID: 19876275 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental observation to the authors' knowledge is reported of the generation of optical vortex solitons from instability and breakup of a dark soliton stripe propagating through a saturable self-defocusing nonlinear medium.
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Królikowski W, Akhmediev N, Luther-Davies B. Multimode structure of bright and dark vector solitons in photorefractive media. Opt Lett 1996; 21:782-784. [PMID: 19876157 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We study coupled solitary waves in a photorefractive medium. For a special orientation of a cubic photorefractive crystal, stationary wave propagation in the form of coupled dark and bright solitons is possible. We classify these solutions and study their stability, using numerical simulations.
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Tikhonenko V, Christou J, Luther-Davies B. Three dimensional bright spatial soliton collision and fusion in a saturable Nonlinear Medium. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:2698-2701. [PMID: 10060766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Samoc M, Samoc A, Luther-Davies B, Swiatkiewicz J, Jin CQ, White JW. Real and imaginary components of the third-order nonlinearity of polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonic salt. Opt Lett 1995; 20:2478. [PMID: 19865258 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Samoc A, Samoc M, Woodruff M, Luther-Davies B. Tuning the properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) for use in all-optical switching. Opt Lett 1995; 20:1241-1243. [PMID: 19859486 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We show that, as the conjugation length of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) increases, the ratio of its two-photon absorption coeff icient to third-order nonlinearity at 800 nm decreases, rendering the material suitable for alloptical switching.
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Yu W, Królikowski W, Luther-Davies B, Webster M, Austin M. Wave mixing and beam profile control in a photorefractive waveguide. Opt Lett 1995; 20:563-565. [PMID: 19859256 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photorefractive wave mixing in a waveguide geometry with nonguided external pumps has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Guided beam amplification has been obtained in an iron-doped lithium niobate waveguide. Additionally, photorefractive grating couplers that allow the transverse profile of the decoupled guided beam to be controlled are demonstrated.
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Luther-Davies B, Powles R, Tikhonenko V. Nonlinear rotation of three-dimensional dark spatial solitons in a Gaussian laser beam. Opt Lett 1994; 19:1816. [PMID: 19855663 DOI: 10.1364/ol.19.001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Yang X, Kivshar YS, Luther-Davies B, Andersen DR. Is two-photon absorption a limitation to dark soliton switching? Opt Lett 1994; 19:344-346. [PMID: 19829637 DOI: 10.1364/ol.19.000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that two-photon absorption does not always place a fundamental limitation on soliton devices: The steering angle, the key characteristic of switching devices based on the propagation of dark spatial solitons, is almost preserved as the intensity of the background wave decays in the presence of weak two-photon absorption.
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Królikowski W, Akhmediev N, Luther-Davies B. Darker-than-black solitons: Dark solitons with total phase shift greater than pi. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1993; 48:3980-3987. [PMID: 9961056 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Luther-Davies B, Rode AV. Pulsation of harmonic and K alpha emission from laser-produced plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1993; 47:2778-2784. [PMID: 9960310 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Luther-Davies B, Yang X. Steerable optical waveguides formed in self-defocusing media by using dark spatial solitons. Opt Lett 1992; 17:1755-1757. [PMID: 19798306 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that steerable, two-dimensional, single-mode optical waveguides can be formed in defocusing media by exciting dark spatial solitons.
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Wang Y, Luther-Davies B. Frequency-doubling pulse compressor for picosecond high-power neodymium laser pulses. Opt Lett 1992; 17:1459. [PMID: 19798213 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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