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Andrianopoulou S, Fiedler LS, Lippert BM, Bulut OC. A Retrospective 8-Year Single Institutional Study in Germany Regarding Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome of Malignant Parotid Tumors. Int J Surg Oncol 2024; 2024:7598063. [PMID: 39687544 PMCID: PMC11649345 DOI: 10.1155/ijso/7598063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study sought to comprehensively evaluate the diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes of individuals afflicted with malignant parotid tumors at a tertiary care otolaryngology department in Heilbronn, Germany, spanning the years 2010-2018. The primary objective was to juxtapose this dataset with findings from analogous single and multicenter investigations. We conducted a meticulous analysis of electronic medical records pertaining to 45 patients subjected to primary parotid cancer treatment. The male-to-female ratio was 3:2, with an average age of 61 years. Predominant histological types included mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas, with ultrasound emerging as the predominant diagnostic modality (97.8% sensitivity). Intraoperative frozen sections exhibited a high level of sensitivity. Notably, lymph node metastasis was prevalent in T3 tumors, frequently located intraparotid and at Neck level II. Solely one patient exhibited distant metastases (pulmonary). All patients underwent parotidectomy, and 29% necessitated a secondary procedure due to positive resection margins. Postoperative complications encompassed facial nerve palsy, seromas, and salivary fistulas. Adjuvant radiotherapy (38%) was recommended for high-grade tumors, T3/T4 stage, N+, perineural invasion (PNI), and positive or uncertain surgical margins. Neck dissection was executed in 67% of instances, with 20% revealing occult lymph node metastases. Recurrence manifested in 22% of patients, primarily as locoregional recurrence (80%) and distant metastases (20%). The 3-year recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) rates stood at 72.1%, 91.9%, and 87.5%, respectively. Noteworthy factors influencing RFS included preoperative facial palsy, T stage, resection margins, and PNI. In summary, the management of parotid cancer involving surgical interventions, neck dissection, and radiotherapy in high-risk patients yielded commendable outcomes with minimal complications, showcasing survival rates exceeding 70%. Timely diagnosis at an early stage is imperative for achieving tumor-free margins and enhancing survival rates. More assertive therapeutic strategies are advocated for cases presenting with preoperative facial nerve palsy and PNI.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Parotid Neoplasms/therapy
- Parotid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Parotid Neoplasms/pathology
- Parotid Neoplasms/surgery
- Female
- Middle Aged
- Retrospective Studies
- Germany/epidemiology
- Aged
- Adult
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/therapy
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/surgery
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/mortality
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Survival Rate
- Follow-Up Studies
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
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Werner JA, Lippert BM, Heissenberg MC, Rudert H. Laser delivery systems and laser instruments in otorhinolaryngology. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 49:27-30. [PMID: 7653379 DOI: 10.1159/000424333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lippert BM, Werner JA, Rudert H. Tissue effects of CO2 laser and Nd: YAG laser. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 49:1-4. [PMID: 7653338 DOI: 10.1159/000424326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Werner JA, Lippert BM, Hoffmann P, Rudert H. Nd: YAG laser therapy of voluminous hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 49:75-80. [PMID: 7653391 DOI: 10.1159/000424344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lippert BM, Werner JA. Reduction of hyperplastic turbinates with the CO2 laser. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 49:118-21. [PMID: 7653343 DOI: 10.1159/000424352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Fruth K, Hansen T, Katenkamp D, Mann W, Lippert BM. Recurrence of a laryngeal spindle cell sarcoma with a transformation into a higher grade of malignancy. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36:491-5. [PMID: 19121902 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary malignant mesenchymal neoplasms of the larynx are rare. Sarcomas of the larynx account for <1% of all malignant laryngeal mesenchymal neoplasms. This report examines a case of a recurring laryngeal, initial benign-appearing mesenchymal tumour, which first changed its clinical phenotype without any histological signs of malignancy and later also its histological appearance with signs of malignancy. Finally, it even underwent a transformation into a higher grade of malignancy. In addition to this, the difficulties of allocating this tumour to the correct sarcoma subentity are shown.
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Koutsimpelas D, Weber A, Lippert BM, Mann WJ. Multifocal adult rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: A case report and literature review. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008; 35:313-7. [PMID: 18248926 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Nutrition in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Malnutrition is common in patients with head and neck cancer. Due to natural course of disease or therapy, malnutrition may increase. This leads to a reduced prognosis, quality of life, and should be considered in early stages of the disease. First choice is an enteral feeding via a nasogastral feeding tube or a PEG. In special cases a parenteral nutrition may be necessary.
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Schadmand S, Haxel BR, Achenbach T, Lippert BM. Abdominelle Manifestation der hereditären hämorrhagischen Teleangiektasie (Morbus Rendu-Osler-Weber). ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2006; 178:359-62. [PMID: 16607576 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Görögh T, Berwig J, Scola N, Lippert BM. Differential regulation of MAPK (JNK 3) gene expression in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oncol Res Treat 2004; 27:353-7. [PMID: 15347889 DOI: 10.1159/000079087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JNK 3 gene encodes a protein which belongs to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, a group of molecules involved in signaling pathways. MATERIAL AND METHODS Messenger RNA extracted from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and normal upper aerodigestive tract mucosa keratinocytes was reversely transcribed. The resulting cDNA populations were subjected to an arbitrarily primed mRNA fingerprint. After electrophoresis, the band pattern was detected by autoradiography. RESULTS A 107 bp mRNA fragment was detected in HNSCC cells showing considerable repression in comparison with the benign phenotype. After cloning of this fragment, a database search revealed an exact homology with sequences belonging to the c-jun N-terminal MAP-10 kinase (JNK 3). Northern hybridization confirmed the distinctly reduced expression of this gene in HNSCC biopsies in contrast to adjacent normal mucosa. CONCLUSION The results show evidence that the expression of the JNK 3 gene is strongly repressed, suggesting that JNK 3 is implicated in carcinogenic processes in head and neck cancer.
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Teymoortash A, Bien S, Dalchow C, Sesterhenn A, Lippert BM, Werner JA. Selective High-Dose Intra-Arterial Cisplatin as Palliative Treatment for Incurable Head and Neck Cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2004; 27:547-51. [PMID: 15591713 DOI: 10.1159/000081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the palliative effect of selective intra-arterial chemotherapy in progressive unresectable head and neck cancer previously treated with radiochemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS 8 patients with advanced residual or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated. These patients were included in the present study particularly because of progredient pain and recurrent bleedings due to tumor progression. In addition 6/8 patients suffered from unpleasant tumor-related smell. All patients received simultaneous infusions of cisplatin (150 mg/m2) intra-arterially to the tumor and sodium thiosulfate intravenously (9 g/m2) for systemic neutralization of cisplatin. The patients were treated by at most 4 cycles of selective intra-arterial chemotherapy via femoral approach. RESULTS Tumor-associated pain, occurrence of tumor bleeding and tumor-related smell were reduced after at least 2 cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy in all patients. Clinical and radiological assessment of the primary tumor site revealed a partial response in 4 patients while 4 patients were classified as nonresponders. Intra-arterial cisplatin treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Selective intra-arterial cisplatin therapy can be delivered safely for palliation of tumor-related symptoms of incurable head and neck cancer.
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Lippert BM, Teymoortash A, Külkens C, Folz BJ, Werner JA. Photodynamic effects of anthracyclin derivatives on squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 34:391-7. [PMID: 15216532 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the last years, photodynamic therapy, performed with hematoporphyrin derivatives, gained in importance for the treatment of superficially situated malignomas. The use of hematoporphyrin as photosensitizer is limited especially by the low depth of penetration and its side effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with anthracyclin derivates in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The photodynamic effects of the anthracyclin derivates adriamycin and epirubicin as well as the effects of the hematoporphyrin derivatives photofrin-II and photosan-3 were examined and compared in 10 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines derived from head and neck tumors. RESULTS Beside their cytostatic effect, the applied cytostatics revealed a marked photodynamic effect. A statistically significant difference for photodynamic effects of both cytostatic agents and the hematoporphyrin derivates could not be shown. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that the above mentioned cytostatics could be considered as possible alternative photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Lippert BM, Folz BJ, Alfke H, Wagner J. Palliativbehandlung tumorbedingter Trachealstenosen und oesophagotrachealer Fisteln mit selbstexpandierenden Nitinolstents. Laryngorhinootologie 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-823269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Folz BJ, Cerra Wollstein A, Lippert BM, Dünne AA, Werner JA. Verteilungsmuster endonasaler Teleangiektasien bei M. Osler-Patienten mit rezidivierender Epistaxis. Laryngorhinootologie 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-823663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Teymoortash A, Hesse L, Werner JA, Lippert BM. Bilateral congenital dacryocystocele as a cause of respiratory distress in a newborn. Rhinology 2004; 42:41-4. [PMID: 15072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Newborns with respiratory distress and nasal obstruction must be examined for congenital dacryocystocele. This disease is caused by a stenosis in the proximal and distal area of the nasolacrimal duct and leads to a cystic dilatation of this duct. A case of a newborn with bilateral dacryocystocele and dyspnoea is presented. The otorhinolaryngologic as well as the paediatric examination could only reveal in the rhinoscopic examination a tumor of the left nasal cavity that partly obstructed the endonasal space. No other pathologic findings were detected. To clarify the origin and the localization of the tumor as well as to exclude an intracranial relation, a magnetic resonance imaging of the middle face and the frontal skull base was performed. After probe and rinsing of the lacrimal ducts the symptoms improved rapidly. In newborns with nasal obstruction a bilateral rhinoscopy of the lower nasal meatus is required to exclude the existence of a dacryocystocele.
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Cerra Wollstein A, Folz BJ, Sapunzhiev NR, Lippert BM, Werner JA. Kombinierte klinische Manifestationen einer medianen Halszyste und eines Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoms. Laryngorhinootologie 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-818889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dünne AA, Kim-Berger HS, Zimmermann S, Moll R, Lippert BM, Werner JA. Atypical mycobacterial tuberculosis--a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma? Case reports and review of the literature. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2003; 57:17-23. [PMID: 12741139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
In immunocompetent preschool children cervical lymphadenitis is a common clinical presentation of atypical mycobacteria. Its rapid diagnosis and treatment is still a challenge, because accurate diagnostic procedures for atypical mycobacteria are still not yet available in routine practice. Two children suffered from craniojugular (16 months old girl) and infraauricular (2.5 years old boy) located neck masses which showed resistance to the medical treatment. In the first case an abscess splitting took place initially, followed by an anti-tubercular drug treatment and necessary surgical reintervention. In the second case surgical removal of all involved lymph nodes, infiltrated surrounding soft tissue and involved skin areas were followed by medical treatment. In both cases presumed infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis was not confirmed, but atypical mycobacteria could be isolated both. In the first case atypical mycobacterium could be specified as mycobacterium avium complex and in the second case as mycobacterium malmoense. Both bacilli showed sensitivity towards medical treatment with clarithromycin, whereby in one case only the surgical reintervention led to a complete removal of clinical symptomatic. In cases of presumed tuberculous neck lymph node infections differential diagnosis of an atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis should always be supposed, because medical and surgical treatment differ fundamentally.
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Lippert BM, Teymoortash A, Folz BJ, Werner JA. Wound healing after laser treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2003; 18:36-42. [PMID: 12627271 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-002-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The wound healing after laser surgery is delayed in contrast to conventional scalpel surgery. There are some animal studies, which investigated the effects of laser surgery upon wound healing, whereas clinical investigations on wound healing of human mucous membrane after laser surgery is missing. A histological study on the laryngeal mucosa of 11 patients after laser incisions who underwent emergent laser debulking surgery for acute airway obstruction and a clinical study of 24 patients with oral or oropharynx cancer who were treated by laser surgery were performed to investigate the course of wound healing. The histological findings showed that the beginning of wound healing was delayed after laser surgery. The duration of wound healing after laser surgical tumour resection revealed a clear dependence on the size of the initial defect. The average duration of wound healing after CO(2) laser surgery (32.8 +/- 9.2 days) was significantly shorter than after Nd:YAG laser surgery (40.4 +/- 9.2). Due to the more pronounced zone of necrosis at the base of the wound ground this effect is more evident using the Nd:YAG laser. However, the different course of wound healing with both laser systems does not seem to have a negative influence on functional results.
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Lippert BM, Teymoortash A, Folz BJ, Werner JA. Coagulation and temperature distribution in Nd: YAG interstitial laser thermotherapy: an in vitro animal study. Lasers Med Sci 2003; 18:19-24. [PMID: 12627268 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-002-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILTT) was performed increasingly for local destruction of different tumours. The proposal of the present study was the optimisation of the therapy-relevant ILTT parameters and laser application forms which are a prerequisite for the development of an optimal tumour treatment strategy. Laser-induced temperature changes and coagulation patterns with different laser light applicators (bare fibre, ring mode fibre, side fibre, diffuser fibre) were investigated on liver, spleen and tongue tissues of 26 adult pigs after interstitial thermotherapy with Nd: YAG laser. Analysis of experimental results on ILTT and tissue necrosis showed a dependence on laser exposure time, type of laser fibre and applied laser energy. The most homogeneous and extensive coagulation zone was seen after laser treatment with rather low energy over a longer time period.
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Teymoortash A, Külkens C, Werner JA, Lippert BM. [Sonographic features of a submandibular epidermoid cyst]. ULTRASCHALL IN DER MEDIZIN (STUTTGART, GERMANY : 1980) 2003; 24:261-263. [PMID: 12939692 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of a 23-year-old man with a few weeks history of a gradually enlarging mass of the right submandibular region. On palpation, the well-defined swelling had an engorged and elastic consistency. Sonography revealed a sharply defined mass with spherical and solid echorich lesions surrounded by areas of liquid. Histological examination of the resected tumour revealed an epidermoid cyst. The wall of the cyst was composed of stratified squamous epithelium with the cystic space containing keratin arranged in layers. Characteristic sonographic findings of epidermoid cysts regularly permit accurate preoperative diagnosis without the need for additional imaging procedures.
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Lippert BM, Eggers S, Schlüter E, Rudert H, Werner JA. Lipoma of the larynx. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2003; 56:669-74. [PMID: 12577479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Among the primary mesenchymal tumors of the hypopharynx and larynx lipomas are very rare, as they often look macroscopically like retention cysts. Up today approximately 112 cases have been described in literature. We present two further cases of laryngeal lipomas, which were removed endoscopically and by an external approach. Both patients were free of local recurrence.
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Lippert BM, Höft S, Teymoortash A, Wiedow O, Rövert J, Werner JA. Mycosis fungoides of the larynx: case report and review of the literature. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2003; 56:661-7. [PMID: 12577478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides is a rare cutaneous lymphoma. Dissemination to extra-cutaneous sites occurs at advanced stages of disease. Laryngeal manifestations of mycosis fungoides have been reported in only 13 cases in the available literature. We present a further calla of mycosis fungoides of the larynx at the terminal stage of disease with an additional manifestation in the left maxillary sinus and review the cases published to date. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of mycosis fungoides with laryngeal and paranasal sinus manifestation. Concluding from the present case and from literature therapy should be palliative to improve quality of life.
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Lippert BM, Gross U, Klein M, Külkens C, Klahr N, Brossmann P, Teymoortash A, Ney M, Doss MO, Werner JA. Excretion measurement of porphyrins and their precursors after topical administration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid for fluorescence endoscopy in head and neck cancer. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 113-114:75-85. [PMID: 15686109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a useful agent to enhance the detection of early epithelial lesions in head and neck cancers. It is applied either topically or systemically and converted intracellular into photosensitive protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). By ultraviolet light illumination malignant and fast proliferating lesions are detected by a characteristic red fluorescence and delineated by the bluish fluorescence of healthy tissue. To assess the elimination patterns 5-ALA, porphobilinogen (PBG) and porphyrin were measured 12h and 36h after administration in urine, 12h and 24h after examination in blood and in feces 12h after endoscopy. 5-ALA was applied either by inhalation (250 mg) or mouth rinse (200 mg). After both administration routes, excretion levels in urine returned to background levels within 12 hours after administration and only in feces values are slightly increased for PpIX and total porphyrin. Concentrations in erythrocytes were elevated, but not in plasma. No side effects were observed. According to our results the topical administration of 5-ALA is a useful method with satisfying fluorescence imaging results. Levels of metabolites in urine and plasma return to normal within 12 hours so that skin photosensitization can be neglected.
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Dunne AA, Plehn S, Schulz S, Levermann A, Ramaswamy A, Lippert BM, Werner JA. Lymph node topography of the head and neck in New Zealand White rabbits. Lab Anim 2003; 37:37-43. [PMID: 12626070 DOI: 10.1258/002367703762226674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the lymphogenic metastatic spread of VX2 carcinomas in New Zealand White rabbits require an exact knowledge of the topography of cervical and facial lymph nodes. The topography of neck lymph nodes was evaluated from 16 rabbits macroscopically, histologically and by lymphographic investigations, and the possibility of their surgical removal (neck dissection) was examined. The upper aerodigestive tract and the ear of New Zealand White rabbits drain via four consistent groups of 12-18 lymph nodes. Except for the paratracheal lymph node, they are all easily accessible to surgery. The data presented in this study encourage the use of induced VX2 carcinomas in New Zealand White rabbits as an animal model to study the lymphogenic metastatic spread of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Such investigations could lead to an improvement of surgical and pharmaceutical treatment of this tumour entity.
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