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Lim J, Park KC, Thaggard GC, Liu Y, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Toler DJ, Ta AT, Kittikhunnatham P, Smith MD, Phillpot SR, Shustova NB. Friends or Foes: Fundamental Principles of Th-Organic Scaffold Chemistry Using Zr-Analogs as a Guide. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12155-12166. [PMID: 38648612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental interest in actinide chemistry, particularly for the development of thorium-based materials, is experiencing a renaissance owing to the recent and rapidly growing attention to fuel cycle reactors, radiological daughters for nuclear medicine, and efficient nuclear stockpile development. Herein, we uncover fundamental principles of thorium chemistry on the example of Th-based extended structures such as metal-organic frameworks in comparison with the discrete systems and zirconium extended analogs, demonstrating remarkable over two-and-half-year chemical stability of Th-based frameworks as a function of metal node connectivity, amount of defects, and conformational linker rigidity through comprehensive spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis as well as theoretical modeling. Despite exceptional chemical stability, we report the first example of studies focusing on the reactivity of the most chemically stable Th-based frameworks in comparison with the discrete Th-based systems such as metal-organic complexes and a cage, contrasting multicycle recyclability and selectivity (>97%) of the extended structures in comparison with the molecular compounds. Overall, the presented work not only establishes the conceptual foundation for evaluating the capabilities of Th-based materials but also represents a milestone for their multifaceted future and foreshadows their potential to shape the next era of actinide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Buddhima K P Maldeni Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Donald J Toler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - An T Ta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Simon R Phillpot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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2
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Thaggard GC, Park KC, Lim J, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Haimerl J, Wilson GR, McBride MK, Forrester KL, Adelson ER, Arnold VS, Wetthasinghe ST, Rassolov VA, Smith MD, Sosnin D, Aprahamian I, Karmakar M, Bag SK, Thakur A, Zhang M, Tang BZ, Castaño JA, Chaur MN, Lerch MM, Fischer RA, Aizenberg J, Herges R, Lehn JM, Shustova NB. Breaking the photoswitch speed limit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7556. [PMID: 37985777 PMCID: PMC10660956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The forthcoming generation of materials, including artificial muscles, recyclable and healable systems, photochromic heterogeneous catalysts, or tailorable supercapacitors, relies on the fundamental concept of rapid switching between two or more discrete forms in the solid state. Herein, we report a breakthrough in the "speed limit" of photochromic molecules on the example of sterically-demanding spiropyran derivatives through their integration within solvent-free confined space, allowing for engineering of the photoresponsive moiety environment and tailoring their photoisomerization rates. The presented conceptual approach realized through construction of the spiropyran environment results in ~1000 times switching enhancement even in the solid state compared to its behavior in solution, setting a record in the field of photochromic compounds. Moreover, integration of two distinct photochromic moieties in the same framework provided access to a dynamic range of rates as well as complementary switching in the material's optical profile, uncovering a previously inaccessible pathway for interstate rapid photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | | | - Johanna Haimerl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Margaret K McBride
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Kelly L Forrester
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Esther R Adelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Virginia S Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Shehani T Wetthasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Vitaly A Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Daniil Sosnin
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Manisha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayan Kumar Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jorge A Castaño
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Manuel N Chaur
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Excelencia en Neuvos Materiales (CENM), Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Michael M Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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3
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Wilson GR, Park KC, Thaggard GC, Martin CR, Hill AR, Haimerl J, Lim J, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Yarbrough BJ, Forrester KL, Fischer RA, Pellechia PJ, Smith MD, Garashchuk S, Shustova NB. Cooperative and Orthogonal Switching in the Solid State Enabled by Metal-Organic Framework Confinement Leading to a Thermo-Photochromic Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308715. [PMID: 37486788 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative behavior and orthogonal responses of two classes of coordinatively integrated photochromic molecules towards distinct external stimuli were demonstrated on the first example of a photo-thermo-responsive hierarchical platform. Synergetic and orthogonal responses to temperature and excitation wavelength are achieved by confining the stimuli-responsive moieties within a metal-organic framework (MOF), leading to the preparation of a novel photo-thermo-responsive spiropyran-diarylethene based material. Synergistic behavior of two photoswitches enables the study of stimuli-responsive resonance energy transfer as well as control of the photoinduced charge transfer processes, milestones required to advance optoelectronics development. Spectroscopic studies in combination with theoretical modeling revealed a nonlinear effect on the material electronic structure arising from the coordinative integration of photoresponsive molecules with distinct photoisomerization mechanisms. Thus, the reported work covers multivariable facets of not only fundamental aspects of photoswitch cooperativity, but also provides a pathway to modulate photophysics and electronics of multidimensional functional materials exhibiting thermo-photochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Corey R Martin
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Austin R Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Johanna Haimerl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kelly L Forrester
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Perry J Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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4
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Thaggard GC, Leith GA, Sosnin D, Martin CR, Park KC, McBride MK, Lim J, Yarbrough BJ, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Wilson GR, Hill AR, Smith MD, Garashchuk S, Greytak AB, Aprahamian I, Shustova NB. Confinement-Driven Photophysics in Hydrazone-Based Hierarchical Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211776. [PMID: 36346406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Confinement-imposed photophysics was probed for novel stimuli-responsive hydrazone-based compounds demonstrating a conceptual difference in their behavior within 2D versus 3D porous matrices for the first time. The challenges associated with photoswitch isomerization arising from host interactions with photochromic compounds in 2D scaffolds could be overcome in 3D materials. Solution-like photoisomerization rate constants were realized for sterically demanding hydrazone derivatives in the solid state through their coordinative immobilization in 3D scaffolds. According to steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements and theoretical modeling, this approach provides access to hydrazone-based materials with fast photoisomerization kinetics in the solid state. Fast isomerization of integrated hydrazone derivatives allows for probing and tailoring resonance energy transfer (ET) processes as a function of excitation wavelength, providing a novel pathway for ET modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Daniil Sosnin
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Corey R Martin
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Margaret K McBride
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Austin R Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrew B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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5
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Thaggard GC, Haimerl J, Park KC, Lim J, Fischer RA, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Yarbrough BJ, Wilson GR, Shustova NB. Metal-Photoswitch Friendship: From Photochromic Complexes to Functional Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23249-23263. [PMID: 36512744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative metal-photoswitch interfaces comprise an application-driven field which is based on strategic coupling of metal cations and organic photochromic molecules to advance the behavior of both components, resulting in dynamic molecular and material properties controlled through external stimuli. In this Perspective, we highlight the ways in which metal-photoswitch interplay can be utilized as a tool to modulate a system's physicochemical properties and performance in a variety of structural motifs, including discrete molecular complexes or cages, as well as periodic structures such as metal-organic frameworks. This Perspective starts with photochromic molecular complexes as the smallest subunit in which metal-photoswitch interactions can occur, and progresses toward functional materials. In particular, we explore the role of the metal-photoswitch relationship for gaining fundamental knowledge of switchable electronic and magnetic properties, as well as in the design of stimuli-responsive sensors, optically gated memory devices, catalysts, and photodynamic therapeutic agents. The abundance of stimuli-responsive systems in the natural world only foreshadows the creative directions that will uncover the full potential of metal-photoswitch interactions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Johanna Haimerl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.,Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Buddhima K P Maldeni Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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6
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Thaggard GC, Leith GA, Sosnin D, Martin CR, Park KC, McBride MK, Lim J, Yarbrough BJ, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Wilson GR, Hill AR, Smith MD, Garashchuk S, Greytak AB, Aprahamian I, Shustova NB. Confinement‐Driven Photophysics in Hydrazone‐based Hierarchical Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Thaggard
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Corey R. Martin
- Savannah River National Laboratory Department of Energy UNITED STATES
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Jaewoong Lim
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Gina R. Wilson
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Austin R. Hill
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Mark D. Smith
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Andrew B. Greytak
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Natalia B. Shustova
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry 631 Sumter street GSRC-533 SC Columbia UNITED STATES
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7
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Park KC, Martin CR, Leith GA, Thaggard GC, Wilson GR, Yarbrough BJ, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Kittikhunnatham P, Mathur A, Jatoi I, Manzi MA, Lim J, Lehman-Andino I, Hernandez-Jimenez A, Amoroso JW, DiPrete DP, Liu Y, Schaeperkoetter J, Misture ST, Phillpot SR, Hu S, Li Y, Leydier A, Proust V, Grandjean A, Smith MD, Shustova NB. Capture Instead of Release: Defect-Modulated Radionuclide Leaching Kinetics in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16139-16149. [PMID: 36027644 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of defect-controlled leaching-kinetics modulation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous functionalized silica-based materials was performed on the example of a radionuclide and radionuclide surrogate for the first time, revealing an unprecedented readsorption phenomenon. On a series of zirconium-based MOFs as model systems, we demonstrated the ability to capture and retain >99% of the transuranic 241Am radionuclide after 1 week of storage. We report the possibility of tailoring radionuclide release kinetics in MOFs through framework defects as a function of postsynthetically installed organic ligands including cation-chelating crown ether-based linkers. Based on comprehensive analysis using spectroscopy (EXAFS, UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR), X-ray crystallography (single crystal and powder), and theoretical calculations (nine kinetics models and structure simulations), we demonstrated the synergy of radionuclide integration methods, topological restrictions, postsynthetic scaffold modification, and defect engineering. This combination is inaccessible in any other material and highlights the advantages of using well-defined frameworks for gaining fundamental knowledge necessary for the advancement of actinide-based material development, providing a pathway for addressing upcoming challenges in the nuclear waste administration sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Brandon J Yarbrough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Buddhima K P Maldeni Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Preecha Kittikhunnatham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Abhijai Mathur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Isak Jatoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mackenzie A Manzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | | | | | - Jake W Amoroso
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
| | - David P DiPrete
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Joseph Schaeperkoetter
- Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering, Alfred University, Alfred, New York 14802, United States
| | - Scott T Misture
- Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering, Alfred University, Alfred, New York 14802, United States
| | - Simon R Phillpot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shenyang Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yulan Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Antoine Leydier
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), DES, ISEC, DMRC, University Montpellier, Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Vanessa Proust
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), DES, ISEC, DMRC, University Montpellier, Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Grandjean
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), DES, ISEC, DMRC, University Montpellier, Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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