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Dynamic Tuning of a Thin Film Electrocatalyst by Tensile Strain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15906. [PMID: 31685891 PMCID: PMC6828675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the ability to tune the catalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by applying mechanical stress on a highly n-type doped rutile TiO2 films. We demonstrate through operando electrochemical experiments that the low HER activity of TiO2 can reversibly approach those of the state-of-the-art non-precious metal catalysts when the TiO2 is under tensile strain. At 3% tensile strain, the HER overpotential required to generate a current density of 1 mA/cm2 shifts anodically by 260 mV to give an onset potential of 125 mV, representing a drastic reduction in the kinetic overpotential. A similar albeit smaller cathodic shift in the OER overpotential is observed when tensile strain is applied to TiO2. Results suggest that significant improvements in HER and OER activities with tensile strain are due to an increase in concentration of surface active sites and a decrease in kinetic and thermodynamics barriers along the reaction pathway(s). Our results highlight that strain applied to TiO2 by precisely controlled and incrementally increasing (i.e. dynamic) tensile stress is an effective tool for dynamically tuning the electrocatalytic properties of HER and OER electrocatalysts relative to their activities under static conditions.
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Visible-light-assisted photoelectrochemical water oxidation by thin films of a phosphonate-functionalized perylene diimide plus CoOx cocatalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13367-13377. [PMID: 24654796 DOI: 10.1021/am405598w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel perylene diimide dye functionalized with phosphonate groups, N,N'-bis(phosphonomethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenediimide (PMPDI), is synthesized and characterized. Thin films of PMPDI spin-coated onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates are further characterized, augmented by photoelectrochemically depositing a CoOx catalyst, and then investigated as photoanodes for water oxidation. These ITO/PMPDI/CoOx electrodes show visible-light-assisted water oxidation with photocurrents in excess of 150 μA/cm(2) at 1.0 V applied bias vs. Ag/AgCl. Water oxidation is confirmed by the direct detection of O2, with a faradaic efficiency of 80 ± 15% measured under 900 mV applied bias vs. Ag/AgCl. Analogous photoanodes prepared with another PDI derivative with alkyl groups in place of PMPDI's phosphonate groups do not function, providing evidence that PMPDI's phosphonate groups may be important for efficient coupling between the inorganic CoOx catalyst and the organic dye. Our ITO/PMPDI/CoOx anodes achieve internal quantum efficiencies for water oxidation ∼1%, and for hydroquinone oxidation of up to ∼6%. The novelty of our system is that, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first device to achieve photoelectrochemically driven water oxidation by a single-layer molecular organic semiconductor thin film coupled to a water-oxidation catalyst.
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Bis-dithiano perylene diimide: synthesis and characterization of a novel ring system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
AbstractA new method of depositing epitaxial ZnO nanocolumns on sputter-coated ZnO substrates is described that utilizes supersaturated zincate species in sodium hydroxide solutions and requires no complexing agents. Uniform arrays of columns are grown reproducibly over entire substrates in 10 to 50 min. Columns are 50 to 2000 nm long and 50 to 100 nm wide. Strict substrate cleaning and/or preparations are not necessary with this method, in contrast to many other techniques. Films grow only on substrates pre-coated with ZnO, not on bare glass or ITOor SnO2-coated glass. Factors affecting the column growth are elucidated and experimental observations are correlated with crystal growth theory.
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Compensating poly(3-hexylthiophene) reveals its doping density and its strong exciton quenching by free carriers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3258-3262. [PMID: 22570320 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adding increasing quantities of an n-type compensating dopant, cobaltocene, to poly(3-hexylthiophene) reveals an almost perfect mirror symmetry between the conductivity and the luminescence intensity. The sharp minimum/maximum shows that the uncompensated p-type doping density is 1.2 × 10(18) cm(-3) and that excitons are strongly quenched by free charge carriers, not by bound charges.
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Cross-linked perylene diimide-based n-type interfacial layer for inverted organic photovoltaic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:4381-4387. [PMID: 22059439 DOI: 10.1021/am201027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This contribution describes the synthesis and characterization of a perylene diimide (PDI)-based n-type semiconductor and its application to organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices having inverted architecture. Films of N,N'-bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyldiimide (Cl(4)PSi(2)) and blends of this material with various polymers are solution-deposited on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates as interfacial layers (IFLs). The organic IFL described in this work is based on the air- and light-stable PDI core, annealed at low temperatures compatible with flexible substrates, and crosslinks in air for compatibility with device fabrication. Morphological, optical, and electrochemical analysis of these IFL films demonstrate predominantly smooth surfaces and HOMO and LUMO energies of ~4.5 and 7.0 eV, respectively, which are ideal for accepting electrons and blocking holes in inverted devices. A cationic silane species is added to the Cl(4)PSi(2) at an optimum ~2-5 wt % to reduce IFL series resistance and enhance device performance. Also, a short light soaking procedure is necessary for completed devices to achieve high fill factors in current density-voltage analysis, a phenomenon previously only observed for inverted devices having an n-type inorganic IFL.
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Chemically treating poly(3-hexylthiophene) defects to improve bulk heterojunction photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2042-2050. [PMID: 21604784 DOI: 10.1021/am200276x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering has been of vital importance to the development of inorganic semiconductors. Here, we report the chemical modification of electrical defects in the prototypical organic semiconductor, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT. Previously, we have covalently treated defect sites with either a nucleophile or an electrophile, leaving the defects of primarily opposite polarity. Consecutively using both nucleophilic and electrophilic treatments allows us to covalently fix both positively and negatively charged defect sites in a single procedure. Here we describe the effects of treating P3HT first with lithium aluminum hydride, LAH, to decrease the overall defect density, and then with dimethylsulfate, Me(2)SO(4), to eliminate some of the remaining n-type defects (equivalent to a p-type doping process). The resulting polymer, P3HT_LAH_Me(2)SO(4), behaves differently than the polymer obtained when the order of treatments is reversed, P3HT_Me(2)SO(4)_LAH. Slightly improved structural and optical differences between these two new polymers and the starting P3HT are observed, whereas greatly improved electrical differences are found. Both treatments improve the performance of the photovoltaic cells, especially the short circuit current and the fill factor, and increase the stability against photodegradation. The significantly decreased series resistance and increased shunt resistance with a combined treatment suggest improved charge transport in the cell. The effective doping density can be increased or decreased with these treatments while the carrier mobility and the exciton diffusion length increase. It should be possible to employ these simple chemical treatments with any π-conjugated polymer to beneficially modify, or eliminate, some of its electronic defects. As a consequence, our approach provides a new method of improving the air-stability and electrical characteristics for organic photovoltaic and other electronic applications.
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Abstract
AbstractRecent doping experiments in n-type perylene diimide (PPEEB) semiconducting thin films showed an unexpected quadratic dependence of electrical conductivity upon dopant molecule concentration. We propose that singly-ionized dopant pairs outnumber ionized unpaired dopants and dominate conductivity. Random association into dopant pairs during spin coating then explains the quadratic dependence. Classical calculations confirm that dopant pairing reduces the binding energy of the easiest-to-ionize electron. Our model agrees with the measured conductivity activation energy and magnitude, assuming typical electron mobility in the crystal. The random distribution of dopants implies their distribution cannot equilibrate during the spincoating process.
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Coupling one electron photoprocesses to multielectron catalysts: Towards a photoelectrocatalytic system. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Do the defects make it work? Defect engineering in pi-conjugated polymers and their solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Doping Highly Ordered Organic Semiconductors: Experimental Results and Fits to a Self-Consistent Model of Excitonic Processes, Doping, and Transport. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:13451-60. [PMID: 16852683 DOI: 10.1021/jp0506080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth study of n-type doping in a crystalline perylene diimide organic semiconductor (PPEEB) reveals that electrostatic attractions between the dopant electron and its conjugate dopant cation cause the free carrier density to be much lower than the doping density. Measurements of the dark currents as a function of field, doping density, electrode spacing, and temperature are reported along with preliminary Hall-effect measurements. The activation energy of the current, E(aJ), decreases with increasing field and with increasing dopant density, n(d). It is the measured change in E(aJ) with n(d) that accounts primarily for the variations between PPEEB films; the two adjustable parameters employed to fit the current-voltage data proved to be almost constants, independent of n(d) and temperature. The free electron density and the electron mobility are nonlinearly coupled through their shared dependences on both field and temperature. The data are fit to a modified Poole-Frenkel-like model that is shown to be valid for three important electronic processes in organic (excitonic) semiconductors: excitonic effects, doping, and transport. At room temperature, the electron mobility in PPEEB films is estimated to be 0.3 cm(2)/Vs; the fitted value of the mobility for an ideal PPEEB crystal is 3.4 +/- 2.7 cm(2)/Vs. The modified Poole-Frenkel factor that describes the field dependence of the current is 2 +/- 1 x 10(-4) eV (cm/V)(1/2). The analytical model is surprisingly accurate for a system that would require a coupled set of nonlinear tensor equations to describe it precisely. Being based on general electrostatic considerations, our model can form the requisite foundation for treatments of more complex systems. Some analogies to adventitiously doped materials such as pi-conjugated polymers are proposed.
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Substitutional n-Type Doping of an Organic Semiconductor Investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Epitaxial chemical deposition of ZnO nanocolumns from NaOH solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:5114-8. [PMID: 15984276 DOI: 10.1021/la049683c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new method of depositing expitaxial ZnO nanocolumns on sputter-coated ZnO substrates is described that utilizes supersaturated zincate species in sodium hydroxide solutions and requires no complexing agents. Uniform arrays of columns are grown reproducibly over entire substrates in 10-50 min. Columns are 50-2000 nm long and 50-100 nm wide. Strict substrate cleaning and/or preparation was not necessary with this method, in contrast to many other techniques, probably because the high pH generates a reproducible surface. The interfacial properties of the substrate are critical to lowering the activation energy for columnar growth; therefore films grow only on substrates precoated with ZnO, not on bare glass or ITO- or SnO2-coated glass. Factors affecting the column growth are elucidated, and experimental observations are correlated with crystal growth theory.
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Comment on “Diffusion Impedance and Space Charge Capacitance in the Nanoporous Dye-Sensitized Electrochemical Solar Cell” and “Electronic Transport in Dye-Sensitized Nanoporous TiO2 Solar CellsComparison of Electrolyte and Solid-State Devices”. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0304374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Photoconversion Efficiency via Reversible Production of UV-Induced Surface States in Nanoporous TiO2. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022000m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Two-dimensional self-assembly of liquid-crystalline perylene diimide derivatives at the air/water interface. Chemphyschem 2002; 3:1041-4. [PMID: 12516217 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200290008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Self-Assembly of Liquid Crystal Semiconductor Molecules at the Air/Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025937w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 1. A redox-conducting epoxy cement: synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydroquinone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100168a046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effects of order on the photophysical properties of the liquid crystal zinc octakis(.beta.-octoxyethyl)porphyrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100347a065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octakis(.beta.-hydroxyethyl)porphyrin (octaethanolporphyrin) and its liquid crystalline derivatives: synthesis and characterization. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00190a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Redox Polymer Contacts to Molecular Semiconductor Films: Toward Kinetic Control of Interfacial Exciton Dissociation and Electron-Transfer Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100060a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 2. Glucose oxidase containing enzyme electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100168a047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Self-Organizing Liquid Crystal Perylene Diimide Thin Films: Spectroscopy, Crystallinity, and Molecular Orientation. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013254v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Doping molecular semiconductors: n-type doping of a liquid crystal perylene diimide. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7959-60. [PMID: 11493091 DOI: 10.1021/ja016410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Large Increases in Photocurrents and Solar Conversion Efficiencies by UV Illumination of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011612o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Interfacial Recombination Processes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Methods To Passivate the Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003000u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liquid Crystal Perylene Diimide Films Characterized by Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Conductivity versus Potential Measurements. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982842e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Impact of Solvent Vapor Annealing on the Morphology and Photophysics of Molecular Semiconductor Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980969y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Photosensitization of TiO2 by [FeII(2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid)2(CN)2]: Band Selective Electron Injection from Ultra-Short-Lived Excited States. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973504e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chloride oxidation catalysis by a polymeric oxide derived from [Ru(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)(Cl)3(H2O)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a803758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spatially-Resolving Nanoscopic Structure and Excitonic-Charge-Transfer Quenching in Molecular Semiconductor Heterojunctions. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9717774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Electric Potential Distribution and Short-Range Screening in Nanoporous TiO2 Electrodes. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971857u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evolution of Photophysical and Photovoltaic Properties of Perylene Bis(phenethylimide) Films upon Solvent Vapor Annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Design of an artificial light harvesting system that may spontaneously evolve toward greater efficiency. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(94)03973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Oxidoreductases, such as glucose oxidase, can be electrically "wired" to electrodes by electrostatic complexing or by covalent binding of redox polymers so that the electrons flow from the enzyme, through the polymer, to the electrode. We describe two materials for amperometric biosensors based on a cross-linkable poly(vinylpyridine) complex of [Os-(bpy)2Cl]+2+ that communicates electrically with flavin adenine dinucleotide redox centers of enzymes such as glucose oxidase. The uncomplexed pyridines of the poly(vinylpyridine) are quaternized with two types of groups, one promoting hydrophilicity (2-bromoethanol or 3-bromopropionic acid), the other containing an active ester (N-hydroxysuccinimide) that forms amide bonds with both lysines on the enzyme surface and with an added polyamine cross-linking agent (triethylenetetraamine, trien). In the presence of glucose oxidase and trien this polymer forms rugged, cross-linked, electroactive films on the surface of electrodes, thereby eliminating the requirement for a membrane for containing the enzyme and redox couple. The glucose response time of the resulting electrodes is less than 10 s. The glucose response under N2 shows an apparent Michaelis constant, Km' = 7.3 mM, and limiting current densities, jmax, between 100 and 800 microA/cm2. Currents are decreased by 30-50% in air-saturated solutions because of competition between O2 and the Os(III) complex for electrons from the reduced enzyme. Rotating ring desk experiments in air-saturated solutions containing 10 mM glucose show that about 20% of the active enzyme is electrooxidized via the Os(III) complex, while the rest is oxidized by O2. These results suggest that only part of the active enzyme is in electrical contact with the electrode.
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Direct Electrical Communication between Graphite Electrodes and Surface Adsorbed Glucose Oxidase/Redox Polymer Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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