1
|
Kulkarni P, Basu R, Bonn T, Low B, Mazurek N, Kopchick JJ. Growth Hormone Upregulates Melanoma Drug Resistance and Migration via Melanoma-Derived Exosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2636. [PMID: 39123364 PMCID: PMC11311539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in melanoma is a major hindrance in cancer therapy. Growth hormone (GH) plays a pivotal role in contributing to the resistance to chemotherapy. Knocking down or blocking the GH receptor has been shown to sensitize the tumor cells to chemotherapy. Extensive studies have demonstrated that exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, play an important role in drug resistance by transferring key factors to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. In this study, we explore how GH modulates exosomal cargoes from melanoma cells and their role in drug resistance. We treated the melanoma cells with GH, doxorubicin, and the GHR antagonist, pegvisomant, and analyzed the exosomes released. Additionally, we administered these exosomes to the recipient cells. The GH-treated melanoma cells released exosomes with elevated levels of ABC transporters (ABCC1 and ABCB1), N-cadherin, and MMP2, enhancing drug resistance and migration in the recipient cells. GHR antagonism reduced these exosomal levels, restoring drug sensitivity and attenuating migration. Overall, our findings highlight a novel role of GH in modulating exosomal cargoes that drive chemoresistance and metastasis in melanoma. This understanding provides insights into the mechanisms of GH in melanoma chemoresistance and suggests GHR antagonism as a potential therapy to overcome chemoresistance in melanoma treatment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Low B, Saunders J, Othman A, McLoone P, Mohammed N, Ranford L, Smith K, Campbell W, Hunter B, Marshall G. PO-1087: Simultaneous integrated boost and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
3
|
Vrettos A, Al Saikhan L, Matiti L, Plymen C, Low B, Nihoyannopoulos P. P2457Left atrial strain parameters predict clinical outcomes in patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) are conditions sharing similar diagnostic criteria and symptoms. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction has often been considered central to the pathophysiology of both, as determined by current conventional echocardiographic measures of elevated filling pressure and/or an increased in left atrial (LA) volume. However, the independent prognostic importance of LA function, beyond clinical predictors and LV features, in those groups remains unclear.
Aims
To evaluate the prognostic value of LA function measured by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with new diagnosis of HFpEF and HFmrEF.
Methods
A total of 171 consecutive patients diagnosed with HFpEF with an Ejection Fraction (EF) ≥50%, or HFmrEF with an EF of 40–49% were prospectively enrolled and followed up. Follow-up was completed in 134 patients with HFpEF (n=100) and HFmrEF (n=34) for a median period of 57 months. Baseline characteristic and comorbidities were recorded, as well as conventional resting echocardiographic parameters of systolic and diastolic function. Left atrial phasic function was analysed using 2D-Specle Tracking. Peak-atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and peak-atrial contraction strain (PACS) were measured, reflecting LA reservoir and pump function respectively. We looked at the relationship of traditional parameters of systolic and diastolic function and LA strain, with the following cardiovascular (CV) events: acute coronary syndromes, new atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular events, HF-related admissions and cardiac deaths.
Results
During a median follow up period of 57 months (range 11.10), of 134 patients, 42 (31%) had at least one CV event, 10 (8%) out of whom had at least one HF-related hospitalization and 5 (4%) had cardiac death. 92 patients (69%) remained event-free. In univariate analysis, lower PALS and PACS were associated with increased risk for the composite endpoint of all CV-events (PALS OR=0.92 p<0.01 and PACS OR=0.92 p<0.05), but only PALS predicted HF admissions (PALS OR=0.86 p<0.05). In multivariate analysis after adjusting for LV EF, E/e' and LAVi, PALS remained significant at predicting CV-events (OR=0.91 p<0.05) and HF admissions (OR=0.85 p<0.05), but PACS did not. Amongst all echocardiographic parameters measured, PALS had the greatest Area Under the Curve at Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis (AUC=0.78 p<0.05) and a PALS value of <23% best predicted future HF-related admissions (sensitivity 0.9, specificity 0.6).
Conclusion
LA dysfunction in HFpEF and HFmrEF is associated with a higher risk of CV events and HF hospitalizations. The association of LA strain with HF hospitalization remained significant after adjustment for systolic and diastolic parameters.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hosur V, Low B, Wiles M. 826 Genetic deletion of amphiregulin restores the normal skin phenotype in a mouse model of the human skin disease tylosis. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Tay S, Lee TL, Low B, Lim A, Cheung P. AB0250 The value of referral letter information in predicting inflammatory arthritis – factors important for effective triaging. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Akhtar A, Jones C, Stafford J, Low B. Dissecting thoracic aneurysm: an unusual presentation. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2011; 72:533. [PMID: 22041839 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2011.72.9.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Hazel A, Foxman B, Low B. P1-S1.22 HSV-2 prevalence across a pastoral landscape: transmission and transition among the Himba and Tjimba populations. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
Low B, Lee W, Seneviratne CJ, Samaranayake LP, Hagg U. Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in 'fast' and 'slow' plaque formers. Eur J Orthod 2010; 33:577-83. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Franceschini MD, Rubenstein DI, Low B, Romero LM. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis as an indicator of stress during translocation and acclimation in an endangered large mammal, the Grevy's zebra. Anim Conserv 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Yamamoto K, Low B, Rutherford SA, Rajagopalan M, Madiraju MV. The Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex dnaB locus and protein intein splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:898-903. [PMID: 11162608 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intein is a protein sequence mebedded in-frame within a precursor protein and is posttranslationally excised by a self-catalytic protein splicing process. Protein splicing is believed to follow a pathway requiring Cys, Ser, or Thr residues at the intein N-terminus and substitutions other than Cys, Ser, or Thr residues prevent splicing. We show that the dnaB locus in some strains of M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) contains intein and that the intein N-terminal amino acid is Ala [Ala-type]. We demonstrate that the M. avium DnaB precursor protein undergoes posttranslational proteolytic processing producing proteins corresponding to the sizes of the DnaB and intein. Further, by Western analysis we detect a protein corresponding to the size of the spliced DnaB protein in MAC cell extracts. Together, these results indicate that the Ala-type MAC DnaB inteins can splice and provide another example that points to an interesting alternative splicing mechanism (Southworth, M. W., Benner, J., and Perler, F. B., EMBO J. 19, 5019-5026, 2000).
Collapse
|
11
|
Bermudes D, Low B, Pawelek J. Tumor-targeted Salmonella. Highly selective delivery vectors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 465:57-63. [PMID: 10810615 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46817-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered Salmonella offer an intriguing new approach to selectively target solid tumors, including melanoma, lung, colon, breast, kidney and liver. These bacteria target tumors after systemic administration and selectively replicate within them. Specificity for tumors is often more than 1,000 times greater than for any other tissue. Auxotrophic mutations make these bacteria highly safe and form the basis for maintaining tumor specificity. An altered lipid greatly reduces the potential for septic shock yet also retains the antitumor properties of these bacteria. These bacteria have innate antitumor activity towards both primary and metastatic tumors and the ability to deliver proteins capable of activating chemotherapeutic agents directly within tumors. The delay in tumor growth results in mice that survive up to twice as long. These bacteria are susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics, allowing external control of the vector after administration. The combination of these features within a single vector seems specially surprising considering their unlikely source.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bermudes D, Low B, Pawelek JM. Tumor-Targeted Salmonella: Strain Development and Expression of the HSV-tK Effector Gene. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2000; 35:419-436. [PMID: 21390821 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-086-1:419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches to cancer treatment have been limited by the ability of the delivery vectors to achieve specific high-level expression within tumor cells or the tumor environment following systemic administration. Numerous physical barriers exist in the delivery of therapeutic agents (including drugs, viruses, and liposomes) to solid tumors that can compromise the effectiveness (1), thus stimulating the search for alternative methods of delivery. Whereas it has been known for some time that spores of anaerobic Clostridium can germinate within the necrotic spaces of human tumors, they are limited to larger hypoxic tumors and are inaccessible to smaller metastases (2,3). The ability of motile, facultatively anaerobic Salmonella to target tumors following systemic administration, preferentially amplify within them, and express effector genes such as the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) makes them an attractive alternative to Clostridia, liposome and viral-based delivery vectors (4). These Salmonella were attenuated by poly-auxotrophic mutations, which limited their pathogenesis in normal tissues, but retained high-level replication within tumors, resulting in tumor suppression of both primary and metastatic tumors (4,5). The attenuating mutations were added stepwise following in vitro and in vivo selection and screening methods. Although live-attenuated vectors for use in humans requires defined genetic mutations, our experience has shown that combinations of point-mutations and frame-shift mutations allows for rapid isolation of strains with multiple mutations having desirable properties, which can later be defined and/ or stabilized. Bearing this in mind, we present the basic methodology for the development of tumor-targeting facultative anaerobes with effector gene delivery capabilities that we applied to Salmonella.
Collapse
|
13
|
Costanza R, Andrade F, Antunes P, Boersma D, Boesch DF, Catarino F, Hanna S, Limburg K, Low B, Molitor M, Pereira JG, Rayner S, Santos R, Wilson J, Young M. Principles for Sustainable Governance of the Oceans. Science 1998; 281:198-9. [PMID: 9660740 DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5374.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pressures being exerted on the ocean ecosystems through overfishing, pollution, and environmental and climate change are increasing. Six core principles are proposed to guide governance and use of ocean resources and to promote sustainability. Examples of governance structures that embody these principles are given.
Collapse
|
14
|
Roberts RM, Xie S, Nagel RJ, Low B, Green J, Beckers JF. Glycoproteins of the aspartyl proteinase gene family secreted by the developing placenta. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 362:231-40. [PMID: 8540323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1871-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy in cattle and sheep can be diagnosed by the presence of placentally-derived antigens (pregnancy-associated glycoproteins or PAG-1) in maternal serum soon after implantation begins at about Day 20 following conception. Molecular cloning of their cDNA has revealed that PAG-1 belong to the aspartic proteinase gene family and have about 50% amino acid sequence identity to pepsin. However, critical amino acid substitutions at the active site regions suggest that both bovine and ovine PAG-1 are enzymatically inactive. PAG-1 expression has been shown by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to be localized to the trophoblast binucleate cells, which invade maternal uterine endometrium during implantation. The glycoproteins are concentrated in dense cytoplasmic granules that are discharged after the binucleate cells have migrated to the maternal side of the placental barrier. We suggest, therefore, that the PAG-1 might have an endocrine function either as carriers of other bioactive peptides or by acting as hormones themselves. Recently screening of placental libraries with nucleic acid probes has identified additional cDNA that are very abundant and code for polypeptides (PAG-2 and PAG-3) related to, but antigenically and structurally distinct from PAG-1 described above. These molecules have sequences of amino acids at their catalytic centers that are consistent with their being potentially functional proteinases but their role during pregnancy, like that of PAG-1, is unclear.
Collapse
|
15
|
Isabel L, MacTaggart P, Graham A, Low B. Pyogenic psoas abscess. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1991; 61:857-60. [PMID: 1750822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a 12-month period, five cases of pyogenic psoas abscess presented to the Townsville General Hospital. These cases are presented, together with a review of the literature to illustrate the clinical features of this condition and the therapeutic challenge it may pose.
Collapse
|
16
|
Morgan S, Larossa R, Cheung A, Low B, Söll D. Regulation of biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases and of transfer-RNA in Escherichia coli. ARCHIVOS DE BIOLOGIA Y MEDICINA EXPERIMENTALES 1979; 12:415-26. [PMID: 45219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated temperature resistant revertants from temperature sensitive E. coli strains containing either a thermolabile glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase or leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Among the revertants which still contained the thermolabile leucyl-tRNA synthetase we found two classes of regulatory mutants (leuX and leu Y) which have elevated levels of this enzyme. The leuX mutation specifies an operator-promoter region adjacent to the structural gene (leuS) for the enzyme. The leuY gene maps away from the leuS gene and codes for a protein. Using these mutants we demonstrated that the levels of leucyl-tRNA are related to the derepression of the leucine and isoleucine-valine operons. Among the revertants which still contained the thermolabile glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase were characterized three classes of mutants, glnT, glnU, and glnR. The glnT and glnU mutants contain elevated levels of tRNAgln, while the glnR mutant possesses elevated levels of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The level of glutamine synthetase, the enzyme responsible for the formation of glutamine, is also derepressed in the glnT and glnR mutants.
Collapse
|
17
|
Porter RD, McLaughlin T, Low B. Transduction versus "conjuduction": evidence for multiple roles for exonuclease V in genetic recombination in Escherichia coli. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 1979; 43 Pt 2:1043-7. [PMID: 158457 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1979.043.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Low B, Shoham H. A walker shield for use in automatic elevators. Am J Occup Ther 1978; 32:109. [PMID: 629183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
19
|
Low B. Can mouthrinses kill oral bacteria? DENTAL STUDENT 1977; 55:44-5. [PMID: 282186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
20
|
Lloyd RG, Low B. Some genetic consequences of changes in the level of recA gene function in Escherichia coli K-12. Genetics 1976; 84:675-95. [PMID: 795714 PMCID: PMC1213602 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/84.4.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination was studied in E. coli mutants that carry lesions in the recA gene but retain some capacity for generating recombinant progeny. We observed that recombination was detectable only at a very low level during the incubation of leaky RecA- merozygotes in broth. However, recombination appeared to occur at much higher frequencies when recombinant progeny were assayed by selection on minimal agar. Analysis of the recombinants obtained with Hfr donors revealed a deficiency of multiple exchanges per unit length of DNA in leaky RecA- strains. In many of these crosses recombinants that inherited donor alleles close to the transfer origin were much reduced in frequency, except when the recipient was also RecB-.
Collapse
|
21
|
Georgopapadakou RH, Petrillo J, Scott AI, Low B. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis: N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine-induced mutants of Propionibacterium shermanii. Genet Res (Camb) 1976; 28:93-100. [PMID: 795726 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAn isolation method forN-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine-induced catalase negative mutants ofP. shermaniibased on replica plating is described. In contrast to previous methods, it extends to the early stages of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis which are common in both corrins and porphyrins. It may thus aid in elucidating the mechanism and control of porphyrin and corrin biosynthesis. Some preliminary results are discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Steege DA, Low B. Isolation and characterization of lambda transducing bacteriophages for the su1+ (supD minus) amber suppressor of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1975; 122:120-8. [PMID: 1091618 PMCID: PMC235648 DOI: 10.1128/jb.122.1.120-128.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized lambda transducing phages for the sul+ (supD-) amber suppressor in Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated, using a secondary site lambda-cI857 lysogen in which we have shown the prophage to be closely linked to sul+.sul+ transducing particles were detected frequently, at 10-5 per plaque-forming unit, in lysates prepared from the secondary-site lysogens. High-frequency transducing lysates were obtained from several independently isolated sul+ transductants and were analyzed by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The transducing phages are defective; marker rescue analysis indicates that the lambda-N gene is not present. In lambda-cI857DELTANdSul+, a bio-type transducing phage, the genes specifying recombination and excision functions have been replaced by bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bergentz SE, Carlsson S, Denneberg T, Ekberg M, Hagstam KE, Hellsten S, Lindholm T, Lindstedt E, Low B, Nettelblad SC. [Can diabetics undergo kidney transplantation]. LAKARTIDNINGEN 1974; 71:4933-5. [PMID: 4617058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
24
|
Lloyd RG, Low B, Godson GN, Birge EA. Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant with a temperature-sensitive recA- phenotype. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:407-15. [PMID: 4607624 PMCID: PMC245777 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.1.407-415.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutation that causes a temperature-sensitive RecA(-) phenotype was identified in a derivative of a PolA(-) strain that failed to grow at high temperature. The mutant allele (recA200) was shown to be linked to cysC, conferred a sharply temperature-sensitive, ultraviolet-sensitive Rec(-) phenotype in the range 35 to 42 C, and in crosses failed to show complementation at 42 C with Hfr's that transferred recA(-). Double mutants that carried both recA200 and polA were examined for ability to grow and synthesize DNA at restrictive temperatures.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rekers GA, Lovaas OI, Low B. The behavioral treatment of a "transsexual" preadolescent boy. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 1974; 2:99-116. [PMID: 4430820 DOI: 10.1007/bf00919093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|