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Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Wang T, Wright JA, Lannagan TRM, Vrbanac L, Kobayashi H, Gieniec K, Ng JQ, Ihara S, Mavrangelos C, Hayakawa Y, Hughes P, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Delineating proinflammatory microenvironmental signals by ex vivo modeling of the immature intestinal stroma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7200. [PMID: 33785826 PMCID: PMC8010037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal stroma provides an important microenvironment for immune cell activation. The perturbation of this tightly regulated process can lead to excessive inflammation. We know that upregulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the intestinal epithelium plays a key role in the inflammatory condition of preterm infants, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, the surrounding stromal contribution to excessive inflammation in the pre-term setting awaits careful dissection. Ex vivo co-culture of embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) or adult murine intestinal stromal cells with exogenous monocytes was undertaken. We also performed mRNAseq analysis of embryonic and adult stromal cells treated with vehicle control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by pathway and network analyses of differentially regulated transcripts. Cell characteristics were compared using flow cytometry and pHrodo red phagocytic stain, candidate gene analysis was performed via siRNA knockdown and gene expression measured by qPCR and ELISA. Embryonic stromal cells promote the differentiation of co-cultured monocytes to CD11bhighCD11chigh mononuclear phagocytes, that in turn express decreased levels of CD103. Global mRNAseq analysis of stromal cells following LPS stimulation identified TLR signaling components as the most differentially expressed transcripts in the immature compared to adult setting. We show that CD14 expressed by CD11b+CD45+ embryonic stromal cells is a key inducer of TLR mediated inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytic activity of monocyte derived cells. We utilise transcriptomic analyses and functional ex vivo modelling to improve our understanding of unique molecular cues provided by the immature intestinal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Krystyna Gieniec
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Souzaburo Ihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick Hughes
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Dmochowska N, Tieu W, Keller MD, Hollis CA, Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Takhar P, Hughes PA. 89Zr-pro-MMP-9 F(ab') 2 detects colitis induced intestinal and kidney fibrosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20372. [PMID: 33230169 PMCID: PMC7683569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease but remains difficult to detect. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have key roles in fibrosis and are therefore potential targets for fibrosis detection. We determined whether immunoPET of F(ab′)2 antibody fragments targeting MMPs detects colitis induced colonic fibrosis. Mice were administered 2% dextran sulfate sodium treated water for 1 cycle (inflamed) or 3 cycles (fibrotic), or were untreated (control). Colonic and kidney collagen, innate cytokine, MMPs and fecal MPO concentrations were analyzed by multiplex/ELISA. α-pro-MMP-9 F(ab′)2 fragments were engineered and conjugated to 89Zr for PET imaging, ex-vivo Cherenkov analysis and bio-distribution. Colonic innate cytokine concentrations and fecal myeloperoxidase were increased in inflamed mice but not fibrotic mice, while collagen concentrations were increased in fibrotic mice. MMPs were increased in inflamed mice, but only pro-MMP-9 remained increased in fibrotic mice. 89Zr-pro-MMP-9 F(ab′)2 uptake was increased in the intestine but also in the kidney of fibrotic mice, where collagen and pro-MMP-9 concentrations were increased. 89Zr-pro-MMP-9 F(ab′)2 detects colitis induced intestinal fibrosis and associated kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dmochowska
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Level 7, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit (MITRU), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marianne D Keller
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Level 7, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories (PIRL), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Courtney A Hollis
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit (MITRU), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Level 7, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Level 7, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Prab Takhar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit (MITRU), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Level 7, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Wardill HR, Choo JM, Dmochowska N, Mavrangelos C, Campaniello MA, Bowen JM, Rogers GB, Hughes PA. Acute Colitis Drives Tolerance by Persistently Altering the Epithelial Barrier and Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1196-1207. [PMID: 30794280 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a remitting and relapsing disease course; however, relatively little is understood regarding how inflammatory damage in acute colitis influences the microbiota, epithelial barrier, and immune function in subsequent colitis. METHODS Mice were administered trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) via enema, and inflammation was assessed 2 days (d2) or 28 days (d28) later. Colitis was reactivated in some mice by re-treating at 28 days with TNBS and assessing 2 days later (d30). Epithelial responsiveness to secretagogues, microbiota composition, colonic infiltration, and immune activation was compared between all groups. RESULTS At day 28, the distal colon had healed, mucosa was restored, and innate immune response had subsided, but colonic transepithelial transport (P = 0.048), regulatory T-cell (TREG) infiltration (P = 0.014), adherent microbiota composition (P = 0.0081), and responsiveness of stimulated innate immune bone marrow cells (P < 0.0001 for IL-1β) differed relative to health. Two days after subsequent instillation of TNBS (d30 mice), the effects on inflammatory damage (P < 0.0001), paracellular permeability (P < 0.0001), and innate immune infiltration (P < 0.0001 for Ly6C+ Ly6G- macrophages) were reduced relative to d2 colitis. However, TREG infiltration was increased (P < 0.0001), and the responsiveness of stimulated T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes shifted from pro-inflammatory at d2 to immune-suppressive at d30 (P < 0.0001 for IL-10). These effects were observed despite similar colonic microbiota composition and degradation of the mucosal layer between d2 and d30. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate that acute colitis chronically alters epithelial barrier function and both innate and adaptive immune responses. These effects reduce the consequences of a subsequent colitis event, warranting longitudinal studies in human IBD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Choo
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole Dmochowska
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O, Bryant RV, Vincent AD, Blatchford P, Katsikeros R, Makanyanga J, Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Rosewarne CP, Bickley C, Peters C, Schoeman MN, Conlon MA, Roberts-Thomson IC, Andrews JM. Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on 8-Week Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:156-164. [PMID: 30644982 PMCID: PMC6439766 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.20046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE High-intensity, aerobically prepared fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating active ulcerative colitis (UC). FMT protocols involving anaerobic stool processing methods may enhance microbial viability and allow efficacy with a lower treatment intensity. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of a short duration of FMT therapy to induce remission in UC using anaerobically prepared stool. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 73 adults with mild to moderately active UC were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 3 Australian tertiary referral centers between June 2013 and June 2016, with 12-month follow-up until June 2017. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either anaerobically prepared pooled donor FMT (n = 38) or autologous FMT (n = 35) via colonoscopy followed by 2 enemas over 7 days. Open-label therapy was offered to autologous FMT participants at 8 weeks and they were followed up for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was steroid-free remission of UC, defined as a total Mayo score of ≤2 with an endoscopic Mayo score of 1 or less at week 8. Total Mayo score ranges from 0 to 12 (0 = no disease and 12 = most severe disease). Steroid-free remission of UC was reassessed at 12 months. Secondary clinical outcomes included adverse events. RESULTS Among 73 patients who were randomized (mean age, 39 years; women, 33 [45%]), 69 (95%) completed the trial. The primary outcome was achieved in 12 of the 38 participants (32%) receiving pooled donor FMT compared with 3 of the 35 (9%) receiving autologous FMT (difference, 23% [95% CI, 4%-42%]; odds ratio, 5.0 [95% CI, 1.2-20.1]; P = .03). Five of the 12 participants (42%) who achieved the primary end point at week 8 following donor FMT maintained remission at 12 months. There were 3 serious adverse events in the donor FMT group and 2 in the autologous FMT group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this preliminary study of adults with mild to moderate UC, 1-week treatment with anaerobically prepared donor FMT compared with autologous FMT resulted in a higher likelihood of remission at 8 weeks. Further research is needed to assess longer-term maintenance of remission and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12613000236796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Costello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Waters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert V. Bryant
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Vincent
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Blatchford
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Katsikeros
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesica Makanyanga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Chelsea Bickley
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cian Peters
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark N. Schoeman
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ian C. Roberts-Thomson
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane M. Andrews
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dmochowska N, Tieu W, Keller MD, Wardill HR, Mavrangelos C, Campaniello MA, Takhar P, Hughes PA. Immuno-PET of Innate Immune Markers CD11b and IL-1β Detects Inflammation in Murine Colitis. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:858-863. [PMID: 30413657 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.219287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The diagnosis and monitoring of IBD are reliant on endoscopy, which is invasive and does not provide information on specific mediators. Symptom flare in IBD is associated with increased activation of innate immune pathways. Immuno-PET approaches have previously demonstrated the ability to detect colitis; however, a direct comparison of antibodies targeted to innate immune mediators and cells has not been done. We aimed to compare immuno-PET of antibodies to IL-1β and CD11b against standard 18F-FDG and MRI approaches to detect colonic inflammation. Methods: Colonic concentrations of IL-1β and myeloperoxidase were determined by ELISA, and colonic infiltration by CD11b-positive CD3-negative innate immune cells was determined by flow cytometry and compared between healthy and dextran sodium sulphate-treated colitic mice. PET of 89Zr-lα-IL-1β, 89Zr-α-CD11b, and 18F-FDG was compared by volume-of-interest analysis and with MRI by region-of-interest analysis. Imaging results were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. Results: Colonic inflammation was associated with impaired colonic epithelial barrier permeability, increased colonic IL-1β and myeloperoxidase concentrations, and increased CD11b-positive CD3-negative innate immune cell infiltration into the colon. 89Zr-α-IL-1β and 89Zr-α-CD11b immuno-PET detected colonic inflammation, as did 18F-FDG, and all PET tracers were more sensitive than MRI. Although 18F-FDG volumes of interest correlated with colitis severity and a strong trend was observed with 89Zr-α-IL-1β, no correlation was observed for 89Zr-α-CD11b or MRI. 89Zr-α-IL-1β was distributed mainly to the gastrointestinal tract, whereas 89Zr-α-CD11b was distributed to more tissue types. Conclusion: Immuno-PET using antibodies directed to innate immune markers detected colonic inflammation, with 89Zr-α-IL-1β providing a more tissue-specific signal than 89Zr-α-CD11b. Development of these technologies for human subjects will potentially provide a less invasive approach than endoscopy for diagnosing and monitoring IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dmochowska
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Marianne D Keller
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Preclinical, Imaging, and Research Laboratories, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Prab Takhar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Hofma BR, Wardill HR, Mavrangelos C, Campaniello MA, Dimasi D, Bowen JM, Smid SD, Bonder CS, Beckett EA, Hughes PA. Colonic migrating motor complexes are inhibited in acute tri-nitro benzene sulphonic acid colitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199394. [PMID: 29933379 PMCID: PMC6014673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by overt inflammation of the intestine and is typically accompanied by symptoms of bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping. The Colonic Migrating Motor Complex (CMMC) directs the movement of colonic luminal contents over long distances. The tri-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) model of colitis causes inflammatory damage to enteric nerves, however it remains to be determined whether these changes translate to functional outcomes in CMMC activity. We aimed to visualize innate immune cell infiltration into the colon using two-photon laser scanning intra-vital microscopy, and to determine whether CMMC activity is altered in the tri-nitro benzene sulphonic (TNBS) model of colitis. Methods Epithelial barrier permeability was compared between TNBS treated and healthy control mice in-vitro and in-vivo. Innate immune activation was determined by ELISA, flow cytometry and by 2-photon intravital microscopy. The effects of TNBS treatment and IL-1β on CMMC function were determined using a specialized organ bath. Results TNBS colitis increased epithelial barrier permeability in-vitro and in-vivo. Colonic IL-1β concentrations, colonic and systemic CD11b+ cell infiltration, and the number of migrating CD11b+ cells on colonic blood vessels were all increased in TNBS treated mice relative to controls. CMMC frequency and amplitude were inhibited in the distal and mid colon of TNBS treated mice. CMMC activity was not altered by superfusion with IL-1β. Conclusions TNBS colitis damages the epithelial barrier and increases innate immune cell activation in the colon and systemically. Innate cell migration into the colon is readily identifiable by two-photon intra-vital microscopy. CMMC are inhibited by inflammation, but this is not due to direct effects of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben R. Hofma
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R. Wardill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Dimasi
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott D. Smid
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Mavrangelos C, Campaniello MA, Andrews JM, Bampton PA, Hughes PA. Longitudinal analysis indicates symptom severity influences immune profile in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2018; 67:398-399. [PMID: 28601848 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mavrangelos
- Gastrointestinal Neuro-immune Interactions Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa A Campaniello
- Gastrointestinal Neuro-immune Interactions Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter A Bampton
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Gastrointestinal Neuro-immune Interactions Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Mikocka-Walus A, Hughes PA, Bampton P, Gordon A, Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Stewart BJ, Esterman A, Andrews JM. Fluoxetine for Maintenance of Remission and to Improve Quality of Life in Patients with Crohn's Disease: a Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:509-514. [PMID: 27664274 PMCID: PMC5881791 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies have shown that antidepressants reduce inflammation in animal models of colitis. The present trial aimed to examine whether fluoxetine added to standard therapy for Crohn's disease [CD] maintained remission, improved quality of life [QoL] and/or mental health in people with CD as compared to placebo. METHODS A parallel randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial was conducted. Participants with clinically established CD, with quiescent or only mild disease, were randomly assigned to receive either fluoxetine 20 mg daily or placebo, and followed for 12 months. Participants provided blood and stool samples and completed mental health and QoL questionnaires. Immune functions were assessed by stimulated cytokine secretion [CD3/CD28 stimulation] and flow cytometry for cell type. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare groups. RESULTS Of the 26 participants, 14 were randomized to receive fluoxetine and 12 to placebo. Overall, 14 [54%] participants were male. The mean age was 37.4 [SD=13.2] years. Fluoxetine had no effect on inflammatory bowel disease activity measured using either the Crohn's Disease Activity Index [F(3, 27.5)=0.064, p=0.978] or faecal calprotectin [F(3, 32.5)=1.08, p=0.371], but did have modest effects on immune function. There was no effect of fluoxetine on physical, psychological, social or environmental QoL, anxiety or depressive symptoms as compared to placebo [all p>0.05]. CONCLUSIONS In this small pilot clinical trial, fluoxetine was not superior to placebo in maintaining remission or improving QoL. [ID: ACTRN12612001067864.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Mikocka-Walus
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK,School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia,School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Andrea Gordon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Esterman
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jane M. Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Eade S, Harrington AM, Blackshaw LA, Brierley SM, Smid SD, Hughes PA. Acute colitis chronically alters immune infiltration mechanisms and sensory neuro-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:319-332. [PMID: 27864046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is understood regarding how disease progression alters immune and sensory nerve function in colitis. We investigated how acute colitis chronically alters immune recruitment and the impact this has on re-activated colitis. To understand the impact of disease progress on sensory systems we investigated the mechanisms underlying altered colonic neuro-immune interactions after acute colitis. DESIGN Inflammation was compared in mouse models of health, acute tri-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis, Remission and Reactivated colitis. Cytokine concentrations were compared by ELISA in-situ and in explanted colon tissue. Colonic infiltration by CD11b/F4-80 macrophage, CD4 THELPER (TH) and CD8 TCYTOTOXIC (TC) and α4β7 expression on mesenteric lymph node (MLN) TH and TC was determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine and effector receptor mRNA expression was determined on colo-rectal afferent neurons and the mechanisms underlying cytokinergic effects on high-threshold colo-rectal afferent function were investigated using electrophysiology. RESULTS Colonic damage, MPO activity, macrophage infiltration, IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were lower in Reactivated compared to Acute colitis. TH infiltration and α4β7 expression on TH MLN was increased in Remission but not Acute colitis. IFN-γ concentrations, TH infiltration and α4β7 expression on TH and TC MLN increased in Reactivated compared to Acute colitis. Reactivated explants secreted more IL-1β and IL-6 than Acute explants. IL-6 and TNF-α inhibited colo-rectal afferent mechanosensitivity in Remission mice via a BKCa dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Acute colitis persistently alters immune responses and afferent nerve signalling pathways to successive episodes of colitis. These findings highlight the complexity of viscero-sensory neuro-immune interactions in painful remitting and relapsing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Samuel Eade
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrea M Harrington
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
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10
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Grose RH, Millard DJ, Mavrangelos C, Barry SC, Zola H, Nicholson IC, Cham WT, Boros CA, Krumbiegel D. Comparison of blood and synovial fluid th17 and novel peptidase inhibitor 16 Treg cell subsets in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:2021-31. [PMID: 22896021 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early recognition and treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can prevent joint damage and minimize side effects of medication. The balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory mechanisms is known to be important in JIA, and we therefore investigated T cell subsets including Th cells, autoaggressive Th17 cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg), including a novel Treg subset in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with JIA. METHODS Fifty children with JIA were enrolled in our study. Frequency, phenotype, and function of T lymphocytes in PB and SF were characterized using flow cytometry. Migration capabilities of PB and SF cells were compared. RESULTS Synovial T cells showed different phenotype and function compared with PB T cells, with an increased proportion of memory T cells, expression of CCR4, CCR5, CXCR3, interleukin 23R, and an increased ratio of Th17 to Treg. Although Treg were increased in SF compared with the PB, we found a significant decrease in the numbers of peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16)+ Treg in active joints compared with peripheral blood. Coexpression of CCR4 and CCR6 was reduced on PI16+ Treg in PB and SF of patients with JIA compared with healthy children, however the ability of these cells to migrate toward their ligands was unaffected. CONCLUSION This is a comprehensive characterization of novel PI16+ Treg and Th17 cells in matched blood and synovial fluid samples of patients with JIA. Despite an increased number of Treg within the inflamed joint, lower numbers of PI16+ Treg but high numbers of Th17 cells might contribute to the inability to control disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Grose
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), North Adelaide, and the Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Zola H, Mavrangelos C, Millard DJ, Nicholson IC. Conservation of leukocyte cell surface proteins: implications for the generation of monoclonal antibodies against newly identified leukocyte cell surface proteins. Tissue Antigens 2006; 68:13-8. [PMID: 16774535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The availability of mouse monoclonal antibodies has been integral to the classification of human leukocyte cell surface proteins under the "Cluster of Differentiation" or "CD" nomenclature system. The sequencing of the human genome has identified many more proteins that have characteristics similar to the known leukocyte cell surface proteins, but which have not so far been identified using monoclonal antibodies. One factor that may have limited the generation of monoclonal antibodies to some of these proteins is the high level of sequence conservation between the mouse and human proteins, in particular in the extracellular regions that are recognized by most of the widely used antibodies. An alternative approach is to use a more distant species, such as chickens, for the generation of antibody reagents. Here we compare the extent of amino acid differences in the protein CD molecules expressed by human leukocytes and their mouse and chicken homologs. The analysis confirms that the human proteins are more similar to the mouse homologs than the chicken homologs. The results indicate that chicken antibodies have the potential to be used as an alternative to mouse reagents where human-mouse sequence conservation is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zola
- Child Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
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12
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Adamson PJ, Millard DJ, Hohmann AW, Mavrangelos C, Macardle PJ, Pilkington G, Mulhern TD, Tedder TF, Zola H, Nicholson IC. Improved antigen binding by a CD20-specific single-chain antibody fragment with a mutation in CDRH1. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:550-8. [PMID: 15936081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared single-chain immunoglobulin Fv fragments from the CD20-specific hybridoma HB13d. One scFv clone demonstrated strong binding to a CD20-derived peptide by ELISA and to CD20-positive cells by flow cytometry, a second had reduced binding, and a third clone did not bind the target antigen. Sequence analysis showed that all three constructs contained shared and unique amino acid changes when compared to the nearest germline match. Molecular modelling of the scFv variants revealed that several of the mutations are located in regions predicted to contact antigen, including a mutation in the heavy chain CDR1 of the strongest binding scFv construct. No similar mutation is present in the highly conserved protein sequences of a number of CD20-specific monoclonal antibodies. BIACORE analysis demonstrated that the mutated scFv had approximately three-fold greater antigen-binding activity than another clone. Competition studies showed that the scFv is able to compete with intact CD20 monoclonal antibody for binding to the target antigen. The improved antigen binding of this scFv will permit the construction of novel CD20-specific reagents for the therapy of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Adamson
- Child Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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13
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Nicholson IC, Mavrangelos C, Fung K, Ayhan M, Levichkin I, Johnston A, Zola H, Hoogenraad NJ. Characterisation of the protein composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell microsomes by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. J Immunol Methods 2005; 305:84-93. [PMID: 16125721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 340 leucocyte plasma membrane proteins have been characterised by the eight Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen workshops held between 1982 and 2004, based primarily on their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. The human genome is predicted to encode approximately 34,000 cDNA transcripts, of which between 15% and 20% are predicted to contain one or more transmembrane helices. We have used SDS-PAGE separation coupled with mass spectrometry-based peptide mass tag identification to identify novel plasma membrane proteins in microsome preparations prepared from mononuclear cells obtained from human peripheral blood. A total of 361 distinct proteins were identified in a single preparation, including 37 known leucocyte plasma membrane proteins, 27 potential novel plasma membrane proteins whose expression on PBMC is poorly characterised, and 51 other proteins for which the subcellular location could not be determined. Expression analysis using cDNA panels indicates that several of these novel plasma membrane proteins are differentially expressed in lymphocyte subsets. These results show that previously unidentified lymphocyte plasma membrane proteins can be identified using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Nicholson
- Child Health Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Diagnostics, Australia.
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Thiel MA, Coster DJ, Standfield SD, Brereton HM, Mavrangelos C, Zola H, Taylor S, Yusim A, Williams KA. Penetration of engineered antibody fragments into the eye. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:67-74. [PMID: 11982592 PMCID: PMC1906367 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are powerful immunotherapeutic agents but their use for treating ocular disorders is limited by their poor penetration into the eye. We hypothesized that antibody fragments of relatively small size might penetrate the cornea more readily. Monovalent single chain variable region (scFv) antibody fragments and divalent miniantibodies were engineered from existing monoclonal antibodies, expressed in a bacterial expression system, and purified by metal ion affinity chromatography. Corneoscleral preparations from normal pig and cat eyes were mounted in a corneal perfusion chamber. Intact antibodies and antibody fragments were applied topically to the anterior corneal surface over 12-h periods, and samples were collected from the artificial anterior chamber. Similar experiments were performed with whole enucleated pig and human eyes. Penetration of antibodies and fragments was quantified by high-sensitivity flow cytometry on appropriate target cells. Both monovalent scFv and divalent miniantibody fragments (but not whole immunoglobulin molecules) passed through de-epithelialized and intact corneas after topical administration, and could be detected by antigen binding. Addition of 0.5% sodium caprate facilitated penetration through intact corneas. Topically-applied scFv was found to penetrate into the anterior chamber fluid of rabbit eyes in vivo. The engineered fragments were stable and resistant to ocular proteases. Monovalent and divalent antibody constructs of molecular weight 28 kD and 67 kD, respectively, can penetrate through intact corneas into the anterior chamber, with retention of appropriate antigen-binding activity. Such constructs may form novel therapeutic agents for topical ophthalmic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Thiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Mavrangelos C, Thiel M, Adamson PJ, Millard DJ, Nobbs S, Zola H, Nicholson IC. Increased yield and activity of soluble single-chain antibody fragments by combining high-level expression and the Skp periplasmic chaperonin. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 23:289-95. [PMID: 11676604 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The success of recombinant antibody fragments as diagnostic reagents and therapeutic agents depends on the availability of sufficient functional material. We have produced a bacterial expression vector that combines high-level expression driven by a modified Shine-Dalgarno sequence with the periplasmic chaperonin Skp. Using this vector, we are able to obtain higher yields of soluble antibody fragments from cultures without the need for supplementation of the culture medium during expression. The fragments produced in the presence of the Skp show improved antigen binding activity compared to when the chaperonin is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mavrangelos
- Child Health Research Institute, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
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Abstract
The cloning and expression of the genes encoding the Vibrio cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharide O antigen in a heterologous host have been described previously (P. A. Manning, M. W. Heuzenroeder, J. Yeadon, D. I. Leavesley, P. R. Reeves, and D. Rowley, Infect. Immun. 53:272-277, 1986). It was thus assumed that all the genes required for O-antigen expression were located on a 20-kb SacI restriction fragment. We present evidence for a number of other as yet undescribed genes that are essential for O-antigen biosynthesis in V. cholerae O1 and that these genes are somehow complemented in Escherichia coli K-12. The two genes termed Vibrio cholerae rfbV and rfbU are transcribed in the opposite orientation from the rest of the rfb operon, whereas the galE dehydratase and rfbP (Salmonella enterica) homologs, designated ORF35x7 and rfbW, respectively, are transcribed in the same orientation. The evidence presented here, using chromosomal insertion mutants, clearly shows that the three genes now designated rfbV, rfbU, and rfbW appear to be accessory rfb genes and are essential for O-antigen biosynthesis in V. cholerae but that ORF35x7 is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fallarino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether anti-La/SS-B-positive sera that are precipitin negative show a distinct B cell epitope pattern. METHODS Serum reactivity was tested with recombinant La/SS-B fusion proteins. RESULTS Among the 18 precipitin-negative anti-La/SS-B-positive sera, reactivity was confined to the full-length recombinant protein (La33.3) in 8 (44%); 5 of 18 (28%) reacted only with La33.3 and with the first 107 N-terminal amino acids (LaA), and 4 (22%) reacted with La33.3, LaA, and the middle region of the La molecule (LaC; amino acids 111-242). One serum reacted with La33.3 and LaC. None of the 18 precipitin-negative sera was positive on a carboxy-terminal fragment (LaL2/3; amino acids 346-408). In contrast, all 26 precipitin-positive anti-La/SS-B-positive sera reacted with La33.3, LaA, and LaC, and 92% reacted with LaL2/3. Rheumatoid factor and serum IgG levels were significantly lower in the precipitin-negative group, providing further evidence of a distinct serologic subset. CONCLUSION The restricted epitope recognition by these sera may explain the lack of precipitin formation and may represent an early autoantibody response to La/SS-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gordon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
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