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Goncalves MB, Wu Y, Clarke E, Grist J, Moehlin J, Mendoza-Parra MA, Hobbs C, Kalindjian B, Fok H, Mander AP, Hassanin H, Bendel D, Täubel J, Mant T, Carlstedt T, Jack J, Corcoran JPT. C286, an orally available retinoic acid receptor β agonist drug, regulates multiple pathways to achieve spinal cord injury repair. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1411384. [PMID: 39228795 PMCID: PMC11368863 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1411384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) is an emerging therapeutic target for spinal cord injuries (SCIs) with a unique multimodal regenerative effect. We have developed a first-in-class RARβ agonist drug, C286, that modulates neuron-glial pathways to induce functional recovery in a rodent model of sensory root avulsion. Here, using genome-wide and pathway enrichment analysis of avulsed rats' spinal cords, we show that C286 also influences the extracellular milieu (ECM). Protein expression studies showed that C286 upregulates tenascin-C, integrin-α9, and osteopontin in the injured cord. Similarly, C286 remodulates these ECM molecules, hampers inflammation and prevents tissue loss in a rodent model of spinal cord contusion C286. We further demonstrate C286's efficacy in human iPSC-derived neurons, with treatment resulting in a significant increase in neurite outgrowth. Additionally, we identify a putative efficacy biomarker, S100B, which plasma levels correlated with axonal regeneration in nerve-injured rats. We also found that other clinically available retinoids, that are not RARβ specific agonists, did not lead to functional recovery in avulsed rats, demonstrating the requirement for RARβ specific pathways in regeneration. In a Phase 1 trial, the single ascending dose (SAD) cohorts showed increases in expression of RARβ2 in white blood cells correlative to increased doses and at the highest dose administered, the pharmacokinetics were similar to the rat proof of concept (POC) studies. Collectively, our data suggests that C286 signalling in neurite/axonal outgrowth is conserved between species and across nerve injuries. This warrants further clinical testing of C286 to ascertain POC in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Schuster DM, LeBlanc DPM, Zhou G, Meier MJ, Dodge AE, White PA, Long AS, Williams A, Hobbs C, Diesing A, Smith-Roe SL, Salk JJ, Marchetti F, Yauk CL. Dose-related Mutagenic and Clastogenic Effects of Benzo[b]fluoranthene in Mouse Somatic Tissues Detected by Duplex Sequencing and the Micronucleus Assay. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605228. [PMID: 39211269 PMCID: PMC11360995 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants that originate from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. We investigated the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of benzo[ b ]fluoranthene (BbF), one of 16 priority PAHs, in MutaMouse males after a 28-day oral exposure. BbF causes robust dose-dependent increases in micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood, indicative of chromosome damage. Duplex Sequencing (DS), an error-corrected sequencing technology, reveals that BbF induces dose-dependent increases in mutation frequencies in bone marrow (BM) and liver. Mutagenicity is increased in intergenic relative to genic regions, suggesting a role for transcription-coupled repair of BbF-induced DNA damage. At higher doses, the maximum mutagenic response to BbF is higher in liver, which has a lower mitotic index but higher metabolic capacity than BM; however, mutagenic potency is comparable between the two tissues. BbF induces primarily C:G>A:T mutations, followed by C:G>T:A and C:G>G:C, indicating that BbF metabolites mainly target guanines and cytosines. The mutation spectrum of BbF correlates with cancer mutational signatures associated with tobacco exposure, supporting its contribution to the carcinogenicity of combustion-derived PAHs in humans. Overall, BbF's mutagenic effects are similar to benzo[ a ]pyrene, a well-studied mutagenic PAH. Our work showcases the utility of DS for effective mutagenicity assessment of environmental pollutants. Synopsis We used Duplex Sequencing to study the mutagenicity of benzo[ b ]fluoranthene across the mouse genome. Dose-dependent changes in mutation frequency and spectrum quantify its role in PAH-induced carcinogenicity.
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Karpov MA, Hobbs C, Jayasinghe SN, Stürzenbaum SR. Metallomic mapping of gut and brain in heavy metal exposed earthworms: A novel paradigm in ecotoxicology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149827. [PMID: 38554600 PMCID: PMC11458488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the uptake of lead in the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena veneta exposed to 0, 1000, and 2500 μg Pb/g soil. The soil metal content was extracted using strong acid digestion and water leaching, and analysed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to estimate absolute and bioavailable concentrations of metals in the soil. The guts and heads of lead-exposed earthworms were processed into formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded sections for high-resolution multi-element metallomic imaging via Laser Ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS). Metallomic maps of phosphorus, zinc, and lead were produced at 15-μm resolution in the head and gut of D. veneta. Additional 4-μm resolution metallomic maps of the earthworm brains were taken, revealing the detailed localisation of metals in the brain. The Pb bioaccumulated in the chloragogenous tissues of the earthworm in a dose-dependent manner, making it possible to track the extent of soil contamination. The bioaccumulation of P and Zn in earthworm tissues was independent of Pb exposure concentration. This approach demonstrates the utility of LA-ICP-MS as a powerful approach for ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessments.
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Buhidma Y, Hobbs C, Malcangio M, Duty S. Periaqueductal grey and spinal cord pathology contribute to pain in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:69. [PMID: 37100804 PMCID: PMC10133233 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a key non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) that significantly impacts on life quality. The mechanisms underlying chronic pain in PD are poorly understood, hence the lack of effective treatments. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model of PD, we identified reductions in dopaminergic neurons in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and Met-enkephalin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that were validated in human PD tissue samples. Pharmacological activation of D1-like receptors in the PAG, identified as the DRD5+ phenotype located on glutamatergic neurons, alleviated the mechanical hypersensitivity seen in the Parkinsonian model. Downstream activity in serotonergic neurons in the Raphé magnus (RMg) was also reduced in 6-OHDA lesioned rats, as detected by diminished c-FOS positivity. Furthermore, we identified increased pre-aggregate α-synuclein, coupled with elevated activated microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in those people that experienced PD-related pain in life. Our findings have outlined pathological pathways involved in the manifestation of pain in PD that may present targets for improved analgesia in people with PD.
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Chauhan J, Grandits M, Palhares LCGF, Mele S, Nakamura M, López-Abente J, Crescioli S, Laddach R, Romero-Clavijo P, Cheung A, Stavraka C, Chenoweth AM, Sow HS, Chiaruttini G, Gilbert AE, Dodev T, Koers A, Pellizzari G, Ilieva KM, Man F, Ali N, Hobbs C, Lombardi S, Lionarons DA, Gould HJ, Beavil AJ, Geh JLC, MacKenzie Ross AD, Healy C, Calonje E, Downward J, Nestle FO, Tsoka S, Josephs DH, Blower PJ, Karagiannis P, Lacy KE, Spicer J, Karagiannis SN, Bax HJ. Anti-cancer pro-inflammatory effects of an IgE antibody targeting the melanoma-associated antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2192. [PMID: 37185332 PMCID: PMC10130092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcomes for half of patients with melanoma remain poor despite standard-of-care checkpoint inhibitor therapies. The prevalence of the melanoma-associated antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) expression is ~70%, therefore effective immunotherapies directed at CSPG4 could benefit many patients. Since IgE exerts potent immune-activating functions in tissues, we engineer a monoclonal IgE antibody with human constant domains recognizing CSPG4 to target melanoma. CSPG4 IgE binds to human melanomas including metastases, mediates tumoricidal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and stimulates human IgE Fc-receptor-expressing monocytes towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. IgE demonstrates anti-tumor activity in human melanoma xenograft models engrafted with human effector cells and is associated with enhanced macrophage infiltration, enriched monocyte and macrophage gene signatures and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment. IgE prolongs the survival of patient-derived xenograft-bearing mice reconstituted with autologous immune cells. No ex vivo activation of basophils in patient blood is measured in the presence of CSPG4 IgE. Our findings support a promising IgE-based immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Brown S, Malik S, Aljammal M, O'Flynn A, Hobbs C, Shah M, Roberts SJ, Logan MPO. The Prrx1eGFP Mouse Labels the Periosteum During Development and a Subpopulation of Osteogenic Periosteal Cells in the Adult. JBMR Plus 2022; 7:e10707. [PMID: 36751415 PMCID: PMC9893263 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the cells that form the periosteum during development is controversial with current dogma suggesting these are derived from a Sox9-positive progenitor. Herein, we characterize a newly created Prrx1eGFP reporter transgenic mouse line during limb formation and postnatally. Interestingly, in the embryo Prrx1eGFP-labeled cells become restricted around the Sox9-positive cartilage anlage without themselves becoming Sox9-positive. In the adult, the Prrx1eGFP transgene live labels a subpopulation of cells within the periosteum that are enriched at specific sites, and this population is diminished in aged mice. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled subpopulation can be isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and represents approximately 8% of all isolated periosteal cells. The GFP-labeled subpopulation is significantly more osteogenic than unlabeled, GFP-negative periosteal cells. In addition, the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of periosteal cells in vitro can be extended with the addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the expansion media. We provide evidence to suggest that osteoblasts contributing to cortical bone formation in the embryo originate from Prrx1eGFP-positive cells within the perichondrium, which possibly piggyback on invading vascular cells and secrete new bone matrix. In summary, the Prrx1eGFP mouse is a powerful tool to visualize and isolate periosteal cells and to quantify their properties in the embryo and adult. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Hobbs C, Formstone CJ. Planar cell polarity proteins determine basal cell height in the later stage embryonic mouse epidermis'. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:138. [PMID: 36938121 PMCID: PMC10020738 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17733.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex organ formation requires the coordinated morphogenesis of adjacent tissue layers. Here, we report a role for the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins Fz6 and Celsr1 in generating squamous basal cells in the later stage embryonic epidermis of the mouse is reported, which may impact upon the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Methods: The depth of the epidermis and basal layer as well as cell proliferation index was scored from immunostained wax sections taken from different mouse embryos mutant in planar cell polarity signalling and their wild-type littermates. Orientation of epidermal cell division in Celsr1 Crash/Crash mutants was determined from thick frozen immunostained sections. Immunostained wax sections of wild-type skin explants cultured using the Lumox method enabled any changes in epidermal and basal layer depth to be measured following the release of surface tension upon dissection of skin away from the whole embryo. Results: Increased numbers of columnar and cuboidal basal epidermal cells were observed in fz6-/- mutant and Celsr1 mouse mutant Crash/Crash which correlated with visibly more rounded suprabasal cells and a thicker epidermis. Conclusions: Altogether these data support tissue intrinsic roles for PCP proteins in 'outside-in' (radial) skin architecture.
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Hobbs C, Formstone CJ. Planar cell polarity protein-dependent basal cell height in the later stage embryonic mouse epidermis impacts on the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:138. [PMID: 36938121 PMCID: PMC10020738 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17733.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex organ formation requires the coordinated morphogenesis of adjacent tissue layers. Here, a role for the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins Fz6 and Celsr1 in generating squamous basal cells in the later stage embryonic epidermis of the mouse is reported, which impacts upon the shape of overlying suprabasal cells. Methods: The depth of the epidermis and basal layer as well as cell proliferation index was scored from immunostained wax sections taken from different mouse embryos mutant in planar cell polarity signalling and their wild-type littermates. Orientation of epidermal cell division in Celsr1 Crash/Crash mutants was determined from thick frozen immunostained sections. Immunostained wax sections of wild-type skin explants cultured using the Lumox method enabled any changes in epidermal and basal layer depth to be measured following the release of surface tension upon dissection of skin away from the whole embryo. Results: Increased numbers of columnar and cuboidal basal epidermal cells were observed in fz6 and Celsr1 mouse mutants including Celsr1 Crash/Crash which correlated with more rounded suprabasal cells and a thicker epidermis. Conclusions: Altogether these data support tissue intrinsic roles for PCP proteins in 'outside-in' (radial) skin architecture.
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Zorman MJ, Webb P, Nixon M, Sravanam S, Honeyman S, Nandhabalan M, Apostolopoulos V, Stacey R, Hobbs C, Plaha P. P14.24 Estimating survival outcomes in elderly (70+ years) patients with primary glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab180.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Elderly patients with glioblastoma are perceived to face a poor prognosis, with perceptions around older age and a relative lack of randomized data raising a concern about their undertreatment. The EANO guidelines recommend >70-year-old patients with good performance status to undergo maximal safe resection followed by hypofractionated (40 Gy in 15 fractions, i.e. RT40/15) radiotherapy with or without concurrent and adjuvant Temozolomide (TMZ), depending on MGMT promoter methylation. This study evaluated the relative survival impact of biological, histological, surgical and oncological factors and aimed to devise a scoring system to estimate the survival of elderly glioblastoma patients, with an aim to more accurately guide treatment in this cohort.
METHODS
The records of 169 elderly (≥70 years) patients with a new diagnosis of IDH-wild type glioblastoma were retrospectively examined for gender, age, WHO performance status (PS), comorbidities, MGMT methylation, surgical intervention and chemoradiation regime. The adjusted survival impact of these factors was determined using Cox proportional hazards model and used to devise a two-stage scoring system to estimate survival of patients at the stage of surgical (Elderly Glioblastoma Surgical Score, EGSS) and oncological management (Elderly Glioblastoma Oncological Score, EGOS).
RESULTS
The overall median survival (MS) of the cohort was 28.8 weeks. Subtotal resection (MS=27.7 weeks, 95%CI 24.1–31.6 weeks, HR=0.58) and gross-total resection (MS=77.8 weeks, 95%CI 67.0–88.6 weeks, HR=0.36) were associated with significant overall survival benefit compared to biopsy alone (MS=18.2 weeks, 95%CI 15.7–20.7 weeks, HR=5.23), p<0.05. Hypofractionated radiation with Temozolomide (RT40/15+TMZ, MS=60.9 weeks, 95%CI 49.9–71.8 weeks, HR=0.13) was non-inferior to the Stupp protocol (RT60/30+TMZ, MS=50.6 weeks, 95%CI 32.4–66.7 weeks, HR=0.11), p=0.72. Negative prognosticators included age above 75 years, biopsy alone and no chemoradiotherapy. Subgroup analysis revealed that MGMT unmethylated 70–75 year old patients who received the Stupp protocol had significantly improved overall survival (MS=57.6 weeks, 95%CI 27.7–88.1 weeks) compared to standard of care RT40/15 alone (MS=29.7 weeks, 95%CI 7.1–51.6 weeks), p=0.002. EGSS and EGOS scores estimated survival with 65% and 73% accuracy, respectively.
CONCLUSION
When appropriate and safe, a subgroup of elderly glioblastoma patients may benefit from more aggressive surgical and oncological management. The proposed EGSS and EGOS scores takes into account important prognostic factors to help guide which patients should receive such treatment.
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Webb PS, Zorman M, Watson R, Payne M, Coupe N, Hobbs C. P14.29 The treatment of melanoma brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery concurrently with immune checkpoint inhibition is associated with improved extracranial disease control and overall survival compared to the overall metastatic melanoma cohort - a synergistic effect reaching beyond local control? Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab180.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Melanoma brain metastases (MBM) are an increasingly common referral to the neuro-oncology MDT in the context of lengthening survivorship of metastatic melanoma (MM) patients in the immunotherapy era. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) are both effective in the management of MBM and, when combined, 12-month local control rates of >85% and overall survival (OS) >80% have been reported.[4,5] Recent local analysis of patients treated at our tertiary SRS referral centre has revealed even greater outcomes in this patient cohort. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients with MBM treated with concurrent SRS and ICI compared to the overall metastatic melanoma cohort, to elucidate whether the addition of SRS to ICI may improve disease control outside of the brain as well as within.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A retrospective analysis of our local SRS database and an ARIA ePrescribing database search was performed to identify a cohort of patients treated with concurrent SRS and ICI for MBM, as well as a control cohort of MM patients who received ICI alone, over a 4 year period until February 2020. The primary endpoints were the extracranial progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) at 12 months. Secondary endpoints were the median PFS (mPFS) and OS (mOS). Kaplan-Meier curves and survival statistics were generated using SPSS v26.
RESULTS
A total of 34 MBM from 19 patients were identified in the SRS+ICI group and there were 200 patients in the control group. The minimum follow up was 12 months. The median patient age, duration of ICI and use of combination ICI favoured the SRS+ICI group. The number of sites of extracranial disease pre-ICI and overall anti-PD-1 usage was well matched. In the SRS+ICI group, there were no cases of extracranial progression and no deaths within 12 months. In the control group, the 12-month PFS and OS rates were 50.5% and 77.5% respectively. In terms of mPFS, this was not reached (estimated 37.6 months) in the SRS+ICI group, versus 13.4 months in the control group (log rank test, p=0.001). In terms of mOS, this was not reached in the SRS+ICI group, versus 55.8 months in the control group (log rank test, p=0.016).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrate improved extracranial disease control and survivorship amongst metastatic melanoma patients who develop brain metastases and are treated with concurrent SRS and ICI compared to those who do not. The outcomes of our control cohort are comparable to the 4-year follow up of the CheckMate 067 trial (n=945),[6] which strengthens the validity of the statistical comparisons made in this study. The improved extracranial disease control seen when SRS and ICI are combined in the treatment of MBM questions whether an abscopal effect may be at play, and therefore further accents the utility of SRS in MBM beyond that of local control alone. This could influence management in cases of borderline decisions for SRS.
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Robinson M, Sayal K, Tunstall C, Padmanaban S, Watson R, Pretorius P, Joseph R, Jeyaretna S, Hobbs C. P14.85 Impact of the neuro-radiologist and neuro-surgeon in contouring with the neuro-oncologist on local relapse rates for brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab180.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The audit evaluates the value of MDT, including neuro-radiologist and neuro-surgeon, review of contouring carried out by a clinical oncologist in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A sequential audit was conducted of all patients receiving intracranial SRS at our local institution for the first 22 months of a new SRS service. Lesions were contoured first by clinical oncologist then reviewed/edited by the MDT. The initial contour was compared with final contour using Jaccard conformity and geographical miss indices. The dosimetric impact of a contouring change was assessed using plan metrics to both original and final contour. The impact of the contouring review on local relapse, overall survival and radio necrosis rate was evaluated with at least 24 months follow up (24–46 months).
RESULTS
113 patients and 142 lesions treated over 22 months were identified. Mean JCI was 0.92 (0.32–1.00) and 38% needed significant editing (JCI<0.95). Mean GMI was 0.03 (0.0–0.65) and 17% showed significant miss (GMI>0.05). Resection cavities showed more changes, with lower JCI and higher GMI (p<0.05). There was no significant improvement on JCI or GMI shown over time. Dosimetric analysis indicated a strong association of conformity metrics with PTV dose metrics; a 0.1 change in GTV conformity metric association with 6–17% change in dose to 95% of resulting PTV. Greater association was seen in resection cavity suggesting the geographical nature of a typical contouring error gives rise to greater potential change in dose. Clinical outcomes compared well with published series. Median survival was 20 months and local relapse free rate in the treated areas of 0.89 (0.8–0.94) at 40 months, and 0.9 (0.83–0.95) radio-necrosis free rate at 40 months with a median 17 months to developing radio-necrosis for those that did.
CONCLUSION
This work highlights that a MDT contour review adds significant value to SRS and the approach translates into reduced local recurrence rates at our local institution compared with previously published data. Radio-necrosis rates are below 10%. No improvement in clinical oncologist contouring over time was shown indicating a collaborative approach is needed regardless of experience of clinical oncologist. MDT input is recommended in particular in contouring of resection cavities.
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Vinsland E, Baskaran P, Mihaylov SR, Hobbs C, Wood H, Bouybayoune I, Shah K, Houart C, Tee AR, Murn J, Fernandes C, Bateman JM. The zinc finger/RING domain protein Unkempt regulates cognitive flexibility. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16299. [PMID: 34381067 PMCID: PMC8357790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct orchestration of nervous system development is a profound challenge that involves coordination of complex molecular and cellular processes. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a key regulator of nervous system development and synaptic function. The mTOR kinase is a hub for sensing inputs including growth factor signaling, nutrients and energy levels. Activation of mTOR signaling causes diseases with severe neurological manifestations, such as tuberous sclerosis complex and focal cortical dysplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mTOR signaling regulates nervous system development and function are poorly understood. Unkempt is a conserved zinc finger/RING domain protein that regulates neurogenesis downstream of mTOR signaling in Drosophila. Unkempt also directly interacts with the mTOR complex I component Raptor. Here we describe the generation and characterisation of mice with a conditional knockout of Unkempt (UnkcKO) in the nervous system. Loss of Unkempt reduces Raptor protein levels in the embryonic nervous system but does not affect downstream mTORC1 targets. We also show that nervous system development occurs normally in UnkcKO mice. However, we find that Unkempt is expressed in the adult cerebellum and hippocampus and behavioural analyses show that UnkcKO mice have improved memory formation and cognitive flexibility to re-learn. Further understanding of the role of Unkempt in the nervous system will provide novel mechanistic insight into the role of mTOR signaling in learning and memory.
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Williams IP, Crescioli S, Sow HS, Bax HJ, Hobbs C, Ilieva KM, French E, Pellizzari G, Cox V, Josephs DH, Spicer JF, Karagiannis SN, Mele S. In vivo safety profile of a CSPG4-directed IgE antibody in an immunocompetent rat model. MAbs 2021; 12:1685349. [PMID: 31769737 PMCID: PMC6927758 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1685349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE monoclonal antibodies hold great potential for cancer therapy. Preclinical in vivo systems, particularly those in which the antibody recognizes the host species target antigen and binds to cognate Fc receptors, are often the closest approximation to human exposure and represent a key challenge for evaluating the safety of antibody-based therapies. We sought to develop an immunocompetent rat system to assess the safety of a rodent anti-tumor IgE, as a surrogate for the human therapeutic candidate. We generated a rat IgE against the human tumor-associated antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) and cross-reactive for the rat antigen. We analyzed CSPG4 distribution in normal rat and human tissues and investigated the in vivo safety of the antibody by monitoring clinical signs and molecular biomarkers after systemic administration to immunocompetent rats. Human and rat CSPG4 expression in normal tissues were comparable. Animals receiving antibody exhibited transient mild to moderate adverse events accompanied by mild elevation of serum tryptase, but not of angiotensin II or cytokines implicated in allergic reactions or cytokine storm. In the long term, repeated antibody administration was well tolerated, with no changes in animal body weight, liver and kidney functions or blood cell counts. This model provides preclinical support for the safety profiling of IgE therapeutic antibodies. Due to the comparable antigen tissue distribution in human and rat, this model may also comprise an appropriate tool for proof-of-concept safety evaluations of different treatment approaches targeting CSPG4.
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Usansky I, Jaworska P, Asti L, Kenny FN, Hobbs C, Sofra V, Song H, Logan M, Graham A, Shaw TJ. A developmental basis for the anatomical diversity of dermis in homeostasis and wound repair. J Pathol 2020; 253:315-325. [PMID: 33197044 PMCID: PMC7898902 DOI: 10.1002/path.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dermis has disparate embryonic origins; abdominal dermis develops from lateral plate mesoderm, dorsal dermis from paraxial mesoderm and facial dermis from neural crest. However, the cell and molecular differences and their functional implications have not been described. We hypothesise that the embryonic origin of the dermis underpins regional characteristics of skin, including its response to wounding. We have compared abdomen, back and cheek, three anatomical sites representing the distinct embryonic tissues from which the dermis can arise, during homeostasis and wound repair using RNA sequencing, histology and fibroblast cultures. Our transcriptional analyses demonstrate differences between body sites that reflect their diverse origins. Moreover, we report histological and transcriptional variations during a wound response, including site differences in ECM composition, cell migration and proliferation, and re‐enactment of distinct developmental programmes. These findings reveal profound regional variation in the mechanisms of tissue repair. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Strotton MC, Bodey AJ, Wanelik K, Hobbs C, Rau C, Bradbury EJ. The spatiotemporal spread of cervical spinal cord contusion injury pathology revealed by 3D in-line phase contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113529. [PMID: 33220238 PMCID: PMC7840595 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structural changes occur within the spinal cord following traumatic injury. Acute tissue debris and necrotic tissue are broken down, proliferating local glia and infiltrating leukocytes remodel tissue biochemical and biophysical properties, and a chronic cavity surrounded by a scar forms at the injury epicentre. Serial-section 2D histology has traditionally assessed these features in experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) to measure the extent of tissue pathology and evaluate efficacy of novel therapies. However, this 2D snapshot approach overlooks slice intervening features, with accurate representation of tissue compromised by mechanical processing artefacts. 3D imaging avoids these caveats and allows full exploration of the injured tissue volume to characterise whole tissue pathology. Amongst 3D imaging modalities, Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomography (SRμCT) is advantageous for its speed, ability to cover large tissue volumes at high resolution, and need for minimal sample processing. Here we demonstrate how extended lengths of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) rat spinal cord can be completely imaged by SRμCT with micron resolution. Label-free contrast derived from X-ray phase interactions with low-density soft tissues, reveals spinal cord white matter, gray matter, tissue damage and vasculature, with tissue still viable for targeted 2D-histology after 3D imaging. We used SRμCT to quantify tissue pathology after a midline, cervical level (C6), 225 kDyne contusion injury over acute-to-chronic (24 h to 5 weeks) post injury time points. Quantification revealed acute tissue swelling prior to chronic atrophy across the whole imaged region (spanning 2 spinal segments above and below injury), along with rostro-caudal asymmetries in white and gray matter volume loss. 3D volumes revealed satellite damage in tissue far removed from the epicentre, and extensive rostro-caudal spread of damage through the base of the dorsal columns at 24 h post injury. This damage overlapped regions of vasogenic oedema, confirmed with subsequent histology. Tissue damage at later time points in border regions was most prominent in the dorsal columns, where it overlapped sites of damaged venous vasculature. Elaborating rostro-caudal and spatiotemporal asymmetries in reduced traumatic injury models centred on these regions may inform future treatments that seek to limit the spread of tissue pathology to these ‘at-risk’ regions.
Whole rat spinal cord SRμCT tomograms (up to 20 mm length) with μm resolution Pathology of 3 SHAM and 24 acute-to-chronic C6 midline contusion SCIs quantified Rostro-caudal asymmetries in gray and white matter pathology progression Differences in ascending and descending dorsal column tract pathology Delayed rostral-caudal pathology associated with sites of venous vasculature
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Drummond L, Couldrick N, Scott C, Shafi H, Costelloe M, Hobbs C. Management Perspective on How to Plan and Deliver Image-guided Radiotherapy - Experience of the Oxford Cancer Centre Over the Past 10 Years. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020; 32:845-851. [PMID: 33092943 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu EMC, Hobbs C, Ghuman M, Hughes FJ. Development of an in vitro model of the dentogingival junction using 3D organotypic constructs. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:147-153. [PMID: 33010184 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The overall aim was to propose a plausible model of the dentogingival junction (DGJ) to deepen our understanding of the extrinsic influences responsible for the development of the junctional epithelial phenotype. The specific objective was to test the hypothesis that epithelial migration and proliferation would be inhibited by periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts in an in vitro model of the DGJ consisting of 3D organotypic cultures. BACKGROUND Previously, we showed that 3D organotypic cultures containing human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) supported the development of a multi-layered epithelium, while constructs containing human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF) resulted in epithelial atrophy (Lu EMC, Hobbs C, Dyer CJ, Ghuman M, Hughes FJ. J Perio Res., 2020). However, changes in epithelial phenotype have not been studied within an in vitro model of the DGJ. METHODS The in vitro model of the DGJ comprised of a donor HGF construct (H400 epithelium overlying HGF-collagen matrix) supported by a dimensionally larger recipient collagen bed enriched with HPDLF. Samples were harvested, fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. The changes in epithelial migration and proliferation following contact with HPDLF were assessed by measuring the horizontal extension of the epithelial outgrowth on the recipient collagen matrix. RESULTS Within our in vitro model of the DGJ, epithelial migration and proliferation were inhibited following contact with the recipient HPDLF. By contrast, the control set-up showed a relative increase in epithelial growth, where the epithelium came into contact with the recipient HGF. Overall, there were limited changes in the molecular expression of keratin markers. CONCLUSION This study has proposed a plausible in vitro model of the DGJ to illustrate the role of different fibroblasts in the regulation of dentogingival epithelia. Furthermore, it suggests that the anatomical positional stability of the JE and its apparent resistance to apical migration could be associated with its interaction with the PDL.
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Lu EMC, Hobbs C, Dyer C, Ghuman M, Hughes FJ. Differential regulation of epithelial growth by gingival and periodontal fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:859-867. [PMID: 32885443 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts regulate epithelial phenotype. BACKGROUND Fibroblast populations regulate the epithelial phenotype through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI). Previous studies have proposed that maintenance of the junctional epithelium (JE) is dependent on the differential effects from gingival and PDL tissues. However, these cell populations are undefined and the signalling mechanisms which may regulate JE are unknown. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of dentogingival tissues to identify phenotypic differences in fibroblast populations. The effect of distinct fibroblasts on epithelial phenotype was studied via 3D organotypic cultures, consisting of an H400 epithelium supported by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) or human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF), embedded in collagen gel. To investigate the involvement of Wnt signalling in EMI, the Wnt antagonist rhDKK1 was added to HGF constructs. The gene expression of Wnt antagonists and agonists was tested via RNA extraction and qPCR. Specific gene silencing using RNA interference was performed on HPDLF/HGF constructs. RESULTS Gingival fibroblasts were characterized by Sca1 expression, and PDL fibroblasts, characterized by Periostin and Asporin expression. Through the construction of 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that HGF supported epithelial multilayering, whilst HPDLF failed to support epithelial cell growth. Furthermore, HGF constructs treated with rhDKK1 resulted in a profound reduction in epithelial thickness. We identified SFRP4 to be highly specifically expressed in HPDLF, at both the mRNA and protein levels. A knockdown of SFRP4 in HPDLF constructs led to an increase in epithelial growth. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the presence of phenotypically distinct fibroblast populations within dentogingival tissues and that these specific populations have different influences on the epithelium. Our data suggest that a downregulation of Wnt signalling within PDL may be important in maintaining the integrity and anatomical position of the JE.
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Khurana P, Kolundzic N, Rogar M, Hobbs C, Wong XFCC, Common JEA, Ilic D, Liovic M. Stem Cell Research Lab Resource: Stem Cell LineInduced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line MLi-003A derived from an individual with the maximum number of filaggrin (FLG) tandem repeats. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101827. [PMID: 32361315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated MLi003-A, a new induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line derived from hair follicle keratinocytes of a healthy male characterized with a maximum number of filaggrin tandem repeats, making this iPSC line the best control for studies on skin barrier function. The characterization of the MLi003-A cell line consisted of molecular karyotyping, high-throughput array-based sequencing composed of Fluidigm microfluidics technology and next-generation sequencing of the filaggrin alleles, and pluripotency and differentiation potentials testing by immunofluorescence of associated markers both in vitro and in vivo. The MLi-003A line has been also tested for ability to differentiate into keratinocytes.
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Cleary SJ, Hobbs C, Amison RT, Arnold S, O'Shaughnessy BG, Lefrançais E, Mallavia B, Looney MR, Page CP, Pitchford SC. LPS-induced Lung Platelet Recruitment Occurs Independently from Neutrophils, PSGL-1, and P-Selectin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:232-243. [PMID: 30768917 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0182oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are recruited to inflammatory foci and contribute to host defense and inflammatory responses. Compared with platelet recruitment in hemostasis and thrombosis, the mechanisms of platelet recruitment in inflammation and host defense are poorly understood. Neutrophil recruitment to lung airspaces after inhalation of bacterial LPS requires platelets and PSGL-1 in mice. Given this association between platelets and neutrophils, we investigated whether recruitment of platelets to lungs of mice after LPS inhalation was dependent on PSGL-1, P-selectin, or interaction with neutrophils. BALB/c mice were administered intranasal LPS (O55:B5, 5 mg/kg) and, 48 hours later, lungs were collected and platelets and neutrophils quantified in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. The effects of functional blocking antibody treatments targeting the platelet-neutrophil adhesion molecules, P-selectin or PSGL-1, or treatment with a neutrophil-depleting antibody targeting Ly6G, were tested on the extent of LPS-induced lung platelet recruitment. Separately in Pf4-Cre × mTmG mice, two-photon intravital microscopy was used to image platelet adhesion in live lungs. Inhalation of LPS caused both platelet and neutrophil recruitment to the lung vasculature. However, decreasing lung neutrophil recruitment by blocking PSGL-1, P-selectin, or depleting blood neutrophils had no effect on lung platelet recruitment. Lung intravital imaging revealed increased adhesion of platelets in the lung microvasculature which was not associated with thrombus formation. In conclusion, platelet recruitment to lungs in response to LPS occurs through mechanisms distinct from those mediating neutrophil recruitment, or the occurrence of pulmonary emboli.
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Parisi C, Salvatore L, Veschini L, Serra MP, Hobbs C, Madaghiele M, Sannino A, Di Silvio L. Biomimetic gradient scaffold of collagen–hydroxyapatite for osteochondral regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731419896068. [PMID: 35003613 PMCID: PMC8738858 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419896068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects remain a major clinical challenge mainly due to the
combined damage to the articular cartilage and the underlying bone, and the
interface between the two tissues having very different properties. Current
treatment modalities have several limitations and drawbacks, with limited
capacity of restoration; however, tissue engineering shows promise in improving
the clinical outcomes of osteochondral defects. In this study, a novel gradient
scaffold has been fabricated, implementing a gradient structure in the design to
mimic the anatomical, biological and physicochemical properties of bone and
cartilage as closely as possible. Compared with the commonly studied multi-layer
scaffolds, the gradient scaffold has the potential to induce a smooth transition
between cartilage and bone and avoid any instability at the interface, mimicking
the natural structure of the osteochondral tissue. The scaffold comprises a
collagen matrix with a gradient distribution of low-crystalline hydroxyapatite
particles. Physicochemical analyses confirmed phase and chemical compositions of
the gradient scaffold and the distribution of the mineral phase along the
gradient scaffold. Mechanical tests confirmed the gradient of stiffness
throughout the scaffold, according to its mineral content. The gradient scaffold
exhibited good biological performances both in vitro and in vivo. Biological
evaluation of the scaffold, in combination with human bone-marrow–derived
mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrated that the gradient of composition and
stiffness preferentially increased cell proliferation in different sub-regions
of the scaffold, according to their high chondrogenic or osteogenic
characteristics. The in vivo biocompatibility of the gradient scaffold was
confirmed by its subcutaneous implantation in rats. The gradient scaffold was
significantly colonised by host cells and minimal foreign body reaction was
observed. The scaffold’s favourable chemical, physical and biological properties
demonstrated that it has good potential as an engineered osteochondral analogue
for the regeneration of damaged tissue.
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Cleary SJ, Rauzi F, Smyth E, Correia A, Hobbs C, Emerson M, Page CP, Pitchford SC. Radiolabelling and immunohistochemistry reveal platelet recruitment into lungs and platelet migration into airspaces following LPS inhalation in mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 102:106660. [PMID: 31838234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelets are under investigation for their role in host defence and inflammatory lung diseases and have been demonstrated to be recruited to the lung. However, the mechanisms and consequences of platelet recruitment into lungs are poorly understood. We have utilised a murine model to investigate the mechanisms of platelet involvement in lung inflammation induced by intranasal administration of LPS. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to characterise lung platelet recruitment following LPS inhalation in mice using immunohistochemistry, and non-invasive and invasive radiolabelled platelet tracking techniques. RESULTS Intranasal administration of LPS caused an increase in lung platelet staining in lung tissue and elicited the recruitment of radiolabelled platelets into the lung. Prior to these responses in the lung, we observed an earlier decrease in blood platelet counts, temporally associated with platelet recruitment to the liver and spleen. Non-invasive measurements of thoracic radioactivity reflected changes in blood counts rather than extravascular lung platelet recruitment. However, both in situ counting of radiolabelled platelets and immunostaining for platelet surface markers showed LPS-induced increases in extravascular platelets into lung airspaces suggesting that some of the platelets recruited to the lung enter air spaces. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal administration of LPS activates the innate immune response which includes a fall in peripheral blood platelet counts with subsequent platelet recruitment to the lung, spleen and liver, measured by immunohistochemistry and radiolabelling techniques.
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Goncalves MB, Moehlin J, Clarke E, Grist J, Hobbs C, Carr AM, Jack J, Mendoza-Parra MA, Corcoran JP. RARβ Agonist Drug (C286) Demonstrates Efficacy in a Pre-clinical Neuropathic Pain Model Restoring Multiple Pathways via DNA Repair Mechanisms. iScience 2019; 21:562-563. [PMID: 31726373 PMCID: PMC6854060 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Woods E, Bell RE, Easton JA, Hobbs C, Eager M, Baig F, Ross AM, Mallipeddi R, Powell B, Soldin M, Mayr M, Shaw TJ. Cartilage-like composition of keloid scar extracellular matrix suggests fibroblast mis-differentiation in disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 4:100016. [PMID: 33543013 PMCID: PMC7852214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following wound damage to the skin, the scarring spectrum is wide-ranging, from a manageable normal scar through to pathological keloids. The question remains whether these fibrotic lesions represent simply a quantitative extreme, or alternatively, whether they are qualitatively distinct. A three-way comparison of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of normal skin, normal scar and keloids was performed using quantitative discovery-based proteomics. This approach identified 40 proteins that were significantly altered in keloids compared to normal scars, and strikingly, 23 keloid-unique proteins. The major alterations in keloids, when functionally grouped, showed many changes in proteins involved in ECM assembly and fibrillogenesis, but also a keloid-associated loss of proteases, and a unique cartilage-like composition, which was also evident histologically. The presence of Aggrecan and Collagen II in keloids suggest greater plasticity and mis-differentiation of the constituent cells. This study characterises the ECM of both scar types to a depth previously underappreciated. This thorough molecular description of keloid lesions relative to normal scars is an essential step towards our understanding of this debilitating clinical problem, and how best to treat it.
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Daley A, Ghaffari G, Hobbs C, Todoric K. M040 SURVIVING THE STING – A CHALLENGING CASE OF INPATIENT HYMENOPTERA DESENSITIZATION AFTER FAILED OUTPATIENT DESENSITIZATION. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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