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Hausken KN, Tizon B, Shpilman M, Barton S, Decatur W, Plachetzki D, Kavanaugh S, Ul-Hasan S, Levavi-Sivan B, Sower SA. Cloning and characterization of a second lamprey pituitary glycoprotein hormone, thyrostimulin (GpA2/GpB5). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 264:16-27. [PMID: 29678725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone (GpH) comprised of alpha (GpA2) and beta (GpB5) subunits was discovered in 2002 and called thyrostimulin for its ability to activate the TSH receptor in mammals, but its central function in vertebrates has not been firmly established. We report here the cloning and expression of lamprey (l)GpB5, and its ability to heterodimerize with lGpA2 to form a functional l-thyrostimulin. The full-length cDNA of lGpB5 encodes 174 amino acids with ten conserved cysteine residues and one glycosylation site that is conserved with other vertebrate GpB5 sequences. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses support that lGpB5 belongs to the vertebrate GpB5 clade. Heterodimerization of lGpB5 and lGpA2 was shown by nickel pull-down of histidine-tagged recombinant subunits. RNA transcripts of lGpB5 were detected in the pituitary of lampreys during both parasitic and adult life stages. Intraperitoneal injection with lGnRH-III (100 μg/kg) increased pituitary lGpA2, lGpB5, and lGpHβ mRNA expression in sexually mature, adult female lampreys. A recombinant l-thyrostimulin produced by expression of a fusion gene in Pichia pastoris activated lamprey GpH receptors I and II as measured by cAMP enzymeimmunoassay. In contrast to jawed vertebrates that have pituitary LH, FSH, and TSH, our data support that lampreys only have two functional pituitary GpHs, lGpH and l-thyrostimulin, which consist of lGpA2 and unique beta subunits. It is hypothesized that lGpH and l-thyrostimulin differentially regulate reproductive and thyroid activities in some unknown way(s) in lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist N Hausken
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Belen Tizon
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Michal Shpilman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shannon Barton
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Wayne Decatur
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - David Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Scott Kavanaugh
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Sabah Ul-Hasan
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stacia A Sower
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Gauthier SA, Tizon B, Sahoo S, Levy E. In vitro assays measuring protection by proteins such as cystatin C of primary cortical neuronal and smooth muscle cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 849:275-87. [PMID: 22528097 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-551-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cell culture models have been used to demonstrate the protective effects of cystatin C against a variety of insults, including the toxicity induced by oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ). Here, we describe assays quantifying cystatin C protective effects against cytotoxicity induced by nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, or cytotoxic forms of Aβ. Three methods for the evaluation of either cell death or cell survival are described: measurement of metabolic activity, cell death, and cell division. The cell culture models used are murine primary cortical neurons and murine primary cerebral smooth muscle cells. The effects of exogenously applied cystatin C are studied by comparing the viability of nonstressed control, stressed control, and cystatin C-treated stressed cells. The effect of endogenous level of cystatin C expression is studied by comparing stressed primary cells isolated from brains of cystatin C transgenic, cystatin C knockout, and wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Gauthier
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Neurodegeneration occurs in acute pathological conditions such as stroke, ischemia, and head trauma and in chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While the cause of neuronal death is different and not always known in these varied conditions, hindrance of cell death would be beneficial in the prevention of, slowing of, or halting disease progression. Enhanced cystatin C (CysC) expression in these conditions caused a debate as to whether CysC up-regulation facilitates neurodegeneration or it is an endogenous neuroprotective attempt to prevent the progression of the pathology. However, recent in vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that are dependent on inhibition of cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, or by induction of autophagy, induction of proliferation, and inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation. Here we review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced under various conditions. These data suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Tizon B, Sahoo S, Yu H, Gauthier S, Kumar AR, Mohan P, Figliola M, Pawlik M, Grubb A, Uchiyama Y, Bandyopadhyay U, Cuervo AM, Nixon RA, Levy E. Induction of autophagy by cystatin C: a mechanism that protects murine primary cortical neurons and neuronal cell lines. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9819. [PMID: 20352108 PMCID: PMC2843718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) expression in the brain is elevated in human patients with epilepsy, in animal models of neurodegenerative conditions, and in response to injury, but whether up-regulated CysC expression is a manifestation of neurodegeneration or a cellular repair response is not understood. This study demonstrates that human CysC is neuroprotective in cultures exposed to cytotoxic challenges, including nutritional-deprivation, colchicine, staurosporine, and oxidative stress. While CysC is a cysteine protease inhibitor, cathepsin B inhibition was not required for the neuroprotective action of CysC. Cells responded to CysC by inducing fully functional autophagy via the mTOR pathway, leading to enhanced proteolytic clearance of autophagy substrates by lysosomes. Neuroprotective effects of CysC were prevented by inhibiting autophagy with beclin 1 siRNA or 3-methyladenine. Our findings show that CysC plays a protective role under conditions of neuronal challenge by inducing autophagy via mTOR inhibition and are consistent with CysC being neuroprotective in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, modulation of CysC expression has therapeutic implications for stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Tizon
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Haung Yu
- Department of Pathology, Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Gauthier
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Asok R. Kumar
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Panaiyur Mohan
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Figliola
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Anders Grubb
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Urmi Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Multiple studies suggest that cystatin C (CysC) has a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a decrease in CysC secretion is linked to the disease in patients with a polymorphism in the CysC gene. CysC binds amyloid-beta (Abeta) and inhibits formation of Abeta fibrils and oligomers both in vitro and in mouse models of amyloid deposition. Here we studied the effect of CysC on cultured primary hippocampal neurons and a neuronal cell line exposed to either oligomeric or fibrillar cytotoxic forms of Abeta. The extracellular addition of the secreted human CysC together with preformed either oligomeric or fibrillar Abeta increased cell survival. While CysC inhibits Abeta aggregation, it does not dissolve preformed Abeta fibrils or oligomers. Thus, CysC has multiple protective effects in AD, by preventing the formation of the toxic forms of Abeta and by direct protection of neuronal cells from Abeta toxicity. Therapeutic manipulation of CysC levels, resulting in slightly higher concentrations than physiological could protect neuronal cells from cell death in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Tizon
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Elena M. Ribe
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Weiqian Mi
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Carol M. Troy
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Sahoo S, Tizon B, Figliola M, Levy E. O1‐03–08: Multiple mechanisms of neuroprotection by cystatin C: Inhibition of Aβ deposition, induction of autophagy, and induction of proliferation. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Department of PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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Tizon B, Yu H, Cuervo AM, Nixon RA, Levy E. P4–080: Cystatin C protects neuronal cells against amyloid–β induced cytotoxicity. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Tizon
- NYU School of Medicine, Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
| | - Haung Yu
- NYU School of Medicine, Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
| | | | - Ralph A. Nixon
- NYU School of Medicine, Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
| | - Efrat Levy
- NYU School of Medicine, Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
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Tizon B, Pawlik M, Levy E. P2-052 Copy number and level of overexpression of human cystatin C in transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Becerra M, Lombardia-Ferreira LJ, Hauser NC, Hoheisel J, Tizon B, Cerdan ME. The yeast transcriptome in aerobic and hypoxic conditions: effects of hap1, rox1, rox3 and srb10 deletions. Mol Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tizon B, Rodríguez-Torres AM, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Cadahia JL, Cerdan E. Identification of a putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by sequence analysis of a 6·8 kb DNA fragment of yeast chromosome VII. Yeast 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199609)12:10b<1047::aid-yea991>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Tizon B, Rodríguez-Torres M, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Cadahia JL, Cerdan E. Identification of a putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by sequence analysis of a 6.8 kb DNA fragment of yeast chromosome VII. Yeast 1996; 12:1047-51. [PMID: 8896269 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199609)12:10b%3c1047::aid-yea991%3e3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the sequence analysis of a 6.8 kb DNA fragment from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. This sequence contains five open reading frames (ORFs) greater than 100 amino acids. There is also an incomplete ORF flanking one of the extremes, G2868, which is the 3' end of the SCS3 gene (Hosaka et al., 1994). The translated sequence of ORF G2882 shows similarity to the human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Goyette et al., 1994). ORF G2889 shows no significant homologies with the sequences compiled in databases. ORF G2893 corresponds to the gene SUP44, coding for the yeast ribosomal protein S4 (All-Robin et al., 1990). G2873 and G2896 are internal ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tizon
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Spain
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Rodriguez-Belmonte E, Rodriguez-Torres AM, Tizon B, Cadahia JL, Gonzalez-Siso I, Ramil E, Becerra M, Gonzalez-Dominguez M, Cerdan E. Sequence analysis of a 10 kb DNA fragment from yeast chromosome VII reveals a novel member of the DnaJ family. Yeast 1996; 12:145-8. [PMID: 8686378 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199602)12:2<145::aid-yea888>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the sequence analysis of a 10 kb DNA fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. This sequence contains four complete open reading frames (ORFs) of greater than 100 amino acids. There are also two incomplete ORFs flanking the extremes: one of these, G2868, is the 5' part of the SCS3 gene (Hosaka et al., 1994). ORFs G2853 and G2856 correspond to the genes CEG1, coding for the alfa subunit of the mRNA guanylyl transferase and a 3' gene of unknown function previously sequenced (Shibagaki et al., 1992). G2864 is identical to SOH1 also reported (Fan and Klein, 1994).
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