A Road Map toward Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor Technology for Early Stage Cancer Detection

Field effect transistor (FET)-based nanoelectronic biosensor devices provide a viable route for specific and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers, which can be used for early stage cancer detection, monitoring the progress of the disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapies. On the road to implementation of FET-based devices in cancer diagnostics, several key issues need to be addressed: sensitivity, selectivity, operational conditions, anti-interference, reusability, reproducibility, disposability, large-scale production, and economic viability. To address these well-known issues, significant research efforts have been made recently. An overview of these efforts is provided here, highlighting the approaches and strategies presently engaged at each developmental stage, from the design and fabrication of devices to performance evaluation and data analysis. Specifically, this review discusses the multistep fabrication of FETs, choice of bioreceptors for relevant biomarkers, operational conditions, measurement configuration, and outlines strategies to improve the sensing performance and reach the level required for clinical applications. Finally, this review outlines the expected progress to the future generation of FET-based diagnostic devices and discusses their potential for detection of cancer biomarkers as well as biomarkers of other noncommunicable and communicable diseases.

Poly(diphenylamine) and its Nanohybrids for Chemicals and Biomolecules Analysis: A Review

Background:

This is the first review on Poly(diphenylamine) and its nanohybrids which covers about 181 references demonstrating the brief discussion on the theoretical studies, chemical, electrochemical and other-phase preparation techniques, polymerization and oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, physicochemical and electrochemical properties along with electrochemical sensors and spectroscopic applications on the detection of chemicals and biomolecules analysis applications.

Objective:

The main aim of this detailed report is merely to afford a survey of the literature existing on this multifunctional conducting organic polymer (poly(diphenylamine)) that provokes a pathway to innovations and discoveries in the near future claim its applications in multidisciplinary fields, especially in the detection of chemicals and bio-molecules applications.

Methods:

We discussed the overall studies on poly(diphenylamine) and its various nanohybrids, including copolymers, homopolymers, carbon-based, and metal/metal-oxide hybrids. The different synthesis methods of poly(diphenylamine) such as chemical/electrochemical/mechano-chemical polymerization in terms of morphology and electrical conductivity were briefly discussed.

Conclusion:

This review manuscript deliberates the various synthesis approaches and applications based on the multifunctional conducting polymer poly(diphenylamine) and its nanohybrids. This review provides an outlook and challenges ahead that ignites spotlight to innovations and discoveries in the near future claim its applications in multidisciplinary fields, particularly in electrochemical sensors and spectroscopic applications towards the detection of chemicals and bio-molecules.