Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals

The effects of chemical amendments (calcium carbonate (CC), steel sludge (SS) and furnace slag (FS)) on the growth and uptake of cadmium (Cd) by wetland rice, Chinese cabbage and wheat grown in a red soil contaminated with Cd were investigated using a pot experiment. The phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with vetiver grass was also studied in a field plot experiment. Results showed that treatments with CC, SS and FS decreased Cd uptake by wetland rice, Chinese cabbage and wheat by 23-95% compared with the unamended control. Among the three amendments, FS was the most efficient at suppressing Cd uptake by the plants, probably due to its higher content of available silicon (Si). The concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and Cd in the shoots of vetiver grass were 42-67%, 500-1200% and 120-260% higher in contaminated plots than in control, respectively. Cadmium accumulation by vetiver shoots was 218 g Cd/ha at a soil Cd concentration of 0.33 mg Cd/kg. It is suggested that heavy metal-contaminated soil could be remediated with a combination of chemical treatments and plants.

Ribosomal movement impeded at a pseudoknot required for frameshifting

Translational frameshifting sometimes occurs when ribosomes encounter a "shift" site preceding a region of unusual secondary structure, which in at least three cases is known to be a pseudoknot. We provide evidence that ribosomes have a decreased rate of movement through a pseudoknot required for frameshifting. These paused ribosomes are directly situated over the shift sequence. Ribosomal pausing appears to be necessary but not sufficient for frameshifting.

Expression and signal transduction of calcium-sensing receptors in cartilage and bone

We previously showed that Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaRs) are expressed in chondrogenic RCJ3.1C5.18 (C5.18) cells and that changes in extracellular [Ca2+]([Ca2+]o) modulate nodule formation and chondrogenic gene expression. In the present study, we detected expression of CaRs in mouse, rat, and bovine cartilage and bone by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR; and we tested the effects of CaR agonists on signal transduction in chondrogenic and osteogenic cell lines. In situ hybridization detected CaR transcripts in most articular chondrocytes and in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the epiphyseal growth plate. Expression of CaR transcripts was weak or absent, however, in proliferating and maturing chondrocytes in the growth plate. In bone, CaR transcripts were present in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and bone marrow cells, but rarely in osteoclasts. A complementary DNA was amplified from mouse growth plate cartilage, which was highly homologous to the human parathyroid CaR sequence. Immunocytochemistry of cartilage and bone with CaR antisera confirmed these findings. Western blotting revealed specific bands (approximately 140-190 kDa) in membrane fractions isolated from growth plate cartilage, primary cultures of rat chondrocytes, and several osteogenic cell lines (SaOS-2, UMR-106, ROS 17/2.8, and MC3T3-E1). InsP responses to high [Ca2+]o were evident in C5.18 cells and all osteogenic cell lines tested except for SaOS-2 cells. In the latter, high [Ca2+]o reduced PTH-induced cAMP formation. Raising [Ca2+]o also increased intracellular free [Ca2+] in SaOS-2 and C5.18 cells. These studies confirm expression of CaRs in cartilage and bone and support the concept that changes in [Ca2+]o may couple to signaling pathways important in skeletal metabolism.

Catalytic properties of human manganese superoxide dismutase

The depletion of superoxide catalyzed by human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was observed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of superoxide at 250-280 nm following pulse radiolysis and by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Catalysis showed an initial burst of activity lasting approximately 1 ms followed by the rapid emergence of a greatly inhibited catalysis of zero-order rate. These catalytic properties of human MnSOD are qualitatively similar to those reported for MnSOD from Thermus thermophilus (Bull, C., Niederhoffer, E. C., Yoshida, T., and Fee, J. A.(1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 4069-4076). However, there are significant quantitative differences; the emergence of the inhibited form is approximately 30-fold more rapid for human MnSOD. The turnover number for human MnSOD at pH 9.4 and 20 degrees C was kcat = 4 x 10(4) s-1 and kcat/Km = 8 x 10(8) M-1 s-1, determined by a simulated fit of the model of Bull et al. (1991) to the pulse radiolysis data. We also report that the maximum of the visible absorption spectrum of human MnSOD (epsilon480 = 525 M-1 cm-1) showed a strong dependence on pH that could be described by an ionization of pKa 9.4 +/- 0.1 with a maximum at low pH.

Phylogenetic comparison of classical swine fever virus in China

An N-terminal fragment of the E2 gene of classical swine fever (CSF) virus encoding major immunogenic sites was amplified by RT-PCR directly from 110 clinical specimens representing 109 epizootic sites during the last decade in China. Phylogenetic relationships between these viruses as well as 20 reference strains were determined by comparison of their nucleotide sequences. A phylogenetic tree showed that 103 of the 110 field viruses (93.6%) were clustered within group 2 and subdivided into three subgroups, while the remaining seven viruses (6.4%), along with two Chinese reference strains, Shimen and HCLV (attenuated vaccine strain), were clustered into subgroup 1.1 within group 1. However, none of the Chinese CSF viruses were members of subgroup 1.2 (represented by reference strain Brescia). This is the first report on the distribution of CSF virus genotypes in China. Results indicated that CSF viruses predominating in recent epizootics within China are genetically divergent from the reference strain Shimen and the vaccine strain HCLV.

Structural and kinetic analysis of the chemical rescue of the proton transfer function of carbonic anhydrase II

Histidine 64 in human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) functions in the catalytic pathway of CO(2) hydration as a shuttle to transfer protons between the zinc-bound water and bulk water. Catalysis of the exchange of (18)O between CO(2) and water, measured by mass spectrometry, is dependent on this proton transfer and was decreased more than 10-fold for H64A HCA II compared with wild-type HCA II. The loss of catalytic activity of H64A HCA II could be rescued by 4-methylimidazole (4-MI), an exogenous proton donor, in a saturable process with a maximum activity of 40% of wild-type HCA II. The crystal structure of the rescued complex at 1.6 A resolution shows 4-MI bound in the active-site cavity of H64A HCA II, through pi stacking interactions with Trp 5 and H-bonding interactions with water molecules. In this location, 4-MI is about 12 A from the zinc and approximates the observed "out" position of His 64 in the structure of the wild-type enzyme. 4-MI appears to compensate for the absence of His 64 and rescues the catalytic activity of the H64A HCA II mutant. This result strongly suggests that the out conformation of His 64 is effective in the transfer of protons between the zinc-bound solvent molecule and solution.

The essential function of Not1 lies within the Ccr4-Not complex

The five Saccharomyces cerevisiae Not proteins are associated with the Ccr4 and Caf1 proteins in 1.2 MDa and 2 MDa complexes. The Not proteins have been proposed to repress transcription of promoters that do not contain a canonical TATA sequence, while the Ccr4 and Caf1 proteins are required for non-fermentative gene expression. The mechanism of transcriptional regulation by the Ccr4-Not complex is unknown and the role of its different components is unclear. Only Not1p is essential for yeast viability.Here, we show that most strains carrying combinations of two null alleles of the non-essential CCR4-NOT genes are non-viable. This would suggest that the Ccr4-Not complex is essential. We find that Not1p consists of at least two domains, a C-terminal domain that is essential for yeast viability, and a N-terminal domain that is dispensable but required for yeast wild-type growth. The essential C-terminal domain of Not1p can associate with Not5p, and both proteins are present in 1.2 and 2 MDa complexes in the absence of the N-terminal Not1p domain. In contrast, in the absence of the N-terminal domain of Not1p, Ccr4p does not efficiently associate in large complexes nor with the C-terminal domain of Not1p. Healthy growth is observed when both domains of Not1p are expressed in trans, and is correlated with their physical association, together with Ccr4p, in large complexes. These results are consistent with the essential function of Not1p lying within the Ccr4-Not complex.

The catalytic properties of human carbonic anhydrase IX

Human carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an integral membrane protein and a member of the alpha class of carbonic anhydrases that includes the human and animal enzymes. We have prepared a truncated, recombinant form of human CA IX of 255 residues consistent with full-length human CA II, among the most efficient of the carbonic anhydrases. Catalysis by and inhibition of this form of human CA IX has been investigated using stopped-flow spectrophotometry and 18O exchange measured by mass spectrometry. In kinetic constants for the hydration of CO2, CA IX closely resembled CA II with maximal proton transfer-dependent 18O exchange near 1 micros(-1) and kcat/Km near 55 microM(-1) x s(-1). Human CA IX was very strongly inhibited by three classic sulfonamides and cyanate, with inhibition constants that are close to those for CA II.

Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of the gamma-carbonic anhydrase from the methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila

The zinc and cobalt forms of the prototypic gamma-carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila were characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and the kinetics were investigated using steady-state spectrophotometric and (18)O exchange equilibrium assays. EXAFS results indicate that cobalt isomorphously replaces zinc and that the metals coordinate three histidines and two or three water molecules. The efficiency of either Zn-Cam or Co-Cam for CO(2) hydration (k(cat)/K(m)) was severalfold greater than HCO(3-) dehydration at physiological pH values, a result consistent with the proposed physiological function for Cam during growth on acetate. For both Zn- and Co-Cam, the steady-state parameter k(cat) for CO(2) hydration was pH-dependent with a pK(a) of 6.5-6.8, whereas k(cat)/K(m) was dependent on two ionizations with pK(a) values of 6.7-6.9 and 8.2-8.4. The (18)O exchange assay also identified two ionizable groups in the pH profile of k(cat)/K(m) with apparent pK(a) values of 6.0 and 8.1. The steady-state parameter k(cat) (CO(2) hydration) is buffer-dependent in a saturable manner at pH 8. 2, and the kinetic analysis suggested a ping-pong mechanism in which buffer is the second substrate. The calculated rate constant for intermolecular proton transfer is 3 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). At saturating buffer concentrations and pH 8.5, k(cat) is 2.6-fold higher in H(2)O than in D(2)O, suggesting that an intramolecular proton transfer step is at least partially rate-determining. At high pH (pH > 8), k(cat)/K(m) is not dependent on buffer and no solvent hydrogen isotope effect was observed, consistent with a zinc hydroxide mechanism. Therefore, at high pH the catalytic mechanism of Cam appears to resemble that of human CAII, despite significant structural differences in the active sites of these two unrelated enzymes.

Pulsatile flow of non-Newtonian fluids through arterial stenoses

The problem of blood flow through stenoses is solved using the incompressible generalized Newtonian model. The Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham and power-law fluids are incorporated. The geometry corresponds to a rigid circular tube with a partial occlusion. Calculations are performed by a Galerkin finite-element method. For the pulsatile case, a predictor-corrector time marching scheme is used with an adaptive time step. Results are obtained for steady and pulsatile physiological flows. Computations show that the memory effects taken into account in the model affect deeply the flow compared with Newtonian reference case. The disturbances are stronger by their vorticity intensity and persist after the geometrical obstacle. This is especially true for severe stenoses.

Circulating endothelial progenitor cell deficiency contributes to impaired arterial elasticity in persons of advancing age

Reduced arterial elasticity is a hallmark of ageing in healthy humans and appears to occur independently of coexisting disease processes. Endothelial-cell injury and dysfunction may be responsible for this fall in arterial elasticity. We hypothesized that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in endothelial repair and that lack of EPCs contributes to impaired arterial elasticity. A total of 56 healthy male volunteers were divided into young (n=26) and elderly (n=30) groups. Large and small artery elasticity indices were noninvasively assessed using pulse wave analysis. The number of circulating EPCs was measured by using flow cytometry. Cells demonstrating DiI-acLDL and FITC-ulex lectin double-positive fluorescence were identified as EPCs. C1 large artery elasticity and C2 small artery elasticity indices were significantly reduced in the elderly group compared with the young group (11.73+/-1.45 vs 16.88+/-1.69 ml/mm Hg x 10, P<0.001; 8.40+/-1.45 vs 10.58+/-1.18 ml/mm Hg x 100, P<0.001, respectively). In parallel, the number of circulating EPCs was significantly reduced in the elderly group compared with the young group (0.13+/-0.02 vs 0.17+/-0.04%, P<0.05). The number of circulating EPCs correlated with C1 large and C2 small artery elasticity indices (r=0.47, P<0.01; r=0.4, P<0.01). The present findings suggest that the fall in circulating EPCs with subsequently impaired endothelial-cell repair and function contributes to reduced arterial elasticity in humans with ageing. The decrease in circulating EPCs may serve as a surrogate biologic measure of vascular function and human age.

Rate-equilibria relationships in intramolecular proton transfer in human carbonic anhydrase III

Maximal turnover rates for the dehydration of HCO3- catalyzed by the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase III are limited by a proton transfer to zinc-bound hydroxide in the active site. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to place a proton donor, histidine, at position 64 and used 18O exchange between CO2 and water measured by mass spectrometry to determine the rates of intramolecular proton transfer to the zinc-bound hydroxide. In a series of site-specific mutants, the values of pKa of the zinc-bound water ranged from approximately 5 to 9. The rate constants for proton transfer obeyed a Brønsted correlation and showed sharp curvature characteristic of facile proton transfers. Application of Marcus rate theory shows that this proton transfer has the small intrinsic energy barrier (near 1.5 kcal/mol) characteristic of rapid proton transfer between nitrogen and oxygen acids and bases, but has an observed overall energy barrier (near 10 kcal/mol), indicating the involvement of accompanying, energy requiring processes such as solvent reorganization or conformational change.

Characterization of the product-inhibited complex in catalysis by human manganese superoxide dismutase

The reduction with excess H(2)O(2) of human Mn(III) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the active-site mutant Y34F Mn(III)SOD was measured by scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry and revealed the presence of an intermediate in the reduction of the manganese. The visible absorption spectrum of this intermediate closely resembled that of the enzyme in the inhibited, zero-order phase of the catalyzed disproportionation of superoxide. The decay of the visible spectrum of this intermediate was 2-fold faster for the wild-type compared with the mutant Y34F Mn-SOD. This correlates with the enhanced product inhibition of Y34F during the catalysis of O-(2) dismutation. The visible spectrum of the product-inhibited complex resembles that of the azide-Mn-SOD complex, suggesting that the inhibited complex has expanded geometry about the metal to octahedral. This study shows that the inhibited complex responsible for the zero-order phase in the catalysis by Mn-SOD of superoxide dismutation can be reached through both the forward (O-(2)) and reverse (H(2)O(2)) reactions, supporting a mechanism in which the zero-order phase results from product inhibition.

Probing the active site of human manganese superoxide dismutase: the role of glutamine 143

Structural and biochemical characterization of the nonliganding residue glutamine 143 near the manganese of human Mn superoxide dismutase (hMnSOD), a homotetramer of 22 kDa, reveals a functional role for this residue. In the wild-type protein, the side-chain amide group of Gln 143 is about 5 A from the metal and is hydrogen-bonded to Tyr 34, which is a second prominent side chain adjacent to the metal. We have prepared the site-specific mutant of hMnSOD with the conservative replacement of Gln 143 --> Asn (Q143N). The crystal structure of Q143N shows that the side-chain amide nitrogen of residue 143 is 1.7 A more distant from the manganese than in the wild-type enzyme. The Tyr 34 side-chain hydroxyl in Q143N is also moved to become 0.6 A more distant from the metal due to an additional water molecule. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that Q143N is slightly more stable than the wild-type enzyme with Tm for the main unfolding transition increased by 2 degrees C to 90.7 degrees C. Pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow spectrophotometry reveal that unlike wild-type hMnSOD, which is strongly inhibited by peroxide, Q143N MnSOD exhibits no product inhibition even at concentrations of O2. - in the millimolar range, and its catalysis follows Michaelis kinetics with no evidence of cooperativity. However, the overall catalytic activity of this mutant was decreased 2-3 orders of magnitude compared with the wild-type MnSOD, which can account for its lack of product inhibition. Q143N MnSOD lacked the visible absorption spectrum typical of wild-type Mn(III)SOD. Also, unlike the wild-type Mn(III)SOD, which is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) silent, Q143N MnSOD has a complex EPR spectrum with many resonances in the region below 2250 G. We conclude that the Gln 143 --> Asn mutation has increased the reduction potential of manganese to stabilize Mn(II), indicating that Gln 143 has a substantial role in maintaining a reduction potential favorable for the oxidation and reduction cycles in the catalytic disproportionation of superoxide. A solvent hydrogen isotope effect near 2 for kcat in catalysis by Q143N hMnSOD indicates rate-contributing proton transfers to form product hydroperoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide. The data demonstrate a prominent role for Gln 143 in maintaining the microenvironment of the manganese and in efficient catalysis of superoxide dismutation to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

A physiological role for cyanate-induced carbonic anhydrase in Escherichia coli

Cyanate induces expression of the cyn operon in Escherichia coli. The cyn operon includes the gene cynS, encoding cyanase, which catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to give ammonia and carbon dioxide. A carbonic anhydrase activity was recently found to be encoded by the cynT gene, the first gene of the cyn operon; it was proposed that carbonic anhydrase prevents depletion of bicarbonate during cyanate decomposition due to loss of CO2 by diffusion out of the cell (M. B. Guilloton, J. J. Korte, A. F. Lamblin, J. A. Fuchs, and P. M. Anderson, J. Biol. Chem. 267:3731-3734, 1992). The function of the product of the third gene of this operon, cynX, is unknown. In the study reported here, the physiological roles of cynT and cynX were investigated by construction of chromosomal mutants in which each of the three genes was rendered inactive. The delta cynT chromosomal mutant expressed an active cyanase but no active carbonic anhydrase. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the growth of the delta cynT strain was inhibited by cyanate, and the mutant strain was unable to degrade cyanate and therefore could not use cyanate as the sole nitrogen source when grown at a partial CO2 pressures (pCO2) of 0.03% (air). At a high pCO2 (3%), however, the delta cynT strain behaved like the wild-type strain; it was significantly less sensitive to the toxic effects of cyanate and could degrade cyanate and use cyanate as the sole nitrogen source for growth. These results are consistent with the proposed function for carbonic anhydrase. The chromosomal mutant carrying cynS::kan expressed induced carbonic anhydrase activity but no active cyanase. The cynS::kan mutant was found to be much less sensitive to cyanate than the delta cynT mutant at a low pCO2, indicating that bicarbonate depletion due to the reaction of bicarbonate with cyanate catalyzed by cyanase is more deleterious to growth than direct inhibition by cyanate. Mutants carrying a nonfunctional cynX gene (cynX::kan and delta cynT cynX::kan) did not differ from the parental strains with respect to cyanate sensitivity, presence of carbonic anhydrase and cyanase, or degradation of cyanate by whole cells; the physiological role of the cynX product remains unknown.

Retrospective study of porcine circovirus type 2 infection reveals a novel genotype PCV2f

Porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a disease causing severe economic losses annually worldwide to the pig industry. PCV2 infection was first reported in China in 2000, and currently has three major genotypes, PCV2a, b and d, circulating in this country. To further elucidate the origin and prevalence of PCV2 in China, 123 clinical pig tissue samples collected in 25 provinces between 1990 and 1999 were analysed by PCV2-specific PCR, resulting in identification of 23 PCV2 strains collected between 1996 and 1999. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) showed that 20 of the 23 grouped within PCV2a, while the remaining three strains formed an independent clade, so far unreported and therefore named PCV2f. This genotype shared lower sequence identity with other known genotypes. This study provides further understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of PCV2 and has tracked PCV2 infection in China back to 1996 rather than 2000.

Purification and kinetic analysis of recombinant CA XII, a membrane carbonic anhydrase overexpressed in certain cancers

Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with an active extracellular CA domain that is overexpressed on cell surfaces of certain cancers. Its expression has been linked to tumor invasiveness. To characterize its catalytic properties, we purified recombinant secretory forms of wild-type and mutant CA XIIs. The catalytic properties of these enzymes in the hydration of CO(2) were measured at steady state by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and at chemical equilibrium by the exchange of (18)O between CO(2) and water determined by mass spectrometry. The catalysis of CO(2) hydration by soluble CA XII has a maximal value of k(cat)/K(m) at 34 microM(-1) small middle dots(-1), which is similar to those of the membrane-associated CA IV and to soluble CA I. The pH profiles of this catalysis and the catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylacetate indicate that the pK(a) of the zinc-bound water in CA XII is 7.1. His64 in CA XII acts as a proton shuttle residue, as evidenced by the reduced rate constant for proton transfer in the mutants containing the replacements His64 --> Ala and His64 --> Arg, as well as by the selective inhibition of the proton transfer step by cupric ions in wild-type CA XII. The catalytic rate of CO(2) hydration by the soluble form of CA XII is identical with that of the membrane-bound enzyme. These observations suggest a role for CA XII in CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) homeostasis in cells in which it is normally expressed. They are also compatible with a role for CA XII in acidifying the microenvironment of cancer cells in which CA XII is overexpressed, providing a mechanism for CA XII to augment tumor invasiveness and suggesting CA XII as a potential target for chemotherapeutic agents.

Retrospective study of porcine circovirus 3 infection in China

PCV3 is an emerging swine virus associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), reproductive failure, respiratory diseases and systematic inflammation. Although first identified in 2015, the earliest case has been traced back to 2009 in the United States. In China, PCV3 infection was first detected in 2015, but little information has been available about its occurrence and prevalence there before 2015. In this study, 200 porcine clinical samples collected from 20 provinces, five autonomous regions and four municipalities between 1990 and 1999 were analysed for PCV3 infection by PCR. Results showed that 6.5% of the porcine samples collected from eight provinces and one autonomous region were PCV3 positive, with the earliest cases occurring in 1996. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PCV3 strains obtained in this study shared 96.6%-99.7% and 97.1%-99.4% sequence identity at the ORF2 gene and genome levels with all available reference strains from China and other countries, indicating the high genetic stability of PCV3 over the past 20 years.

Liquid-phase microextraction of phenolic compounds combined with on-line preconcentration by field-amplified sample injection at low pH in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

This paper describes a novel method that applies field-amplified sample injection (FASI) in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with a low pH background electrolyte (BGE). Six phenolic compounds prepared in water or NaOH solution were used as the test analytes. Sample was injected electrokinetically after the introduction of a plug of water. During the injection, the water plug was pumped out of the capillary inlet by the electroosmotic flow, and the phenolic anions migrated very quickly in the direction of the outlet. When the anions reached the boundary between the water plug and BGE, they were neutralized and ceased moving. Thereafter, MEKC was initiated for the separation. This on-line preconcentration method could be conveniently coupled with a liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction procedure, in which a hollow fiber was used as an extraction solvent support to extract the analytes from the water sample. The acceptor phase consisted of 8 mM NaOH. After extraction, the extract was analyzed directly by MEKC, as described.

Calcium sensing in cultured chondrogenic RCJ3.1C5.18 cells

The availability of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid plays an important role in regulating cartilage and bone formation. We hypothesized that chondrocytes detect changes in the extracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]o) and modify their function. The effects of changing [Ca2+]o on the expression of matrix proteins were quantified by staining of cartilage nodules with alcian green and assessing RNA levels of cartilage-specific genes in chondrogenic RCJ3.1C5.18 (C5.18) cells. Alcian green staining in these cells decreased with increasing [Ca2+]o in a dose-dependent and reversible manner (ID50, approximately 2 mM Ca2+). RNA levels for aggrecan and type II collagen decreased with increasing [Ca2+]o (ID50, approximately 2.0 and 4.1 mM Ca2+, respectively). RNA levels for type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase were also reduced by high [Ca2+]o with ID50 values of approximately 2.9 and 1.6 mM Ca2+, respectively. These responses were rapid, in that increasing [Ca2+]o from 1.0 to more than 6 mM suppressed aggrecan RNA levels by about 50%, and lowering [Ca2+]o from 2.9 to 1.0 mM increased aggrecan RNA levels by about 300% within 4 h. As Ca2+ receptors (CaRs) mediate extracellular Ca2+ sensing in parathyroid and kidney, we assessed the expression of CaRs in these cells. C5.18 cells stained positively for CaR protein with an anti-CaR antiserum and for CaR RNA by in situ hybridization. An approximately 150-kDa protein was detected by immunoblotting with anti-CaR antiserum. CaR antisense oligonucleotides suppressed the expression of CaR protein and enhanced RNA levels of aggrecan in C5.18 cells. These data support the idea that CaRs are expressed in this cell system and may be involved in regulating chondrogenic gene expression.

DNA-mediated protection against classical swine fever virus

Four eukaryotic expression plasmids containing the entire E2 gene sequence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were constructed: (a) pcDST, with 5' signal and 3' transmembrane sequences; (b) pcDSW, with 5' signal sequence only; (c) pcDWT, with transmembrane sequences only; and (d) pcDWW, containing the E2 gene alone. All four plasmids were readily transfected into BHK-21 cells, with pcDST and pcDSW resulting in secretion of E2 antigen. The latter two plasmids were also shown to induce a humoral immune response against CSFV in mice when administered intramuscularly, but no immune responses were detected with either pcDWT or pcDWW. The antibody level elicited by pcDSW was higher than that induced by pcDST. When pcDSW was used to immunize rabbits and pigs, both species were shown to be protected from challenge with virulent CSFV (hog cholera lapinized virus for rabbits and Shimen strain for pigs).