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Milnes EL, Skelding AM, Larouche CB, Ferro A, Delnatte P, Dutton C, Anderson NE. A randomized clinical trial to compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine and detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine for anesthesia of captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii). Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.21.10.0165. [PMID: 35524961 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) to detomidine-etorphine-acepromazine (DEA) for field anesthesia in captive Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii). ANIMALS 10 adult Przewalski horses. PROCEDURES A prospective randomized crossover trial was conducted. Each horse was immobilized once with KBAM (200 mg ketamine, 109.2 mg butorphanol, 36.4 mg azaperone, and 43.6 mg medetomidine) and once with DEA (40 mg detomidine premedication, followed 20 minutes later by 3.9 to 4.4 mg etorphine and 16 to 18 mg acepromazine). Both protocols were administered by IM remote dart injection with a washout period of 6 months between treatments. Selected cardiorespiratory variables and quality of anesthesia were recorded. Antagonists were administered IM (KBAM, 215 mg atipamezole and 50 mg naltrexone; DEA, 4 mg RX821002 and 100 mg naltrexone). RESULTS All horses were anesthetized and recovered uneventfully. Inductions (DEA, 6.8 min; KBAM, 11.6 min; P = 0.04) and recoveries (DEA, 3.2 min; KBAM, 19.6 min; P < 0.01) were faster with DEA compared with KBAM. Quality scores for induction and recovery did not differ between protocols, but maintenance quality was poorer for DEA (P < 0.01). Clinical concerns during DEA immobilizations included apnea, severe hypoxemia (arterial partial pressure of oxygen < 60 mm Hg), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Horses treated with KBAM were moderately hypoxemic, but arterial partial pressures of oxygen were higher compared with DEA (P < 0.01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Captive Przewalski horses are effectively immobilized with KBAM, and this protocol results in superior muscle relaxation and less marked hypoxemia during the maintenance phase, but slower inductions and recoveries, compared with DEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L Milnes
- Toronto Zoo, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Alicia M Skelding
- Toronto Animal Health Partners Emergency and Specialty Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Angelica Ferro
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | - Neil E Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Co C, Larouche CB, Milnes EL, Delnatte P, Susta L. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 259:1-3. [PMID: 35171816 DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.10.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmon Co
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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B Larouche C, Beeler-Marfisi J, Attard L, Nemeth N, Beaufrère H. Hemolymph cytology, hemocyte count, glucose, and electrolyte reference intervals in 93 Cameroon red tarantulas (Hysterocrates gigas). Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:461-468. [PMID: 31538350 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theraphosidae is a large family of tarantula spiders commonly kept as pets or display animals by zoological institutions. Interest and demand for arachnid medicine have grown over the last decade. While hemolymph analysis could be a fundamental tool for arachnid health assessment, RIs are generally lacking for arachnid species. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to describe the appearance of hemocytes and establish RIs for total and differential hemocyte counts as well as hemolymph glucose and electrolyte concentrations in the Cameroon red tarantula (CRT) (Hysterocrates gigas). METHODS Ninety-three CRTs were anesthetized using isoflurane or sevoflurane, and hemolymph was collected from the heart. Hemocyte counts were performed using a hemocytometer and trypan blue stain, and differential cell counts were estimated using light microscopy and a Wright stain. Hemocytes were also characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hemolymph glucose and electrolyte concentrations were obtained using a blood gas analyzer. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines were used to calculate RIs. RESULTS The most abundant hemocytes were plasmatocytes, followed by granulocytes, cyanocytes, and prohemocytes. Hemocytes were characterized by TEM except for cyanocytes. All RIs had a broad range, likely due to a combination of population heterogeneity, high biologic variability of the species, and the propensity of samples to clot. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to establish RIs for hemolymph cytologic parameters with a sample size of over 20 individuals in any theraphosid species. RIs for CRT hemolymph biochemical analytes are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric B Larouche
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Toronto Zoo, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Beeler-Marfisi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Nemeth
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Larouche CB, Johnson R, Beaudry F, Mosley C, Gu Y, Zaman KA, Beaufrère H, Dutton C. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its major metabolite 1-hydroxymidazolam in the ball python (Python regius) after intracardiac and intramuscular administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:722-731. [PMID: 31469454 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine with sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects. Twelve ball pythons (Python regius) were used in a parallel study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of 1 mg/kg midazolam following a single intracardiac (IC) or intramuscular (IM) administration. Blood was collected from a central venous catheter placed 7 days prior, or by cardiocentesis, at 15 time points starting just prior to and up to 72 hr after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam were determined by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. The mean ± SD terminal half-lives of IC and IM midazolam were 12.04 ± 3.25 hr and 16.54 ± 7.10 hr, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity, clearance, and apparent volume of distribution in steady-state of IC midazolam were 19,112.3 ± 3,095.9 ng*hr/ml, 0.053 ± 0.008 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.865 ± 0.289 L/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of IM midazolam was estimated at 89%. Maximum plasma concentrations following an IM administration were reached 2.33 ± 0.98 hr and 24.00 ± 14.12 hr postinjection for midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam, respectively, and 22.33 ± 20.26 hr postinjection for 1-hydroxymidazolam following IC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric B Larouche
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Craig Mosley
- VCA Canada, 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral Hospital, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher Afshaun Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Larouche CB, Mosley C, Beaufrère H, Dutton C. Effects of midazolam and nitrous oxide on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in the ball python (Python regius). Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:807-814. [PMID: 31564503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of midazolam and nitrous oxide (N2O) on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) in ball pythons. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover, randomized, semi-blinded study. ANIMALS A total of nine healthy adult female ball pythons (Python regius) weighing 2.76 ± 0.73 kg. METHODS In each snake, three protocols were evaluated with 2 week washouts: treatment MID-O2, midazolam (1 mg kg-1) administered intramuscularly (IM) and anesthesia induced with isoflurane-oxygen; treatment SAL-O2, saline (0.2 mL kg-1) IM and anesthesia with isoflurane-oxygen; and treatment SAL-N2O, saline IM and anesthesia with isoflurane and 50% nitrous oxide (N2O):50% oxygen. In each treatment, isoflurane was administered by face mask immediately after premedication. Snakes were endotracheally intubated and inspired and end-tidal isoflurane concentrations were monitored. The study design followed a standard bracketing technique, and the MACISO was determined using logistic regression. Electrical stimulation using a Grass stimulator connected to the base of the tail (50 V, 50 Hz, 6.5 ms pulse-1) was used as the supramaximal stimulus. Blood-gas analysis was performed on cardiac blood collected immediately following intubation and after the last stimulation. Blood-gas variables were compared over time and between treatments using linear mixed models. RESULTS MACISO at a body temperature of 30.1 ± 0.4 °C was 1.11% (95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.28%) in SAL-O2 and was significantly decreased to 0.48% (0.29-0.67%) in MID-O2 (p < 0.001) and to 0.92% (0.74-1.09%) in SAL-N2O (p = 0.016). PO2 was significantly lower in MID-O2 and SAL-N2O than in SAL-O2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Midazolam significantly decreased the MACISO by 57% in ball pythons, whereas addition of N2O resulted in a modest, although significant, decrease (17%). MACISO in ball pythons was lower than those previously reported in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric B Larouche
- Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, ON, Canada; Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Craig Mosley
- VCA Canada, 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral Hospital, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Léveillé AN, Bland SK, Carlton K, Larouche CB, Kenney DG, Brouwer ER, Lillie BN, Barta JR. Klossiella equi Infecting Kidneys of Ontario Horses: Life Cycle Features and Multilocus Sequence-Based Genotyping Confirm the Genus Klossiella Belongs In the Adeleorina (Apicomplexa: Coccidia). J Parasitol 2019; 105:29-40. [PMID: 30807709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Species in the genus Klossiella Smith and Johnson, 1902 are unique among the suborder Adeleorina because they are monoxenous in mammals exclusively, whereas all other reported members of the Adeleorina use invertebrates as definitive hosts. Unlike other coccidia, all members of the Adeleorina undergo syzygy, the association of microgamonts and macrogamonts before maturation to gametes and syngamy. After fertilization, many members of the Adeleorina produce thin-walled polysporocystic oocysts. Despite being biologically similar to other members of the Adeleorina, the phylogenetic placement of the genus Klossiella has been questioned based on its unique host affinity. In the present study, 2 cases of Klossiella equi were reported from the kidneys of horses in Ontario. Details of the life cycle as well as mitochondrial and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA ( 18S rDNA) sequences were analyzed to provide both morphological and molecular evidence for the phylogenetic placement of K. equi. Initially, various stages of the life cycle were identified in histological slides prepared from the kidney tissue, and DNA was isolated from the infected tissue. Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were used to generate a complete mitochondrial genome sequence (6,569 bp) and a partial 18S rDNA sequence (1,443 bp). The K. equi 18S rDNA sequence was aligned with various publicly available apicomplexan 18S rDNA sequences. This alignment was used to generate a phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian inference. Multiple K. equi stages were identified including meronts, microgamonts, and macrogamonts associating in syzygy as well as thin-walled oocysts in various stages of sporogonic development. The 18S rDNA sequence of K. equi positioned within the monophyletic Adeleorina clade. The mitochondrial genome of K. equi contained 3 coding sequences for cytochrome c oxidase I, cytochrome c oxidase III, and cytochrome b as well as various fragmented ribosomal sequences. These components were arranged in a unique order that has not been observed in other apicomplexan mitochondrial genomes sequenced to date. Overall, it was concluded that there were sufficient morphological and molecular data to confirm the placement of K. equi and the genus Klossiella among the Adeleorina. The biological and molecular data obtained from these cases may assist with future studies evaluating the prevalence and life history of this seemingly underreported parasite and better define the impact of K. equi on the health of domestic and wild equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre N Léveillé
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Susan Karlyn Bland
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Carlton
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cédric B Larouche
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel G Kenney
- 2 Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emily R Brouwer
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John R Barta
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Léveillé AN, Bland SK, Carlton K, Larouche CB, Kenney DG, Brouwer ER, Lillie BN, Barta JR. Klossiella equi Infecting Kidneys of Ontario Horses: Life Cycle Features and Multilocus Sequence-Based Genotyping Confirm the Genus Klossiella Belongs in the Adeleorina (Apicomplexa: Coccidia). J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre N. Léveillé
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Susan Karlyn Bland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Carlton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cédric B. Larouche
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel G. Kenney
- Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emily R. Brouwer
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon N. Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John R. Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Larouche CB, Desmarchelier MR, Specchi S, Langlois I. Pneumatosis coli in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Can Vet J 2017; 58:383-386. [PMID: 28373731 PMCID: PMC5347329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year-old spayed female ferret was presented with acute diarrhea and partial anorexia. Pneumatosis coli and segmental enteropathy were identified by ultrasonography and radiography. Fecal culture did not identify any pathogenic bacteria. Medical management of concurrent diseases and antibiotic therapy resulted in resolution of clinical signs and pneumatosis coli.
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