Necrosis and apoptotic index as prognostic factors in non-small cell lung carcinoma: a review

Necrosis and apoptosis represent two pathogenetically distinct types of cell death. Necrosis is associated with pathologic conditions while apoptosis is a physiological process of programmed cell death, which is associated with normal tissue growth and is frequently impaired in various forms of cancer. Tumor necrosis and apoptotic index (AI) have been previously evaluated as prognostic biomarkers in lung cancer, but their exact clinical value remains unclear. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the MEDLINE literature on the prognostic significance of these histopathological markers in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Although a substantial body of evidence suggests that tumor necrosis may be a strong predictor of aggressive tumor behavior and reduced survival in patients with NSCLC, the independent prognostic value of this biomarker remains to be firmly established. Furthermore, previous data on the prognostic significance of apoptotic index in NSCLC are relatively limited and largely controversial. More prospective studies are necessary in order to further validate tumor necrosis and AI as prognostic markers in NSCLC.

Primary pleural epithelioid mesothelioma of clear cell type: a case report and review of current literature

Primary pleural epithelioid mesothelioma with clear cell morphology is a particularly rare neoplasm, with only a few documented cases. Here, the authors report a case of a 76-year-old man, with a history of asbestos exposure, admitted for mild dyspnea. Radiologic examination revealed right pleural effusion and pleural thickening. Cytological examination of aspirated pleural samples was consistent with non-small cell carcinoma. Histological examination of the resected, via VATS, plural specimens was consistent with the diagnosis of clear cell epithelioid mesothelioma. The authors further analyze the main morphological and immunohistochemical features of clear cell epithelioid mesothelioma, emphasizing the algorithm for excluding other clear cell tumors metastatic to the pleura.

Mediastinal widening and miliary chest radiograph pattern in a middle aged man: could it be sarcoidosis?

A diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on suggestive radiographic pattern, presence of non-caseating granulomas and negative fungal and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) cultures. Sarcoidosis usually presents with hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy and distinct parenchymal radiographic patterns, such as fine nodular, reticulonodular or acinar opacities and rarely focal nodules or masses. A diffuse miliary pattern occurs in less than 1% of cases and can be identical to patterns seen in tuberculosis, fungal infections, histiocytosis and miliary metastases. Here the authors report the case of a 48-year-old man who presented with mediastinal widening and miliary pattern on chest radiograph, initially erroneously treated for tuberculosis. Transbronchial biopsies, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serological tests were compatible with sarcoidosis, while BAL cultures were negative for fungi and AFB growth. The patient finally demonstrated clinical and radiological remission under corticosteroids. Clinicians should consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis when bilateral miliary-type lesions are revealed on chest X-ray.

Introducing transbronchial cryobiopsies in diagnosing diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in Greece: Implementing training into clinical practice

Introduction

Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders, sometimes requiring surgical lung biopsies (SLB) to obtain a definite diagnosis. Transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) is a new promising interventional bronchoscopic method of obtaining lung tissue that is gaining ground against SLB.

Methods

Fifty consecutive patients with indeterminate DPLD (definite/possible UIP excluded), after expert panel review referral, were retrospectively analyzed from January 2016 to August 2018. Patients underwent TBCB under deep sedation with endotracheal intubation and spontaneous breathing at a single, tertiary-care, reference hospital.

Results

A total of 110 TBCBs (2.7 per patient, range 1 to 4) were performed. Frequent complications included mild pneumothorax in 5 patients (10%), requiring only oxygen supplementation, and bleeding in 31 patients (62%) that was mild in 19 patients and moderate in 12 patients. No serious bleeding was observed. There was zero mortality and no serious adverse events. Adequate samples for diagnostic purposes were obtained in 46 patients (92%) and pathologic histologic diagnosis was reached in 40 patients (80%). The most frequent histopathological patterns were organizing pneumonia (OP) (25%) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (15%). After an expert panel review of all cases a final diagnosis was achieved in 38 patients, corresponding to a diagnostic yield of 76% for TBCB.

Conclusion

Our single center cohort demonstrates that establishing TBCBs as a new technique is safe and feasible after proper training in specialized centers, resulting in low complication rates and adequate diagnostic yields.