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Misner DL, Kauss MA, Singh J, Uppal H, Bruening-Wright A, Liederer BM, Lin T, McCray B, La N, Nguyen T, Sampath D, Dragovich PS, O'Brien T, Zabka TS. Cardiotoxicity Associated with Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors in Rodents and in Rat and Human-Derived Cells Lines. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:307-318. [PMID: 27783203 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a pleiotropic protein that functions as an enzyme, cytokine, growth factor and hormone. As a target for oncology, NAMPT is particularly attractive, because it catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the salvage pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a universal energy- and signal-carrying molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism and many homeostatic functions. Inhibition of NAMPT generally results in NAD depletion, followed by ATP reduction and loss of cell viability. Herein, we describe NAMPT inhibitor (NAMPTi)-induced cardiac toxicity in rodents following short-term administration (2-7 days) of NAMPTi's. The cardiac toxicity was interpreted as a functional effect leading to congestive heart failure, characterized by sudden death, thoracic and abdominal effusion, and myocardial degeneration. Based on exposures in the initial in vivo safety rodent studies and cardiotoxicity observed, we conducted studies in rat and human in vitro cardiomyocyte cell systems. Based on those results, combined with human cell line potency data, we demonstrated the toxicity is both on-target and likely human relevant. This toxicity was mitigated in vitro by co-administration of nicotinic acid (NA), which can enable NAD production through the NAMPT-independent pathway; however, this resulted in only partial mitigation in in vivo studies. This work also highlights the usefulness and predictivity of in vitro cardiomyocyte assays using human cells to rank-order compounds against potency in cell-based pharmacology assays. Lastly, this work strengthens the correlation between cardiomyocyte cell viability and functionality, suggesting that these assays together may enable early assessment of cardiotoxicity in vitro prior to conduct of in vivo studies and potentially reduce subsequent attrition due to cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Misner
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - M A Kauss
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - J Singh
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - H Uppal
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - B M Liederer
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T Lin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - B McCray
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - N La
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T Nguyen
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - D Sampath
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - P S Dragovich
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T O'Brien
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - T S Zabka
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, M/S 59, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Zabka TS, Singh J, Dhawan P, Liederer BM, Oeh J, Kauss MA, Xiao Y, Zak M, Lin T, McCray B, La N, Nguyen T, Beyer J, Farman C, Uppal H, Dragovich PS, O'Brien T, Sampath D, Misner DL. Retinal toxicity, in vivo and in vitro, associated with inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:163-72. [PMID: 25505128 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a pleiotropic protein with intra- and extra-cellular functions as an enzyme, cytokine, growth factor, and hormone. NAMPT is of interest for oncology, because it catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the salvage pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is considered a universal energy- and signal-carrying molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism and many homeostatic functions. This manuscript describes NAMPT inhibitor-induced retinal toxicity that was identified in rodent safety studies. This toxicity had a rapid onset and progression and initially targeted the photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers. Using in vivo safety and efficacy rodent studies, human and mouse cell line potency data, human and rat retinal pigmented epithelial cell in vitro systems, and rat mRNA expression data of NAMPT, nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferease (NMNAT) in several tissues from rat including retina, we demonstrate that the retinal toxicity is on-target and likely human relevant. We demonstrate that this toxicity is not mitigated by coadministration of nicotinic acid (NA), which can enable NAD production through the NAMPT-independent pathway. Further, modifying the physiochemical properties of NAMPT inhibitors could not sufficiently reduce retinal exposure. Our work highlights opportunities to leverage appropriately designed efficacy studies to identify known and measurable safety findings to screen compounds more rapidly and reduce animal use. It also demonstrates that in vitro systems with the appropriate cell composition and relevant biology and toxicity endpoints can provide tools to investigate mechanism of toxicity and the human translation of nonclinical safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S Zabka
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jatinder Singh
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Preeti Dhawan
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jason Oeh
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mara A Kauss
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Yang Xiao
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Mark Zak
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Tori Lin
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bobbi McCray
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nghi La
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Trung Nguyen
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Joseph Beyer
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Cynthia Farman
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hirdesh Uppal
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Thomas O'Brien
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Deepak Sampath
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Dinah L Misner
- *Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, In-Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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