Prediction of lymph node metastasis based on tumor size in stage 1A endometrioid endometrium cancer

OBJECTIVE

Endometrium cancer (EC) is the most prevalent cancer affecting women in developed countries. There is debate about the need to perform lymphadenectomy in cases with a tumor diameter >2 cm. The aim of our study is to research the prediction of lymph node metastasis using tumor size in stage 1A endometrioid endometrium cancer (EEC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study enrolled cases operated in the clinic due to stage 1A EEC (FIGO 2009) from December 2010-2021. The correlations of age, age interval, parity, type of operation, tumor diameter, myometrial invasion, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis were statistically analyzed. The cut-off point for tumor size was determined with the ROC curve and Youden index.

RESULTS

The study analyzed a total of 292 cases, and the mean age of cases was 62.3±10.0 years. Of the cases, 79.5% had histological grade 1, and 20.5% had grade 2. Myometrial invasion ≤50% was detected in 69.5%, and no myometrial invasion was detected in 30.5%. The mean tumor diameter was 34.0±18.0. Lymph node metastasis was identified in 6 cases (2.1%). Based on the tumor diameter cut-off value of 35 mm, sensitivity was 100%, and specificity was 50.3%. 116 cases with tumor diameter >35 mm and 176 with diameter ≤35 mm, and grade 2 histology and lymph node positivity were found statistically significant between these groups (respectively, p=0.012 and p=0.038). The lymph node metastasis risk was 0% in cases with tumor diameter ≤35 mm, while it was 5.2% in cases with tumor diameter >35 mm.

CONCLUSIONS

The general approach in stage 1A EEC is not to perform lymphadenectomy. However, when the tumor diameter is noted, lymphadenectomy may be considered as the lymph node metastasis risk increases in cases with a tumor diameter of 35 mm or more. There is a need for more clinical studies on this topic.

An Investigation into the Protective Effects of Various Doses of Boric Acid on Liver, Kidney, and Brain Tissue Damage Caused by High Levels of Acute Alcohol Consumption

Acute high-dose alcohol consumption can lead to oxidative stress, which can cause harm to organs. In this study we aim to determine whether administering boric acid (BA) can protect certain organs (liver, kidney, and brain) from the damaging effects of alcohol by reducing oxidative stress. We used 50 and 100 mg/kg of BA. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley (12-14-week-old) male rats in our study were separated into four groups (n=8); control, ethanol, ethanol+50 mg/kg BA, and ethanol+100 mg/kg BA groups. Acute ethanol was given to rats by gavage at 8 g/kg. BA doses were given by gavage 30 min before ethanol administration. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) measurements were made in blood samples. The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), OSI (oxidative stress index) (TOS/TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured to determine the oxidative stress induced by high-dose acute ethanol in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue, and the antioxidant effects of BA doses. According to our biochemical results, acute high-dose ethanol increases oxidative stress in liver, kidney, and brain tissues, while BA reduces the damage in tissues with its antioxidant effect. For the histopathological examinations, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. As a result, we found that the effect of alcohol-induced oxidative stress on liver, kidney, and brain tissues was different, and that giving boric acid reduces the increased oxidative stress in tissues due to its antioxidant effect. It was found that 100mg/kg BA administration had a higher antioxidant effect than in the 50mg/kg group.

FRAIL Scale: an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality among older adults

OBJECTIVE

To screen for geriatric syndromes in older in-hospital patients and investigate their relationship with mortality.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Demographic data, comorbidities, and medical history of the patients were recorded. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at 72 hours after hospital admission. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls (SARC-F) sarcopenia screening questionnaire, Katz Activities of Daily Living scale, Lawton-Brody instrumental activities of daily living scale, the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight (FRAIL) scale and the Eating Assessment Test-10 (EAT-10) screening test were used to assess geriatric syndromes. All patients were evaluated for delirium, pain, falls, polypharmacy, sleep disorders, incontinence, and pressure injury by the same researcher.

RESULTS

A total of 85 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 75±7 years (range: 66-97). During hospital follow-up, 15.3% (n=13) of the patients died and 84.7% (n=72) were discharged. The median length of stay was 19 days (range: 3-126 days). In the multivariate analysis, frailty (hazard ratio: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.41-5.06, p=0.003) was found to be associated with in-hospital mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in older adults.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Boric Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver and Kidney Inflammation in Rats

In our study, we aimed to examine possible prophylactic (P) or therapeutic (T) effects of boric acid (BA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced liver and kidney damages. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups as control, LPS, BAP+LPS, and LPS+BAT. BA was given orally to the rats one hour before the intraperitoneal LPS administration in the BAP+LPS group and one hour after the LPS administration in the LPS+BAT group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, reduced glutathione (GSH), total oxidant and antioxidant status (TOS and TAS), semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A), cytochrome c (CYCS), and caspase-3 (CASP3) parameters were determined by ELISA method to monitor inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine (CREA), C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), glucose (GLU), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) biochemical parameters were measured in rat serums to monitor liver and kidney functions. Liver and kidney tissues were also examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. All data were statistically analyzed. Our histological, biochemical, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptotic findings showed that LPS causes serious damage to liver and kidney tissues. Boric acid application brought about significant improvements on the parameters. However, this improvement was seen in the BAP+LPS group, and the results of the LPS+BAT group were insufficient to improve. Our results showed that boric acid administration is effective on severe liver and kidney damage caused by LPS. It has been concluded that prophylactic application is more effective, while therapeutic application is insufficient.

The effect of frailty in older community-dwelling outpatients with atrial fibrillation: a new score HAS-BLED-F (rail)

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to determine the effect of frailty on thromboembolic events (TEE) and bleeding in older patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients aged ≥65 years who were diagnosed as having non-valvular AF in a geriatric outpatient clinic between June 2015 and February 2021 were included in the study. Frailty, the risk of thrombosis secondary to AF, and the risk of bleeding as a complication of AF treatment were evaluated using the FRAIL scale, and CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, respectively.

RESULTS

Out of 83 patients included in the study, 72.3% were frail and 21.7% were pre-frail. TEE was observed in 14.5% (n=12) and bleeding was observed in 25.3% (n=21) of the patients. A total of 21 (25.3%) patients had a history of bleeding. There was no difference between the normal, pre-frail, and frail groups in terms of TEE and bleeding history (p=0.112 and p=0.571, respectively). In multivariate analysis, mortality decreased with the use of apixaban; frailty and malnutrition were found to increase mortality (p=0.014, p=0.023, and p=0.020, respectively). HAS-BLED-F score was obtained as a result of the sum of the patients' HAS-BLED and FRAIL scores to predict the bleeding risk. A HAS-BLED-F score of ≥6 predicted the risk of bleeding with 90.5% sensitivity and 40.3% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty is not associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of thromboembolic events or bleeding in patients with non-valvular AF. HAS-BLED-F score can be used to better predict the risk of bleeding in frail patients.

Possible Curative Effects of Boric Acid and Bacillus clausii Treatments on TNBS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although there are several treatment options available to improve the symptoms of IBD patients, there is no effective treatment that provides a definitive solution. In the present study, we aim to investigate the antioxidative/anti-inflammatory effects of oral administration of boric acid and Bacillus clausii in a rat trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model. The effects of boric acid and B. clausii were examined in serum and colon tissues with the help of some biochemical and histological analyses. Elevated inflammation and oxidative damage were found in the blood and colon tissue samples in the TNBS-induced group according to the complete blood count (CBC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin-35 (IL-35), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and histological findings. Particularly, the highest IL-35 level (70.09 ± 12.62 ng/mL) in the combined treatment group, highest catalase activity (5322 ± 668.1 U/mg protein) in the TNBS-induced group, and lower relative expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the TNBS-induced group than the control group were striking findings. According to our results, it can be concluded that boric acid showed more curative effects, even if B. clausii probiotics was partially ameliorative.

Discovery of Small Molecule COX-1 and Akt Inhibitors as Anti-NSCLC Agents Endowed with Anti-Inflammatory Action

Targeted therapies have come into prominence in the ongoing battle against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) because of the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy. In this context, indole-based small molecules, which were synthesized efficiently, were subjected to an in vitro colorimetric assay to evaluate their cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory profiles. Compounds 3b and 4a were found to be the most selective COX-1 inhibitors in this series with IC₅₀ values of 8.90 µM and 10.00 µM, respectively. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to evaluate their anti-NSCLC and anti-inflammatory action, respectively. 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N'-(4-morpholinobenzylidene)acetohydrazide (3b) showed selective cytotoxic activity against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells through apoptosis induction and Akt inhibition. The in vivo experimental data revealed that compound 3b decreased the serum myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide levels, pointing out its anti-inflammatory action. Moreover, compound 3b diminished the serum aminotransferase (particularly aspartate aminotransferase) levels. Based on the in vitro and in vivo experimental data, compound 3b stands out as a lead anti-NSCLC agent endowed with in vivo anti-inflammatory action, acting as a dual COX-1 and Akt inhibitor.

C-PEPTIDE AS AN INFLAMMATORY MARKER IN OBESE WOMEN

Background

Insulin resistance (IR) is a component of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome and it increases in the presence of chronic inflammation. Lately, "neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio" (NLR) has been used as an indicator of inflammation. This study evaluates the association between IR and NLR in obese women.

Material and methods

Obese female patients who were followed up in a university hospital for the last two years were included in the study. Homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), C-peptide, NLR, bioelectrical impedance measurements of 83 patients were analyzed.

Results

The C-peptide levels of our patients showed a highly significant correlation with HOMA-IR (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between fasting plasma C-peptide levels and NLR (r=0.36 and p<0.003) in obese women. The increase in C-peptide levels had a significant effect on the increase in NLR (r2=0.31, p=0.002), however insulin had no similar effect on NLR (r2=0.01, p=0.544).

Conclusion

Plasma C-peptide levels are better correlated with NLR compared to other parameters of IR. C-peptide may be used as an efficient laboratory marker with high relevance in IR and chronic inflammatory conditions in obese women.

Conivaptan and Boric Acid Treatments in Acute Kidney Injury: Is This Combination Effective and Safe?

Acute kidney injury is still a worldwide clinic problem that affects kidney function and associated with high mortality risk. Unfortunately, approximately 1.7 million people are thought to die from acute kidney injury each year. Boron element is defined as an "essential trace element" for plants and thought to have a widespread role in living organisms. Boric acid, which is one of the important forms of boron, has been extensively discussed for both medicinal and nonmedicinal purposes. However, there is a lack of data in the literature to examine the relationship between boric acid and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) antagonism in kidney injury. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of conivaptan as an ADH antagonist and boric acid as an antioxidant agent on the post-ischemic renal injury process. In this study, the unilateral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury rat model with contralateral nephrectomy was performed and blood/kidney tissue samples were taken at 6th hours of reperfusion. The effects of 10 mg/mL/kg conivaptan and 50 mg/kg boric acid were examined with the help of some biochemical and histological analyses. We observed that conivaptan generally alleviated the destructive effects of I/R and has therapeutic effects. Also of note is that conivaptan and boric acid combination tended to show negative effects on kidney function, considering the highest BUN (78.46 ± 3.88 mg/dL) and creatinine levels (1.561 ± 0.1018 mg/dL), suggesting possibly drug-drug interaction. Although it has reported that conivaptan can interact with other active substances, no experimental/clinical data on the possible interaction with boric acid have reported so far.

The value of parathyroid scintigraphy on lesion detection in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most frequent endocrine diseases. Most of the patients with PHPT are asymptomatic, and only 20% of them become symptomatic with increasing levels of calcium. It has been reported that normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) may be the incipient period of PHPT where calcium (Ca) levels are in normal range, and it may advance to overt PHPT. Early diagnosis of PHPT is important in order to prevent its complications. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the role of 99mTc-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy on lesion detection in patients with NPHPT.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The parathyroid scintigraphy database was reviewed retrospectively in patients with PHPT. 117 patients who underwent 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy were recruited to the study. Serum calcium level above 10.5mg/dl was considered as hypercalcemia.

RESULTS

A total of 117 patients' (female/male:98/19) mean serum PTH levels (mean±SD) were 149±97 pg/ml in normocalcemic group (Ca:9.6±0.6mg/dL, n:38) and 189±135 pg/ml in hypercalcemic group (Ca:11.4±0.6mg/dL, n:79) (p:0.072). The sex and ages were not different between the scintigraphy positive and negative groups, but the lesion detection rates with parathyroid scintigraphy were 42% in normocalcemic group and 81% in hypercalcemic group (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Several factors including serum Ca, the imaging protocol, existence of multiglandular disease, the size and MIBI biokinetics of the adenoma may influence lesion detectability in parathyroid scintigraphy. Although high serum Ca level is an important parameter in predicting its success, parathyroid scintigraphy remains a valuable diagnostic method even in patients with NPHPT.

Ptosis Surgery Using Mersilene Mesh Suspensory Material

Frontalis suspension procedure using a Mersilene mesh sling was performed on 23 ptotic eyelids of 22 patients (age range 3 to 35 years) with poor or absent levator function. The surgical technique used was a modified Fox's method. The mean palpebral fissure height was 3.1 mm preoperatively and increased to 8.0 mm after the operation. No serious complication was seen postoperatively and during an average follow-up of 25 months. In one case with a cosmetically inadequate result, the upper third of the initially implanted Mersilene mesh was removed during reoperation and histological examination of the specimen revealed fibrovascular tissue invasion through the mesh fibres. Mersilene mesh appears to be an effective and safe alternative sling material for brow suspension surgery, giving good permanent results for cases in which autogenous fascia lata was inappropriate.

L-Cysteine Partially Protects Against Acrylamide-Induced Testicular Toxicity

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a widespread substance having many areas of utilization. Besides, it also forms a part of high-temperature processed starchy foods. To date, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have documented that acrylamide has toxic effects on various organ systems.

AIMS

To determine the potential protective effect of L-cysteine on acrylamide-induced testicular toxicity.

STUDY DESIGN

Animal experimentation.

METHODS

We randomly divided 28 rats into four groups as control (0.9% saline), L-cysteine (150 mg/kg), acrylamide (40 mg/kg) and acrylamide + L-cysteine. After a 10-day intraperitoneal injection period, we euthanized the animals, recorded their body and testis weights, collected blood samples for serum testosterone measurement, and excised testes for histopathological and morphometric evaluation. Besides, immunohistochemical scoring of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bax proteins was performed.

RESULTS

Acrylamide reduced body (p<0.01) and testis weights (p<0.05), seminiferous tubule diameter (p<0.001) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (p<0.05), while it increased bax protein expression (p<0.01) and the percentage of seminiferous tubules that contain multinucleated giant cells (p<0.001), but did not significantly change serum testosterone levels when compared to control. L-cysteine administered with acrylamide decreased multinucleated giant cell number (p<0.001) and reversed the reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen positivity (p<0.001), but did not restore other parameters compared with the acrylamide alone-treated group.

CONCLUSION

Taking into account the dose and duration employed, the present study concluded that L-cysteine partially protects testis against acrylamide-induced toxic effects.

A new technique for endoscopic treatment of gastric phytobezoars: fragmentation using guidewire

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Bezoars result from accumulation of indigestible materials in the gastrointestinal tract and often occur in the stomach. In this study, we evaluated the use of guidewires in patients with gastric phytobezoars (PBs) as a new method for PB removal and examined the safety of the procedure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between February 2009 and January 2013, we analyzed data from 11 patients with gastric PBs. We fitted a transparent cap to a standard endoscope (EG450WR5, Fujinon), and a 0.025 inch guidewire was passed through the standart endoscope. PBs were surrounded by a loop in the guidewire and destroyed. After 2 weeks of treatment, patients were re-evaluated for effectiveness.

RESULTS

PB fragmentation time was 5-11 minutes. In five patients with a history of gastric surgery, we needed an additional 16-28 minutes for removal of the fragments. In six patients additionally treated with enzymatic degradation after the breaking procedure, PBs completely disappeared within 2 weeks. There were no complications during the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

The guidewire and fragmentation procedure for PBs is an efficient and reliable method. When combined with enzymatic degradation, PBs can be managed quickly and effectively.

Protective Effect of Lycopene against Radiation-Induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rats

The radioprotective effect of lycopene against liver damage was investigated in 80 female Sprague Dawley rats (10 per group). Early-group rats included: controls (group 1), lycopene (group 2), radiotherapy alone (group 3), and lycopene + radiotherapy (group 4). Lycopene (5 mg/kg per day) was administered orally for 7 days; single-fraction 8 Gy abdominopelvic radiotherapy was administered on day 8. Early-group rats were sacrificed on day 10. Late-group rats (groups 5 – 8) underwent treatment with the same regimens but, in groups 6 and 8, lycopene was administered until all rats were sacrificed, 60 days postradiotherapy. Liver malondialdehyde levels increased significantly and glutathione (GSH) levels, GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased significantly in radiotherapy versus control groups. In lycopene + radiotherapy groups, malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly and GSH levels, GSH-Px and SOD activity increased significantly compared with radiotherapy groups. No significant between-group histopathological differences were observed in early groups; in late groups, histopathological changes increased significantly in the radiotherapy group versus control group. A significant decrease in histopathological changes occurred in the lycopene + radiotherapy group compared with the radiotherapy group. Lycopene supplementation significantly reduced radiotherapy-induced oxidative liver injury.

Ear, nose and throat involvement in patients with pemphigus vulgaris: correlation with severity, phenotype and disease activity

BACKGROUND

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common clinical form of pemphigus that is characterized by easily ruptured or loose bulla formation on skin and/or mucosa. The frequency of the ear, nose and throat involvement of PV is not clearly defined.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the frequency of ear, nose and throat (ENT) involvement in patients suffering from PV who had been recently diagnosed or exacerbated under follow up and to determine the association with ENT symptoms, clinical involvement, severity and duration of pemphigus vulgaris.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group included a total of 38 PV patients comprising 24 new patients and 14 patients who showed exacerbations while on complete remission or under treatment. All patients were asked about ENT symptoms and endoscopic examination were performed to evaluate the presence of nasal, pharynx, larynx and ear involvement.

RESULTS

Of the 38 patients, 33 (87%) had active PV lesions on endoscopic evaluation. Twenty-five patients (66%) had lesions on pharynx, twenty-one (55%) on larynx, twenty-nine (76%) on nasal mucosa and four (10%) on the ear mucosa. ENT involvement was not associated with the severity and the clinical involvement of the disease. Pharyngeal and nasal involvement was significantly associated with symptoms, while laryngeal and ear involvement was not found to be significantly associated with symptoms. Nasal and ear involvement was not associated with the duration of the disease while pharyngeal and laryngeal involvement favored newly diagnosed patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that high number of patients with PV may present with active ENT lesions, furthermore patients with ear, nose and throat involvement may be asymptomatic and active lesions may be found in patients without any ENT symptoms. Therefore it should be considered that to understand the real extent of PV involvement, endoscopic ENT evaluation should be performed in patients with or without symptoms.

Microalbuminuria as an early marker of renal involvement in Behcet's disease: it is associated with neurological involvement and duration of the disease

BACKGROUND

Despite its nature as a systemic vasculitis, renal involvement is known to occur infrequently in Behçet's Disease (BD).

OBJECTIVES

Our aim was to investigate proteinuria, microhematuria and microalbuminuria in 24-h urine and evaluate subclinical or symptomatic renal involvement in BD patients.

METHODS

Two hundred and eleven patients who fulfilled the International Behçet's Disease criteria were included in the study. After urine analysis, five of 12 patients who were found to have proteinuria underwent renal biopsy, while 199 patients without proteinuria were investigated for microalbuminuria (MA).

RESULTS

A total of 34 (16.1%) patients were found to have renal involvement including 22 (11.1%) with MA and 12 with proteinuria (5.6%). Renal biopsies resulted as focal glomerulosclerosis in three, membranous glomerulosclerosis in one and secondary amyloidosis in two patients. Neurological involvement was found to be significantly more prevalent in patients with MA (P < 0.01). Neurological involvement and duration of disease (> or = 10 years) was found to increase the risk for MA by 21.75-fold and 5.03-fold, respectively. Though age over 40 years, thrombophlebitis, HLA B51 haplotype and ophthalmological involvement were not found to be significantly associated with MA; these parameters increased the risk for MA.

CONCLUSIONS

Renal involvement may be more prevalent in BD than it has been recognized; it usually presents with asymptomatic microhematuria, proteinuria and/or microalbuminuria; therefore clinicians must check 24-h urine for the presence of proteinuria, microhematuria and microalbuminuria; especially in patients who are aged over 40 years, have a longer duration of the disease and multisystem involvement.

Infragluteal sulcus: a combined histologic and anatomic reappraisal

The infragluteal fold is one of the major concerns in reshaping of the gluteal region. This study reevaluated the fold both histologically and anatomically. Five fixed cadavers were used. The infragluteal fold on the right side was explored by dissection, whereas the infragluteal fold of the contralateral side was removed en bloc. Tissue samples (6 cm long x 2 mm thick) were taken at three points from each fold bloc: the most medial point, the middle point, and the most lateral end of the sulcus. Anatomic dissections and histologic examinations showed that the infragluteal fold consists of strong fibrous bands extending from the dermis of the medial one-third of the fold to the ramus of the ischium and sacrum, forming the letter J. The infragluteal fold, which attaches to both the ischium and the sacrum in a continuous fashion, is an anatomic structure in its medial part and only a crease laterally.

Effects of obstructive jaundice on the peripheral nerve: an ultrastructural study in rats

Obstructive jaundice (OJ) and hepatic disorders have been shown to be associated with peripheral neuropathy in several clinical studies. The study evaluated the effect of OJ on the ultrastructure of the rat sciatic nerve. In the OJ group, jaundice was created by ligation of common bile duct in Wistar-Albino rats. In the sham-operated control group the same procedure was performed without ligation of the bile duct. On day 7, all rats were re-operated and sciatic nerves were explored to harvest 2-cm-long nerve segments for quantitative and qualitative histopathological analysis by light and electron microscopy. Bilirubin was measured on serum samples. Bilirubin levels were significantly higher in jaundiced rats compared with that of controls (8.46 +/- 0.45 vs. 0.80 +/- 0.14 mmol/l, means +/- SD, p < 0.01). Control nerves did not show anything other than the normal histology. In the OJ group, degenerative changes such as irregularities, thinning, ruffling and invaginations, irregularshaped bodies, vacuolizations and focal segmental demyelination were observed in the myelin sheath. Myelin clusters were noted in the axoplasm. A varying degree of swelling was noted in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cells. Morphometric analysis of specimens obtained from sciatic nerves showed that myelin injury (370.9 +/- 51.3 vs. 11.6 +/- 0.5 axons), axonal edema (142.1 +/- 24.2 vs. 10.6 +/- 0.5 edematous axons) and Schwann cell degeneration (50.3 +/- 11.6 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.2 Schwann cells) was significantly higher in the jaundiced rats than in the control group (p < 0.01). The ultrastructural alterations spotted in the rat peripheral nerve were attributed to hyperbilirubinemia and increased concentrations of several neurotoxic substances released from the Kupffer cells in OJ. Neuropathy in jaundiced patients seems to result from accompanying degenerative changes in the peripheral nervous system. However, the exact nature and initiating factors of this nerve injury remains to be unveiled.

Coexistence of lactating adenoma and invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast in a pregnant woman

A 36 year old pregnant woman was admitted to hospital complaining of an enlarging mass in her left breast. Histopathological examination of the mastectomy specimen revealed a high grade infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma intermixed with a lactating adenoma. Lactating adenomas are rare entities but are the most common masses that occur during pregnancy. Although they are not thought to carry an increased risk of cancer there are two other case reports in the literature of a lactating adenoma associated with an infiltrating carcinoma. In this case, areas where the lactating adenoma and the infiltrating carcinoma were intermixed could be identified. This case could simply be a collision tumour, although the possibility of an invasive carcinoma arising within a lactating adenoma cannot be ruled out. Because of the relative lack of experience with lactating adenomas, the question of an increased association with carcinoma development remains unclear.

Cauda-filar paraganglioma with 'silk cocoon' appearance on spinal angiography

'Silk cocoon' appearance on spinal angiography is pathognomonic to differentiate paragangliomas from several vascular tumors and malformations of cauda-filar region.

Effects of simvastatin treatment on oxidant/antioxidant state and ultrastructure of diabetic rat myocardium

In the present study we investigated the effects of simvastatin treatment on lipid metabolism and peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and ultrastructure of the diabetic rat myocardium. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg i.p.). Eight weeks after induction of diabetes, a subgroup of control and of diabetic rats was treated with simvastatin for 4 weeks (10 mg/kg/day, orally). Blood glucose, plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol, as well as levels of cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly increased in diabetic rats. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), were also elevated in the diabetic myocardium. Treatment with simvastatin markedly reduced serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol, and partially controlled hyperglycemia in diabetic animals. The increased activation of antioxidant enzymes and the excess of lipid peroxidation measured by TBARS were completely reversed by simvastatin treatment. Diabetic rats displayed ultrastructural ischemia-like alterations of cardiomyocytes and capillaries, which support oxidative stress-induced tissue remodelling. In the diabetic myocardium simvastatin treatment partly attenuated angiopathic and atherogenic processes, detected by electron microscopy. These results suggest that simvastatin, known as a lipid-lowering drug, may positively affect diabetes induced cardiovascular complications via reducing risks of atherosclerotic pathological processes, such as imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant state.

Effects of garlic extract on oxidant/antioxidant status and atherosclerotic plaque formation in rabbit aorta

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The results of a number of studies suggest that garlic (or garlic extracts) may have favourable effects against the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of garlic extract supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant status and atherosclerotic plaque formation in rabbit aortic tissue.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Twenty-two male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet (0.5 g/Kg/day) and nine control rabbits a regular diet for four months. At the end of this period, atherosclerotic plaque formation and antioxidant activity were measured in the aortic tissue of the controls and seven of the cholesterol-fed animals. Of the remaining 15 experimental animals, seven were fed normal laboratory diet and eight a normal diet plus garlic extract (1.5 ml/Kg/day) for a further three months before atherosclerotic plaque formation and antioxidant activity were measured in the aortic tissue of both groups. The cholesterol-fed animals showed a significantly impaired antioxidant system associated with increased plaque formation. However, garlic extract supplementation significantly improved antioxidant status and reduced the plaque surface area.

CONCLUSIONS

In this experimental model, garlic extract dietary supplementation activated the antioxidant system and decreased peroxidation in aortic tissue. There was also a reduction in atherosclerotic plaque area. Although further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the protective activity of garlic extract may be due to its antioxidant properties.

Nicotine toxicity to the ultrastructure of the testis in rats

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the influence of nicotine exposure on the ultrastructure of the rat testis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty rats were injected with nicotine at a dose of 0.4 mg/100 g body weight daily for 3 months; a group of 20 control rats matched for weight and age were injected with saline only for the same duration. The testes were then harvested and examined by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Rats given nicotine showed: thickening of the tunica propria, caused by an increase in the collagen fibres under the irregular basal lamina; degeneration of junctional specializations between the Sertoli cells, with malformed nuclei showing condensed chromatin; Sertoli cells with numerous polymorphic mitochondria with irregular cristae and an electron-dense matrix. The germ cells were degenerated, spermatids retained excess cytoplasm and accumulated electron-dense lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The acrosomes were irregular and abnormally configured.

CONCLUSION

There were ultrastructural alterations in rats exposed to nicotine that could be attributed to the detrimental effects of nicotine on germ cells, peritubular structures and Sertoli cells.

[Therapy of neurotrophic keratopathy in trigeminal schwannoma with radiosurgery]

BACKGROUND

We present a patient with neurotrophic keratopathy due to a trigeminal nerve neurinoma, who was successfully treated by radiosurgery.

PATIENT

A patient was referred to us with recurrent corneal erosions of unknown origin in his left eye. In addition, he suffered from mild hypoesthesia in the distribution of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. He was started on topical lubricants (hyaluronic acid 0.5%) and antibiotic ointments (gentamycin), but since no corneal healing occurred, a soft contact lens was applied. The patient developed severe corneal neovascularization within four weeks and the contact lens had to be removed. Three months later an MRI scan was performed, which showed an intracranial tumor originating from the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. Neurinoma of the trigeminal nerve was suspected, and this presumed diagnosis was confirmed by fine needle biopsy. The patient underwent radiosurgery seven weeks later. The epithelium closed, the cornea recovered and stayed stable until the last examination 18 months after radiosurgery.

CONCLUSION

Radiosurgery is a promising alternative to conventional microsurgery in cases of neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve including neurotrophic keratopathy, to keep or restore vision.

Ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the peripheral nerve: An experimental study

Although the neuropathology of ischaemic fibre degeneration is relatively well known, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. One of the presumed mechanisms is oxidative stress, causing the breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) and ending in lipid peroxidation. We evaluated the effect of ischaemia and reperfusion on the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat and investigated the biochemical, pathological, and functional evidence of BNB disruption and lipid peroxidation. The distal portion and trifurcation of the sciatic nerve were rendered ischaemic by clamping the femoral vessels for 3 h and followed by varying durations of reperfusion. Reperfusion resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation beginning from the first hour and increasing until the seventh day, followed by a gradual decline over the following weeks. Nerve oedema and ischaemic fibre degeneration (IFD) consistently became more severe and prominent with reperfusion, indicating that oxidative stress damages the BNB and causes IFD. Results of functional testing by the sciatic function index correlated with other parameters as walking track analysis results got worse as reperfusion periods increased. Impairment of walking patterns was more striking after the first day and continued up to the third week. These data indicate that severe ischaemia of the peripheral nerve results in reperfusion injury, functional impairment, and disruption of the BNB. Microvascular events, which may occur during reperfusion, may be important in amplifying the nerve fibre degeneration that initiated during ischaemia.

Ultrastructural effects of cigarette smoke on rat testis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural changes taking place in the testicular tissue of adult male Wistar rats following exposure to cigarette smoke. Twenty rats were exposed to smoke in a smoking machine for 2 h daily for 60 days; 10 control rats were placed in the machine for the same amount of time but were exposed to room air. After ether anesthesia and dissection of the animals, the testes were removed and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The sections were examined under a transmission electron microscope. Evident degeneration and dissociation of the spermatogenetic cells were common findings. Basal lamina of the tubuli seminiferi contorti was thickened and significantly irregular. Cigarette smoke inhalation damaged the seminiferous epithelium. The primary spermatocytes as well as Sertoli cells appeared to be targets for the smoke. The results indicated that cigarette smoke inhalation could cause specific lesions in the development of spermatozoon, and it might be either directly or indirectly toxic to spermatogenesis.

A case of congenital orbital cyst originating from the common sheath of superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles

PURPOSE

To assess the clinical and histopathological features of a case of congenital orbital cyst originating from the common sheath of the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superior muscles.

METHODS

Preoperative, peroperative and postoperative characteristics of the described clinical condition in a 37-year-old woman is documented.

RESULTS

The cyst was found to be related with the common sheath of the superior rectus and levator muscles during the surgical intervention and histopathological examination revealed a cystic structure with a lining resembling that of conjunctiva.

CONCLUSION

Our findings support the proposal by Rose & O'Donnell who first reported four cases in 1995 suggesting a new group of congenital orbital cysts distinct from dermoid, epidermoid or conjunctival cysts.

Fertility of ejaculated and testicular megalohead spermatozoa with intracytoplasmic sperm injection

In this study the fertility and outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using megalohead spermatozoa from the ejaculates and testicles was evaluated. Seventeen males with megalohead and pinhead sperm forms in their ejaculate were studied in 22 cycles. A high number of sperm heads without tails and abundant round spermatid forms were commonly observed. Round-headed spermatozoa were seldom accompanied by these severely abnormal spermatozoa. The majority of megalohead spermatozoa were observed to have multiple tails, were predominant in the sample, and were used for ICSI. Ejaculated megalohead spermatozoa were used for ICSI in 15 cycles, while testicular spermatozoa were used in seven cycles where there were no vital spermatozoa or spermatozoa of low vitality in the ejaculate. The same abnormal morphology was observed in the testicles as in the ejaculated spermatozoa in the same males. Mean (+/- SD) low motility 4.7 +/- 5.6% and sperm count (3.8 +/- 4.19 x 10(6)) were common findings in these severely teratozoospermic patients. A low fertilization rate (43.2%) was achieved by using megalohead sperm forms (group I, n = 17) in comparison with the control group (60.2%) which had zero normal sperm morphology according to strict criteria (group II, n = 30) (P <0.01). Furthermore, a low pregnancy rate (9.1%) was obtained in the megalohead sperm group in comparison with the control group (40%) (P <0.05). Low fertilization and pregnancy rates may be due to a high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities from severely defective spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Couples should be counselled and warned about possible low fertilization and pregnancy rates with ICSI when only pinhead and megalohead forms with a high number of sperm heads without tails are present in the ejaculate.

CDCR with buccal mucosal graft: comparative and histopathological study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR) is a procedure with a high functional success rate, on the other hand post-operative complications are frequent and tube replacement is often required. Therefore, new investigations were undertaken in order to relieve the undesired effects of the tube. Implantation of the Jones tube circumscribed with a buccal mucosal graft and subsequent removal of the tube when an epithelium lined track was formed has been reported in the literature in recent years. In this study efficacy and safety of this alternative technique was evaluated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

CDCR with insertion of Jones tube surrounded with a buccal mucosal graft was performed on 14 patients (14 eyes) between September 1995 and March 1997 and results were evaluated. Results were compared with our previous series of traditional CDCR, involving 22 patients (22 eyes).

RESULTS

Functional success was obtained in all cases with relief of epiphora after a mean follow-up of 13.7+/-5.7 months. In 11 cases, tubes were removed at the sixth post-operative month and passage was blocked in 9 cases. Subsequent surgical tube reinsertion was performed in those patients. Biopsy specimens were obtained in two cases during tube replacement and were examined histologically. Disarrangement of the basal epithelial cells and infiltration of the surrounding connective tissue with round cells were observed. These histopathological findings suggested a significant graft degeneration threatening the continuity of the passage. Tube displacement existed in two patients, and partial mucosal graft extrusion was apparent in one case during the period with the tube still inserted. Surgical tube replacement was required in only two cases to correct lateral migration of the tube. Incidence of complications and need for surgical tube replacement were found to be less than our previous series of 22 CDCR patients without buccal mucosa grafting.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that CDCR with buccal mucosal graft is a promising new method for the treatment of epiphora because of its low incidence of complications during the period with the tube. However, tube removal at the sixth post-operative month is probably not indicated. Therefore, studies with larger series and longer follow-up should be undertaken to confirm the advantages of the technique.

Novel mutation in the FGFR2 gene at the same codon as the Crouzon syndrome mutations in a severe Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 case

We have studied an infant with cloverleaf skull, proptosis, radioulnar synostosis and broad thumbs and great toes diagnosed as Pfeiffer syndrome type 2. However, there were many overlapping findings with Antley-Bixler syndrome. The patient was found to have a G to T mutation in codon 290 exon 7 of the FGFR2 gene leading to a substitution of a cys for the normal trp at this locus. This is the third mutation characterized at this codon; therefore, this locus appears to be a mutational hotspot in the gene. However, the other known mutations lead to a milder, Crouzon-like phenotype. The introduction of an additional cys into a region characterized by immunoglobulin-type loops maintained by cys S-S crosslinking may provide an explanation for the severity of the clinical findings of this child.

Clinical expression of myotonic dystrophy: the predictive role of DNA diagnosis

Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most common muscular dystrophy of adult life, presents with a variety of clinical and genetic challenges to all involved; patients, their families, and clinicians. The clinical picture is extremely variable and may range from mild adult onset myotonia to severe congenital hypotonia associated with respiratory distress. An infant born to a mother with DM had remarkable hypotonia, expressionless face, respiratory difficulties, and club feet. Direct molecular genetic testing of the newborn and the mother showed trinucleotide repeat expansion mutations. Genetic counseling issues as well as the value of prenatal diagnosis are presented.

Haemoperfusion in Amanita phalloides poisoning

Amanita phalloides is responsible for about 90 per cent of all fatal cases of mushroom intoxication. The amatoxins, the main toxic component of these fungi, are responsible for gastro-intestinal symptoms as well as hepatic and renal failure. Three brothers with Amanita phalloides poisoning were admitted with gastro-intestinal symptoms beginning 12 h after ingestion. Jaundice, hepatomegaly and neurological symptoms were not present, but liver enzymes were moderately increased. Alfa-amanitin was detected in sera of all patients. All patients underwent charcoal hemoperfusion and two of them had additional hemodialysis along with conservative therapy. Liver enzymes that showed a marked increase on the second day of therapy decreased to normal levels on the 28th day. All of our patients survived. This life saving role of early haemoperfusion in Amanita phalloides poisoning is emphasized.