Comparative study of ultra-lightweight pulp foams obtained from various fibers and reinforced by MFC

A range of cellulose-based, ultra-lightweight pulp foams with different morphologies were prepared and reinforced with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). By careful design of the pulp foam forming process, free-standing ultra-lightweight pulp foams were obtained through high velocity mixing and air/oven drying from cellulose fiber in the presence of surfactant, MFC, and retention aid. The effects of different types of fibers and surfactants on the air uptake volumes and mechanical properties of the foam were systematically investigated. The structures characterized using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the foam was composed of wood fibers into two- or three-dimensional microstructures within random orientations surrounding gas bubbles. The results indicated that in spite of the strength of the foam could be manipulated by varying the surfactants and processing parameters, the addition of MFC indeed improved strength of pulp foams further. The process developed in this work provides a cost effective approach to fabricate the strong and ultra-lightweight pulp foam, with a density lower than 0.02g/cm³, using a standard handsheet former.

Association between IL-10 genetic variations and cervical cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population

We conducted an investigation into the role of the IL-10 polymorphisms -592A/C (rs1800872), -819C/T (rs1800871), and -1082A/G (rs1800896) in cervical cancer risk in a Chinese population. A case-control study was carried out, including 165 newly diagnosed cervical cancer patients and 165 control subjects. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to genotype the three IL-10 variant loci. Using conditional logistic regression analysis, we observed that homozygous IL-10 -819C/T TT carriers were at significantly increased risk of cervical cancer compared to homozygous CC individuals, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.23 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.16-4.30. Moreover, the CT+TT genotype was significantly associated with cervical cancer in comparison to the wild-type variant (OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.04-2.76; P = 0.03). In conclusion, our study suggests that the IL-10 -819C/T genetic variation may contribute to cervical cancer risk in the Chinese population examined.

De novo assembly and characterization of farmed blue fox (Alopex lagopus) global transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing

The blue fox (Alopex lagopus), a coat-color variant of the Arctic fox, is a domesticated fur-bearing mammal. In the present study, transcriptome data generated from a pool of nine different tissues were obtained with Illumina HiSeq2500 paired-end sequencing technology. After filtering from raw reads, 32,358,290 clean reads were assembled into 161,269 transcripts and 97,252 unigenes by the Trinity fragment assembly software. Of the assembled unigenes, 37,967 were annotated in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Non-Redundant (NR) protein database and 26,264 in the Swiss-Prot database. Among the annotated unigenes, 24,839 and 24,267 were assigned using the Gene Ontology (GO) and euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) databases, respectively. Altogether, 17,057 unigenes were mapped onto 227 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. In addition, 6394 simple sequence repeats were identified by examining 12,965 unigenes (>1 kb), which could contribute to the development of molecular markers. This study generated transcriptome data for the blue fox that will promote further progress in expression profiling studies, and provide a good annotation basis for genomic studies.

Identification of cDNA sequences and alternative splicing patterns of canine AMEL genes (AMELX and AMELY)

Amelogenin is a major protein of the developing enamel matrix. There are two amelogenin genes (AMELX and AMELY) located on the X and Y chromosomes, respectively, in dogs. In the present study, we characterized full-length cDNAs and alternative splicing patterns of the AMEL genes in the tooth tissue of a dog by 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends and AMEL-specific RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding regions of AMELX and AMELY were 579 and 576 bp (accession Nos. KP244310 and KP244311), respectively. The coding sequence of AMELX had 95.1% identity to that of AMELY. The AMEL genes on X and Y chromosomes were both expressed in developing tooth tissue. Eight different alternatively spliced transcripts were identified, five from AMELX and three from AMELY.

Cloning and identification of the ASIP gene in Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides)

The quantity, quality, and distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin determine a wide variety of coat colors in animals. Three coat color variants exist in farmed wild-type Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides), which is an important fur-bearing animal species. The ASIP gene is an important candidate gene for coat color variation in some species. In this study, the complete cDNA sequences of ASIP were amplified from a wild-type Chinese raccoon dog. Sequence analysis revealed the coding region of ASIP in Chinese raccoon dog to be 396-bp in length and two transcripts (accession Nos. KT224450 and KT224451) were identified due to the alternative use of exon 1 (1A and 1C). However, the alternative splicing pattern and the coding sequence of ASIP in three types of coat color variants were the same as those identified in the wild-type individual. Based on the results obtained in this study, we can exclude a role for alternative splicing of exon 1 and the coding sequence of ASIP in coat color variation in Chinese raccoon dog.

Cloning and association analysis of KIT and EDNRB polymorphisms with dominant white coat color in the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides)

The Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) is one of the most important fur-bearing animal species. The dominant white individual, a coat color variant in farmed Chinese raccoon dog, shows a completely white phenotype over the entire body. The KIT and EDNRB genes have been reported to be associated with the dominant white coat color in some mammalian species. In the present study, the full-length coding sequences of KIT and EDNRB were amplified from a dominant white and a wild-type Chinese raccoon dog. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding region of KIT and EDNRB in Chinese raccoon dog was 2919 and 1332 base pairs in length (accession No. KM083121 and KM083122), respectively, and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; c.600C>T and c.967G>A) in KIT and 1 SNP (c.259A>C) in EDNRB was found only in the dominant white individual. An alternative splicing site at the boundary of 4 and 5 of the KIT gene was identified in both individuals. We further investigated the association between the 3 SNPs of KIT and EDNRB and dominant white coat color by genotyping 18 individuals. We found no association between these SNPs and dominant white coat color. Based on these results, we can exclude the coding regions of the KIT and EDNRB genes as determinants of the dominant white coat color in Chinese raccoon dog.

Molecular characteristics and expression profiles of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) gene in pig

The cytosolic activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1, EC 1.1.1.8) plays an important role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol and in the transport of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. Here we report the full-length genomic sequence of porcine GPD1 gene including promoter region. Porcine GPD1 gene contains eight exons and seven introns. Using the ImpRH, the GPD1 gene was mapped on chromosome 5. Sub-cellular localization of the pig GPD1 was localized in cytoplasm by GFP reporter gene. The full-length CDS of porcine GPD1 gene comprises 1050 nucleotides and it encodes 349 amino acids. Using the CDS sequences of 17 species, we built the phylogeny tree of GPD1 gene. We investigated the expression level of the gene in 13 different tissues and time course from birth to postnatal day 28 in longissinus doris muscle (LD) and in cerebrum. The result shows that porcine GPD1 gene is expressed in almost all tissues we tested but its levels of expression varies widely over 2 orders of magnitude. LD and the cerebrum have similar expression pattern that is at a low level at birth and increasing with aging to the highest level at postnatal day 8 in LD and postnatal day 14 in cerebrum. But weaning decreased the expression level of the GPD1 gene. This may partially explains the effects of weaning on energy metabolism.

Tumoral calcinosis demonstrated on Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy

A 61-year-old uremic male under hemodialysis underwent Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy due to suspicious secondary hyperparathyroidism. The images showed increased uptake in the right forearm, left shoulder, right knee and, to a lesser extent, in the left hip and the right thigh. Subsequent Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy and x-ray studies revealed intense extraosseous uptake and calcified masses in areas corresponding to those found in Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy, suggesting tumoral calcinoses. We demonstrate the rare case in which Tc-99m sestamibi was taken up by tumoral calcinoses.

Expression of fascin in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas has prognostic significance - a tissue microarray study of 129 cases

AIMS

To elucidate the role of fascin in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by correlation with clinical parameters.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Paraffin sections using tissue microarrays of 129 patients with OSCC were investigated immunohistochemically. Fascin protein was overexpressed in OSCC cells compared with their non-neoplastic epithelial counterparts. For evaluating the intensity of fascin, 39 (30.2%) were classified as weakly immunoreactive, 76 (58.9%) as moderate reactive and 14 (10.9%) as intensely reactive. For evaluating the distribution of fascin, 64 (49.6%) were classified as < 55% and 65 (50.4%) were classified as >/= 55%. Fascin protein expression was correlated with size or extent of the tumour (P < 0.001), positive lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P = 0.014) and clinical staging (P < 0.001). The immunoreactivity scores of fascin in OSCC were variable but showed significant correlation with histological grade, clinical TNM system and stage.

CONCLUSION

Expression of fascin protein may play an important role in progression of OSCC. Overexpression of fascin contributes to a more aggressive clinical course and suggests the potential of fascin as a new molecular target for therapeutic intervention.

Increasing expression of extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer in ovary tumors: tissue microarray analysis of immunostaining score with clinicopathological parameters

Ovary cancer invasion is responsible for both local tissue destruction and distant metastasis. Invasion is largely mediated by matrix metalloproteases that are thought to be induced by tumor cell-derived extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) in surrounding fibroblasts. We hypothesized that EMMPRIN isoverexpressed in ovary tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of EMMPRIN was performed in tissue microarrays of ovary neoplasms including 84 cases of serous adenocarcinoma, 23 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma, 10 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 12 cases of yolk sac tumor, 12 cases of clear cell carcinoma, 8 cases of dysgerminoma, 8 cases of granulosa cell tumor, 6 cases of transitional cell carcinoma, and 6 cases of Brenner tumor. All malignant ovary tumors showed significant immunohistochemical expression of EMMPRIN. The EMMPRIN scores in malignant ovary tumors were significantly higher than their nontumor counterparts (313+/-28 for serous adenocarcinoma; 308+/-25 for mucinous adenocarcinoma; 187+/-19 for endometrioid adenocarcinoma; 265+/-23 for yolk sac tumors; 87+/-13 for clear cellcarcinoma; 126+/-15 for dysgerminoma; 243+/-26 for granulosa cell tumor; 87+/-16 for transitional cell carcinoma). The EMMPRIN score was significantly higher in serous adenocarcinomas than in serous adenomas and serous borderline tumors and was correlated with nodal stage. Our findings show for the first time that EMMPRIN is overexpressed in all malignant ovary tumors.

Which test is a better strategy to determine the outcome of atypical glandular cell-categorized Pap smears? Immunocytochemical p16INK4A expression or human papillomavirus test--a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

This study was to correlate high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) viral load to p16(INK4A) (p16) expression in atypical glandular cell (AGC)-categorized Pap smears with follow-up biopsies for elucidating their relationships.

METHODS

We enrolled 36 AGC-categorized Pap smears with subsequent follow-up biopsies. HR-HPV viral load was determined by Hybrid Capture II assay in each AGC-diagnosed Pap smear. Both smears and biopsies were immunostained with a primary anti-p16 antibody, clone E6H4. Correlations between HR-HPV viral load in each AGC-diagnosed Pap smear and p16 expression of smears with follow-up biopsies were performed.

RESULTS

Comparative analysis of two tests disclosed both consistencies and discrepancies. There were significant differences (P=0.02) between negative or weak p16 expression of Pap smears with the presence of reactive lesion or LSILs/CIN1s in follow-up biopsies and negative HR-HPV viral load. However, no significant difference (P=0.317) was found between p16 expression of Pap smears with the presence of HSIL/CIN2, 3 and AIS or adenocarcinoma in follow-up biopsies and high HR-HPV viral load. In addition, there were significant differences (P=0.012) in specificity, but no significant differences were found in sensitivity (P=0.604), positive and negative predictive value (P=0.066 and 0.264) between p16 immunoexpression and HR-HPV viral load.

CONCLUSIONS

Pathogenic activity of HR-HPV was indicated by p16 expression on smears and tissue sections, which appears to be a better strategy than HR-HPV viral load test for the detection of clinically insignificant lesions from AGC-categorized Pap smears.