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Tyszkiewicz C, Hwang SK, DaSilva JK, Kovi RC, Fader KA, Sirivelu MP, Liu J, Somps C, Cook J, Liu CN, Wang H. Absence of functional deficits in rats following systemic administration of an AAV9 vector despite moderate peripheral nerve and dorsal root ganglia findings: A clinically silent peripheral neuropathy. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:46-53. [PMID: 38316190 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are commonly used for delivering transgenes in gene therapy studies, but they are also known to cause dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerve toxicities in animals. However, the functional implications of these pathologic findings and their time course remain unclear. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks following a single dose of an AAV9 vector carrying human frataxin transgene in rats, non-standard functional assessments, including von Frey filament, electrophysiology, and Rotarod tests, were conducted longitudinally to measure allodynia, nerve conduction velocity, and coordination, respectively. Additionally, DRGs, peripheral nerves, brain and spinal cord were evaluated histologically and circulating neurofilament light chain (NfL) was quantified at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively. At 2 and 4 weeks after dosing, minimal-to-moderate nerve fiber degeneration and neuronal degeneration were observed in the DRGs in some of the AAV9 vector-dosed animals. At 8 weeks, nerve fiber degeneration was observed in DRGs, with or without neuronal degeneration, and in sciatic nerves of all AAV9 vector-dosed animals. NfL values were higher in AAV9 vector-treated animals at weeks 4 and 8 compared with controls. However, there were no significant differences in the three functional endpoints evaluated between the AAV9 vector- and vehicle-dosed animals, or in a longitudinal comparison between baseline (predose), 4, and 8 week values in the AAV9 vector-dose animals. These findings demonstrate that there is no detectable functional consequence to the minimal-to-moderate neurodegeneration observed with our AAV9 vector treatment in rats, suggesting a functional tolerance or reserve for loss of DRG neurons after systemic administration of AAV9 vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Tyszkiewicz
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Seo-Kyoung Hwang
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jamie K DaSilva
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly A Fader
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Madhu P Sirivelu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - June Liu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Chris Somps
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jon Cook
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Helen Wang
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Tyszkiewicz C, Pardo ID, Ritenour HN, Liu CN, Somps C. Increases in GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes in the cerebellar molecular layer of young adult CBA/J mice. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:24. [PMID: 34454633 PMCID: PMC8400896 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CBA/J mice are standard experimental animals in auditory studies, and age-related changes in auditory pathways are well documented. However, changes in locomotion-related brain regions have not been systematically explored. Results We showed an increase in immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the cerebellar molecular layer associated with Purkinje cells in mice at 24 weeks of age but not in the younger mice. Increased GFAP immunoreactivity appeared in the form of clusters and distributed multifocally consistent with hyperplasia of astrocytes that were occasionally associated with Purkinje cell degeneration. Three out of 12 animals at 16 and 24 weeks of age exhibited pre-convulsive clinical signs. Two of these 3 animals also showed increased GFAP immunoreactivity in the cerebellum. Rotarod behavioral assessments indicated decreased performance at 24 weeks of age. Conclusions These results suggest minimal to mild reactive astrocytosis likely associated with Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum at 24 weeks of age in CBA/J mice. These findings should be taken into consideration prior to using this mouse strain for studying neuroinflammation or aging. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42826-021-00100-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Tyszkiewicz
- Comparative Medicine, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, MS 8274-1359, PGRD, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ingrid D Pardo
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Hayley N Ritenour
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Comparative Medicine, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc, MS 8274-1359, PGRD, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Chris Somps
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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Peng Q, Mechanic J, Shoieb A, Pardo ID, Schaevitz L, Fenyk-Melody J, Vitsky A, Boucher M, Somps C, Cook JC, Liu CN. Circulating microRNA and automated motion analysis as novel methods of assessing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210995. [PMID: 30677061 PMCID: PMC6345499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CiPN) is a serious adverse effect in the clinic, but nonclinical assessment methods in animal studies are limited to labor intensive behavioral tests or semi-quantitative microscopic evaluation. Hence, microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers and automated in-life behavioral tracking were assessed for their utility as non-invasive methods. To address the lack of diagnostic biomarkers, we explored miR-124, miR-183 and miR-338 in a CiPN model induced by paclitaxel, a well-known neurotoxic agent. In addition, conventional and Vium's innovative Digital Vivarium technology-based in-life behavioral tests and postmortem microscopic examination of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the sciatic nerve were performed. Terminal blood was collected on days 8 or 16, after 20 mg/kg paclitaxel was administered every other day for total of 4 or 7 doses, respectively, for plasma miRNA quantification by RT-qPCR. DRG and sciatic nerve samples were collected from mice sacrificed on day 16 for miRNA quantification. Among the three miRNAs analyzed, only miR-124 was statistically significantly increased (5 fold and 10 fold on day 8 and day 16, respectively). The increase in circulating miR-124 correlated with cold allodynia and axonal degeneration in both DRG and sciatic nerve. Automated home cage motion analysis revealed for the first time that nighttime motion was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in paclitaxel-dosed animals. Although both increase in circulating miR-124 and decrease in nighttime motion are compelling, our results provide positive evidence warranting further testing using additional peripheral nerve toxicants and diverse experimental CiPN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Peng
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ahmed Shoieb
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ingrid D. Pardo
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Judith Fenyk-Melody
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison Vitsky
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Somps
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jon C. Cook
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marcek J, Okerberg C, Liu CN, Potter D, Butler P, Boucher M, Zorbas M, Mouton P, Nyengaard JR, Somps C. Anti-NGF monoclonal antibody muMab 911 does not deplete neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of young or old adult rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zahner M, Bernardo V, Tyszkiewicz C, Foote A, Cannon K, Liu C, Okerberg C, Boucher M, Pardo I, Somps C, Northcott C. Cardiovascular and Neurophysiological Assessment of Guanethidine‐Induced Loss of Postganglionic Neurons in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.831.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keri Cannon
- Drug Safety R&D Pfizer Inc.GrotonCTUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Pardo
- Drug Safety R&D Pfizer Inc.GrotonCTUnited States
| | - Chris Somps
- Drug Safety R&D Pfizer Inc.GrotonCTUnited States
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Zahner M, Liu C, Okerberg C, Somps C. Assessment of Guanethidine‐induced Neuronal Loss on Basal and Reflex Sympathetic Support of Blood Pressure and Heart rate in the Anesthetized Rat. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.649.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zahner
- Drug Safety Research & Development PfizerGrotonCTUnited States
| | - Chang‐Ning Liu
- Drug Safety Research & Development PfizerGrotonCTUnited States
| | - Carlin Okerberg
- Drug Safety Research & Development PfizerGrotonCTUnited States
| | - Chris Somps
- Drug Safety Research & Development PfizerGrotonCTUnited States
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Liu CN, Mathialagan N, Lappin P, Fortner J, Somps C, Seitis G, Johnson TR, Hu W, Matsumoto D. Crizotinib reduces the rate of dark adaptation in the rat retina independent of ALK inhibition. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:116-25. [PMID: 25326243 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib (Xalkori) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of both anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met). Though not predicted from standard nonclinical toxicological evaluation, visual disturbance became a frequently observed adverse event in humans. To understand the possible mechanism of this vision effect, an in vivo electroretinogram (ERG) study was conducted to assess retinal functional changes following oral administration of crizotinib. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of ALK and c-Met in the neural retinas of human, non-human primate, dog, rat, and mouse was used to aid in the animal model selection. ALK IHC staining was identified predominantly in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers of most species evaluated, in the inner plexiform layer in human and rodent, and in the nerve fiber layer in human and rat only. There was no apparent staining of any layer of the neural retina for c-Met in any of the species evaluated. ERG measurements identified a significant reduction in b-wave amplitude during the initial phase of dark adaptation in the crizotinib-treated rats. ERGs were also taken following oral administration of PF-06463922 (an ALK-selective inhibitor), for an understanding of potential kinase involvement. ERG effects were not observed in PF-06463922-treated animals when comparable exposures in the vitreous humor were achieved. Collectively, our results suggest that the ERG b-wave amplitude decreases during dark adaption following crizotinib administration may be related to signaling changes within the retina in rats, likely independent of ALK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ning Liu
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Nagappan Mathialagan
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Patrick Lappin
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jay Fortner
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Chris Somps
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Gary Seitis
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Theodore R Johnson
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Wenyue Hu
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Diane Matsumoto
- *Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut, Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton 06340, Connecticut and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
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Liu CN, Pettersen B, Seitis G, Osgood S, Somps C. GlyT1 inhibitor reduces oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram in rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013; 33:206-11. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.833937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Matsumoto D, Liu CN, Somps C, Wilner K, Skillings J, Burns-Naas LA. Abstract 4385: Effect on retinal function as a mechanism for vision disorders with crizotinib (PF-02341066). Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Crizotinib is a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and c-Met. Crizotinib has been shown to be effective in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer. One common adverse event that has been observed is a grade 1 vision disorder (∼45% of patients) characterized as seeing shadows or streaks during changes in lighting conditions. Onset occurs during the first weeks of treatment, with most cases improving with continued treatment and not requiring treatment discontinuation. Such vision disorders were not predicted from preclinical toxicological evaluation of crizotinib. To further understand the possible mechanism of this vision disorder, a rat electroretinography (ERG) study was conducted to determine if retinal function is altered following repeat-dose administration of crizotinib. Male Long-Evans rats (8/group) were administered crizotinib by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for up to 29 days, during which an evaluation of in-life parameters (clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption), ophthalmic examinations, and ERG were performed. As part of the ERG assessment, five light-stimulation protocols were applied to test scotopic (dark-adapted) and photopic (light-adapted) luminance responses, photopic and scotopic adaptometry, and photopic flicker responses. Terminal plasma and vitreous fluid were examined for crizotinib concentrations in main study animals, and a toxicokinetic profile was obtained from a satellite group of 6 animals. Results of the ERG measurements identified a statistically significant (∼30%) reduction in mean b-wave amplitude relative to control during the initial 16 and 32 minutes of dark adaptation on Days 15 (p<0.05) and 29 (p<0.01), respectively. The magnitude of the reduction did not worsen between Days 15 and 29. Following 2 hours of dark adaptation, b-wave amplitudes were comparable between control and crizotinib-treated animals on both Days 15 and 29. There were no crizotinib-related effects observed for any other ERG parameters or during ophthalmologic examinations. Plasma exposures were ∼6-fold those associated with vision disorders in patients, and vitreous humor concentrations were 0.66-fold those in plasma at an equivalent time post-dose. Results from this preclinical model show that crizotinib causes significant reductions in the rate of retinal dark adaptation, but not the ability to achieve full dark adaptation. Vision disorders reported in the clinical setting may thus be due to direct effects on the retina rather than a central CNS effect. Whether this is a pharmacologically mediated effect at ALK or c-Met receptors expressed in retina or an off-target effect is not clear.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4385. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4385
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Somps C, Luttges M. Response
: Dragonfly Aerodynamics. Science 1986. [DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4733.10.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Somps
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Engineering Center, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
| | - Marvin Luttges
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Engineering Center, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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Abstract
Studies of insect flight have revealed novel mechanisms of production of aerodynamic lift. In the present study, large lift forces were measured during flight episodes elicited from dragonflies tethered to a force balance. Simultaneously, stroboscopic photographs provided stop-action views of wing motion and the flowfield structure surrounding the insect. Wing kinematics were correlated with both instantaneous lift generation and vortex-dominated flow fields. The large lift forces appear to be produced by unsteady flow-wing interactions. This successful utilization of unsteady separated flows by insects may signal the existence of a whole new class of fluid dynamic uses that remain to be explored.
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