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Manjunathachar HV, Tiwari P, Raut CG, Singh S, Das A. Molecular epidemiology of Orientia tsutsugamushi from outbreak regions, Madhya Pradesh, Central India. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:182-185. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.345176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Manjunathachar HV, Barde PV, Raut CG, Tiwari P, Chouksey V, Gowda K, Kumar R, Das A. Determination of cut-off of diagnostic ELISA for Scrub typhus in endemic setup: Central India. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:90-93. [PMID: 34818869 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.316272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Serology remains the mainstay for diagnosis of scrub typhus. In central India, diagnosis of this neglected emerging zoonotic disease suffers due to lack of standardized region-specific cutoff value and diagnostic test. Henceforth, standardized region-specific cutoff value for diagnostic ELISA play a significant role in initial treatment of patients and to differentiate other febrile diseases in endemic setup. A total of 144 patients of all age groups with acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients, forty healthy controls, dengue and chikungunya positive thirty-five samples in each category, respectively were enrolled in the study and subjected to IgM ELISA (InBioS, International, Inc.). Samples showing OD value more than 0.5 in IgM ELISA, were subjected to nested PCR. Both, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and healthy volunteer samples mean with +3 SD were considered to generate region specific cutoff OD value. A total of 48 patients were diagnosed as cases of scrub typhus through IgM ELISA. Out of 48 samples, 30 were positive by nested PCR. The ROC curve analysis revealed a diagnostic ELISA cutoff value of 0.73 with sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, respectively. The cut off arrived from healthy volunteer is mean OD + 3 SD is 0.72. Considering the significance of scrub typhus diagnosis for treatment and to understand disease dynamics in region wise, the cutoff value of >0.72 for diagnostic ELISA for Madhya Pradesh in central India can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Manjunathachar
- Division of In-vivo Research, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradip V Barde
- Division of Virology & Zoonoses, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - C G Raut
- Division of In-vivo Research, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Tiwari
- Division of In-vivo Research, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Chouksey
- Division of In-vivo Research, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Gowda
- Department of General Medicine, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Genetic Disorder, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aparup Das
- Division of Vector borne diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Yergolkar PN, Cherian SS, Jadhav S, Raut CG, Mourya DT. Genetic characterization of dengue virus types 1 and 2 in India, with emphasis on the viruses circulating in Karnataka. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:662-665. [PMID: 29512610 PMCID: PMC5861479 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_452_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna N Yergolkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bengaluru Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarah S Cherian
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - C G Raut
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bengaluru Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Shaikh N, Raut CG, Manjunatha M. Co-infections with chikungunya and dengue viruses: A serological study in Karnataka State, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 33:459-60. [PMID: 26068364 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.158607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Shaikh
- National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit [ICMR], Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest Diseases Premises, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Shaikh NJ, Raut CG, Sinha DP, Manjunath MJ. Detection of Chikungunya virus from a case of encephalitis, Bangalore, Karnataka State. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 33:454-5. [PMID: 26068360 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.158600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, RGICD Premises, 1st Main Someshwarnagar, Near NIMHANS, DRC Post, Bangalore - 560 029, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease that usually occurs as a parotitis, but it can also lead to several life- threatening complications, including pancreatitis, meningitis and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE To determine and diagnosis of mumps disease, which is communicable disease usually affects childrens. Although it is seen worldwide, but outbreaks not common in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty one suspected mumps cases, who presented to the unimmunized population of Chikkahallivana village in Davangere district of Karnataka, India in January 2014, with clinical evidence of fever, cervical lymphadenitis and ear pain, manifest with self-limited uni-or bilateral parotitis. A total of 31 cases consisting of 31 blood and 31 throat swabs were tested for diagnosis of mumps disease. RESULTS Of the 31 suspected cases, laboratory results showed 18 positive for mumps IgM antibodies and 7 cases showed presence of mumps virus RNA by RT-PCR using MV specific nested primers. From 31 cases, 5 were positive with both the methods. CONCLUSION We confirmed the cases by serological as well as a sensitive RT-nested PCR-based method and sequencing results for the molecular identification of mumps infection. Sequencing results of the SH gene identified outbreak strain as genotype C, which was consistent with other outbreaks in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bangalore Near NIMHANS, Karnataka - 560 029, India
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Hanumaiah H, Raut CG, Sinha DP, Yergolkar PN. Non-polio Enteroviruses in Karnataka, India: Virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases (July 1997-2013). Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:22-6. [PMID: 26776114 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.174115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Since 1997 National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit involved in WHO's Acute flaccid paralysis paediatric cases surveillance programme to isolate and detect polioviruses. Stool samples yielded not only polioviruses but also Non-Polio enteroviruses. This report is an overview of non-polio Enterovirus (NPEV) epidemiology in Karnataka state, India for the period of 16-years and 6 months from July 1997-2013. METHODS A total of 19,410 clinical samples were processed for virus isolation as a part of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for Global Polio Eradication Programme in India at National Polio Laboratory, at Bengaluru. NPEV detection was performed by virus isolation on cell culture according to World Health Organisation recommended protocols. RESULTS A total of 4152 NPEV isolates were obtained. The NPEV isolation rate varied from year to year but with a total NPEV rate of 21.39%. CONCLUSION A seasonal variation was noted with high transmission period between April and October with peaks in June-July. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2. The isolation of NPEV decreased significantly with the increase in age. Epidemiology of NPEVs from AFP cases in Karnataka is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Bengaluru Unit, Bengaluru - 560 029, Karnataka, India
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Sinha DP, Raut CG, Shaikh NJ, Jayaprakash H, Manjunatha MJ, Hanumiah H. Cases of "Measles" in adult age group of St. John's Medical College Boy's Hostel, Bangalore, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:328-9. [PMID: 25866004 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.153574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Dharma Ram College Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Shaikh NJ, Raut CG, Sinha DP, Manjunath MJ. Dual infection of measles and rubella in chitradurga district, Karnataka, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:193-4. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sinha DP, Raut CG, Jayaprakash H, Hanumaiah H, Shaikh NJ, Manjunatha MJ. Molecular diagnosis of enteroviruses associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81:1242. [PMID: 24912439 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D P Sinha
- National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Near NIMHANS, Karnataka, 560 029, India
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Basu A, Shete A, Patil DY, Zawar D, Majumdar TD, Kokate P, Sarkale P, Raut CG, Jadhav SM. Malsoor virus, a novel bat phlebovirus, is closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and heartland virus. J Virol 2014; 88:3605-9. [PMID: 24390329 PMCID: PMC3957954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02617-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During a survey in the year 2010, a novel phlebovirus was isolated from the Rousettus leschenaultii species of bats in western India. The virus was identified by electron microscopy from infected Vero E6 cells. Phylogenic analysis of the complete genome showed its close relation to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Heartland viruses, which makes it imperative to further study its natural ecology and potential as a novel emerging zoonotic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India
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Raut CG, Yadav PD, Towner JS, Amman BR, Erickson BR, Cannon DL, Sivaram A, Basu A, Nichol ST, Mishra AC, Mourya DT. Isolation of a novel adenovirus from Rousettus leschenaultii bats from India. Intervirology 2012; 55:488-90. [PMID: 22572722 DOI: 10.1159/000337026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance work was initiated to study the presence of highly infectious diseases like Ebola-Reston, Marburg, Nipah and other possible viruses that are known to be found in the bat species and responsible for causing diseases in humans. A novel adenovirus was isolated from a common species of fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) captured in Maharashtra State, India. Partial sequence analysis of the DNA polymerase gene shows this isolate to be a newly recognized member of the genus Mastadenovirus (family Adenoviridae), approximately 20% divergent at the nucleotide level from Japanese BatAdV, its closest known relative.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Raut
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Shete AV, Thakar MR, Tripathy SP, Raut CG, Chakrabarti S, Paranjape RS. T-cell Epitopes Identified by BALB/c Mice Immunized with Vaccinia Expressing HIV-1 Gag lie within immunodominant Regions Recognized by HIV-infected Indian Patients. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3:246-53. [PMID: 21887056 PMCID: PMC3162811 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.83530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens from transmitted strains of HIV would prove crucial in vaccine designing for prevention of HIV infection. Immune response generated by Vaccinia construct expressing the HIV-1 gag gene from transmitted Indian HIV-1 subtype C strain (Vgag) in BALB/c mice is reported in the present study along with the identification of epitopes responsible for induction of the immune response. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine immune response generated by the constructs in a mouse model and to understand the epitope specificities of the response. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was an observational study carried out in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immunogenecity of Vgag construct was evaluated in BALB/c mice after multiple immunizations. T-cell response was monitored by the interferon-γ ELISPOT assay using HIV-1 C Gag overlapping peptides and anti-P24 antibodies were estimated by ELISA. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Graphpad prism software was used for statistical analysis and for plotting graphs. RESULTS IFN-γ-secreting T cells and antibodies were detected against HIV Gag in mice after immunization. Although after repeated immunizations, antibody-mediated immune response increased or remained sustained, the magnitude of IFN-γ-secreting T cell was found to be decreased over time. The Gag peptides recognized by mice were mainly confined to the P24 region and had a considerable overlap with earlier reported immunodominant regions recognized by HIV-infected Indian patients. CONCLUSION Vaccinia construct with a gag gene from transmitted HIV-1 virus was found to be immunogenic. The Gag regions identified by mice could have important implications in terms of future HIV vaccine designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini V Shete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - CG Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Biswas SM, Kar S, Singh R, Chakraborty D, Vipat V, Raut CG, Mishra AC, Gore MM, Ghosh D. Immunomodulatory cytokines determine the outcome of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mice. J Med Virol 2010; 82:304-10. [PMID: 20029807 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induces an acute infection of the central nervous system, the pathogenic mechanism of which is not fully understood. To investigate host response to JEV infection, 14-day-old mice were infected via the extraneural route, which resulted in encephalitis and death. Mice that received JEV immune splenocyte transfer were protected from extraneural JEV infection. Pathology and gene expression profiles were then compared in brains of mice that either succumbed to JEV infection or were protected from infection by JEV immune cell transfer. Mice undergoing progressive JEV infection had increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and signal transducers associated with the interferon (IFN) pathway. In contrast, mice receiving immune cell transfer had increased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and of IL-10, with subdued expression of IFN-gamma. We observed IL-10 to be an important factor in determining clinical outcome in JEV infection. Data obtained by microarray analysis were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Together, these data suggest that JEV infection causes an unregulated inflammatory response that can be countered by the expression of immunomodulatory cytokines in mice that survive lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Biswas
- National Institute of Virology, Sus Road Campus, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Raut CG, Thakare JP, Padbidri VS, Sapkal GN, Mishra AC, Paramasivan R, Gokhale MD, Mourya DT, Shouche YS, Jayakumar PC. A focal outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis among horses in Pune district, India. J Commun Dis 2003; 35:40-2. [PMID: 15239304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Pune
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Nandi JS, Bhavalkar-Potdar V, Tikute S, Raut CG. A novel type D simian retrovirus naturally infecting the Indian Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus). Virology 2000; 277:6-13. [PMID: 11062030 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a simian species, the langurs are not known to harbor simian retroviruses, except for one report on a simian Type D endogenous retrovirus from the spectacled langur (Trachypithecus obscurus) from Malaysia. The present report describes for the first time natural infection of the common Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) from India by a novel simian retrovirus (SRV). The new SRV is phylogenetically related to but distinct from the three molecularly characterized serotypes, SRV 1-3, of the five known serotypes of SRVs, based on sequence analyses from the 3'orf and env regions of the viral genome. The novel SRV isolated from the Indian Hanuman langur is provisionally named SRV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nandi
- Department of Retrovirology, National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411001, India
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Kolhapure RM, Deolankar RP, Tupe CD, Raut CG, Basu A, Dama BM, Pawar SD, Joshi MV, Padbidri VS, Goverdhan MK, Banerjee K. Investigation of buffalopox outbreaks in Maharashtra State during 1992-1996. Indian J Med Res 1997; 106:441-6. [PMID: 9415737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During 1992-96, outbreaks of buffalopox zoonosis were reported from different villages in Jalgaon, Dhule and Beed districts of Maharashtra State. In humans, pox lesions were observed on the hands whereas in affected buffaloes and cows the lesions were noticed mainly on the teats and udder. Twenty two virus strains were isolated from the skin scabs collected from infected humans and milch animals. Neutralizing antibodies were detected not only in the sera of affected humans but also in their contacts. Detection of antibodies in young individuals from endemic area, who were neither vaccinated for smallpox nor had any contact with buffaloes or history of any poxvirus disease, is suggestive of occurrence of subclinical infection. A few children who had no contact with infected animals also showed clinical manifestations with disseminated lesions on the face, arm and buttocks, and thus suspected to have acquired infection through their infected parents or other family members indicating a possible man to man transmission. Therefore, in the light of discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, buffalopox outbreaks need to be monitored carefully as this may emerge as a serious zoonotic disease in India.
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Mourya DT, Raut CG, Deolankar RP, Goverdhan MK, Gokhale MD, Lande CB. Failure of Aedes aegypti to become infected by feeding on dengue virus-infected immuno-comprised nude mice. Acta Virol 1997; 41:57-8. [PMID: 9199718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Raut CG, Deolankar RP, Kolhapure RM, Goverdhan MK. Susceptibility of laboratory-bred rodents to the experimental infection with dengue virus type 2. Acta Virol 1996; 40:143-6. [PMID: 8891094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Various strains of laboratory-bred rodents viz. mice [Swiss, C57BL/6, C3H/Hej, DBA/2, BALB/c, NMRI (nu/nu) and BL6 (nu/nu) and their heterozygous siblings (nu/+)], Mastomys natalensis, Wistar rat, golden hamster and Indian desert gerbil were inoculated intracerebrally (ic) with mouse-adapted dengue virus type 2 (DV-2). The inoculated animals were observed daily for dullness, anorexia, occult blood in faeces, patechial haemorrhages, lacrymation, paralysis, cachexia, death. Necropsied animals were examined for gastrointestinal haemorrhages and lymphadenopathy. The severity of clinical symptoms in various rodents declined as follows: (i) BL6 (nu/nu) mice exhibited most severe manifestation of all the aforementioned symptoms followed by (ii) NMRI (nu/nu), (iii) BL6 (nu/+) (iv) NMRI (nu/+) and C57BL6, (v) DBA, C3H/Hej and BALB/c, and (vi) Swiss. These results indicate that adaptation of DV-2 to the mouse may be an important factor in exaltation of virulence. Interstrain variation in manifestation of symptoms in mice indicates that the susceptibility to DV-2 may be determined by host genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Raut
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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