1
|
Liu EJ, Aiuppa A, Alan A, Arellano S, Bitetto M, Bobrowski N, Carn S, Clarke R, Corrales E, de Moor JM, Diaz JA, Edmonds M, Fischer TP, Freer J, Fricke GM, Galle B, Gerdes G, Giudice G, Gutmann A, Hayer C, Itikarai I, Jones J, Mason E, McCormick Kilbride BT, Mulina K, Nowicki S, Rahilly K, Richardson T, Rüdiger J, Schipper CI, Watson IM, Wood K. Aerial strategies advance volcanic gas measurements at inaccessible, strongly degassing volcanoes. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/44/eabb9103. [PMID: 33127674 PMCID: PMC7608812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic emissions are a critical pathway in Earth's carbon cycle. Here, we show that aerial measurements of volcanic gases using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor plumes remotely and to constrain global volatile fluxes from volcanoes. Combining multi-scale measurements from ground-based remote sensing, long-range aerial sampling, and satellites, we present comprehensive gas fluxes-3760 ± [600, 310] tons day-1 CO2 and 5150 ± [730, 340] tons day-1 SO2-for a strong yet previously uncharacterized volcanic emitter: Manam, Papua New Guinea. The CO2/ST ratio of 1.07 ± 0.06 suggests a modest slab sediment contribution to the sub-arc mantle. We find that aerial strategies reduce uncertainties associated with ground-based remote sensing of SO2 flux and enable near-real-time measurements of plume chemistry and carbon isotope composition. Our data emphasize the need to account for time averaging of temporal variability in volcanic gas emissions in global flux estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Liu
- University College London, London WC1E6BS, UK.
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB23EQ, UK
| | - A Aiuppa
- Università di Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - A Alan
- GasLAB, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - S Arellano
- Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Bitetto
- Università di Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - N Bobrowski
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Carn
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - R Clarke
- University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - E Corrales
- GasLAB, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J M de Moor
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, 40101-3000 Costa Rica
| | - J A Diaz
- GasLAB, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - M Edmonds
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB23EQ, UK
| | - T P Fischer
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J Freer
- University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
- University of Saskatchewan, Centre for Hydrology, Canmore, Alberta T1W 3G1, Canada
| | - G M Fricke
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - B Galle
- Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Gerdes
- Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Giudice
- INGV, Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - A Gutmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - C Hayer
- University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - I Itikarai
- Rabaul Volcanological Observatory, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
| | - J Jones
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - E Mason
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB23EQ, UK
| | | | - K Mulina
- Rabaul Volcanological Observatory, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
| | - S Nowicki
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - K Rahilly
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - J Rüdiger
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - C I Schipper
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - I M Watson
- University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - K Wood
- University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| |
Collapse
|