1
|
Rajkovic CJ, Tracz JA, DeMordaunt T, Davidar AD, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Judy BF, Zhang KY, Hernandez VN, Lin J, Lazzari JL, Cottrill E, Witham TF. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel vancomycin-infused, biomimetic bone graft using a rat model of spinal implant-associated infection. N Am Spine Soc J 2024; 18:100323. [PMID: 38746017 PMCID: PMC11091687 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2024.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Postoperative infection is a complication of spinal fusion surgery resulting in increased patient morbidity. Strategies including intraoperative application of powdered vancomycin have been proposed to reduce the incidence of infection; however, such antimicrobial effects are short-lived. Methods Instrumentation of the L4-L5 vertebrae was performed mimicking pedicle screw and rod fixation in 30 rats. Titanium instrumentation inoculated with either PBS or 1×105 CFU bioluminescent MRSA, along with biomimetic bone grafts infused with varying concentrations of vancomycin and 125 µg of rhBMP-2 (BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM) were implanted prior to closure. Infection was quantified during the six-week postoperative period using bioluminescent imaging. Arthrodesis was evaluated using micro-CT. Results Infected animals receiving a bone graft infused with low-dose (0.18 mg/g) or high-dose vancomycin (0.89 mg/g) both exhibited significantly lower bioluminescent signal over the six-week postoperative period than control animals inoculated with MRSA and implanted with bone grafts lacking vancomycin (p=.019 and p=.007, respectively). Both low and high-dose vancomycin-infused grafts also resulted in a statistically significant reduction in average bioluminescence when compared to control animals (p=.027 and p=.047, respectively), independent of time. MicroCT analysis of animals from each group revealed pseudoarthrosis only in the control group, suggesting a correlation between infection and pseudoarthrosis. MRSA-inoculated control animals also had significantly less bone volume formation on micro-CT than the PBS-inoculated control cohort (p<.001), the MRSA+low-dose vancomycin-infused bone graft cohort (p<.001), and the MRSA+high-dose vancomycin-infused bone graft cohort (p<.001). Conclusion BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM presents a novel tissue engineering approach to simultaneously promoting arthrodesis and antimicrobial prophylaxis in spinal fusion. Despite mixed evidence of potential osteotoxicity of vancomycin reported in literature, BioMim-rhBMP-2-VCM preserved arthrodesis and osteogenesis with increasing vancomycin loading doses due to the graft's osteoinductive composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Rajkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Jovanna A Tracz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Trevor DeMordaunt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - A Daniel Davidar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8057, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Brendan F Judy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Kevin Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Vaughn N Hernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Jessica Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Julianna L Lazzari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ethan Cottrill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 104002, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DeMourdant T, Rajkovic CJ, Tracz JA, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Judy BF, Hernandez VN, Lin J, Lazzari JL, Dikeman DA, Archer NK, Davis KM, Gordon O, Witham TF. A novel rodent model of chronic spinal implant-associated infection. Spine J 2023; 23:1389-1399. [PMID: 37247639 PMCID: PMC10530089 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Bacterial infection of spinal instrumentation is a significant challenge in spinal fusion surgery. Although the intraoperative local application of powdered vancomycin is common practice for mitigating infection, the antimicrobial effects of this route of administration are short-lived. Therefore, novel antibiotic-loaded bone grafts as well as a reliable animal model to permit the testing of such therapies are needed to improve the efficacy of infection reduction practices in spinal fusion surgery. PURPOSE This study aims to establish a clinically relevant rat model of spinal implant-associated infection to permit the evaluation of antimicrobial bone graft materials used in spinal fusion. STUDY DESIGN Rodent study of chronic spinal implant-associated infection. METHODS Instrumentation anchored in and spanning the vertebral bodies of L4 and L5 was inoculated with bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA). Infection was monitored using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) for 8 weeks. Spines were harvested and evaluated histologically, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were quantified in harvested implants and spinal tissue. RESULTS Postsurgical analysis of bacterial infection in vivo demonstrated stratification between MRSA and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control groups during the first 4 weeks of the 8-week infection period, indicating the successful establishment of acute infection. Over the 8-week chronic infection period, groups inoculated with 1 × 105 MRSA CFU and 1 × 106 MRSA CFU demonstrated significantly higher bioluminescence than groups inoculated with PBS control (p = 0.009 and p = 0.041 respectively). Histological examination at 8 weeks postimplantation revealed the presence of abscesses localized to implant placement in all MRSA inoculation groups, with the most pervasive abscess formation in samples inoculated with 1 × 105 MRSA CFU and 1 × 106 MRSA CFU. Quantification of CFU plated from harvested spinal tissue at 8 weeks post-implantation revealed the 1 × 105 MRSA CFU inoculation group as the only group with a significantly greater average CFU count compared to PBS control (p = 0.017). Further, CFU quantification from harvested spinal tissue was greater than CFU quantification from harvested implants across all inoculation groups. CONCLUSION Our model demonstrated that the inoculation dosage of 1 × 105 MRSA CFU exhibited the most robust chronic infection within instrumented vertebral bodies. This dosage had the greatest difference in bioluminescence signal from control (p < 0.01), the lowest mortality (0% compared to 50% for samples inoculated with 1 × 106 MRSA CFU), and a significantly higher amount of CFUs from harvested spine samples than CFUs from control harvested spine samples. Further, histological analysis confirmed the reliability of this novel rodent model of implanted-associated infection to establish infection and biofilm formation of MRSA for all inoculation groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This model is intended to simulate the infection of instrumentation used in spinal fusion surgeries concerning implant locality and material. This model may evaluate potential antimicrobial and osteogenic biomaterials and investigate the relationship between implant-associated infection and failed fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor DeMourdant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christian J Rajkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jovanna A Tracz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brendan F Judy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Vaughn N Hernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Julianna L Lazzari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Dustin A Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kimberly M Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oren Gordon
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem PO Box 12271, Jerusalem 9112102 , Israel
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Meyer 7-109 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cottrill EJ, Bowen CJ, Pennington ZA, Murray JA, Rajkovic CJ, Dietz HC, Sponseller PD. Tendon Healing in a Mouse Model of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Controlled Study Using a Patellar Tendon Transection Model. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e590-e595. [PMID: 35442932 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare autosomal-dominant connective tissue disorder caused by genetic mutations in the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. In addition to vascular malformations, patients with LDS commonly present with bone and tendon abnormalities, including joint laxity. While TGFβ signaling dysregulation has been implicated in many of these clinical manifestations, the degree to which it influences the tendinopathy and tendon healing issues in LDS has not been determined. METHODS Wound healing after patellar tendon transection was compared between wild-type (WT) and Tgfbr2-mutant (LDS) mice (7 mice per group). In all mice, the right patellar tendon was transected at midsubstance, while the left was untouched to serve as a control. Mice were euthanized 6 weeks after surgery. Tendon specimens were harvested for histopathologic grading according to a previously validated scoring metric, and gene expression levels of Mmp2, Tgfb2, and other TGFβ-signaling genes were assayed. Between-group comparisons were made using 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference testing. RESULTS Expression levels of assayed genes were similar between LDS and WT tendons at baseline; however, at 6 weeks after patellar tendon transection, LDS tendons showed sustained elevations in Mmp2 and Tgfb2 compared with baseline values; these elevations were not seen in normal tendons undergoing the same treatments. Histologically, untreated LDS tendons had significantly greater cellularity and cell rounding compared with untreated WT tendons, and both WT and LDS tendons had significantly worse histologic scores after surgery. CONCLUSION We present the first mechanistic insight into the effect of LDS on tendons and tendon healing. The morphologic differences between LDS and WT tendons at baseline may help explain the increased risk of tendon/ligament dysfunction in patients with LDS, and the differential healing response to injury in LDS may account for the delayed healing and weaker repair tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- Genetic Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jason A Murray
- Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Harry C Dietz
- Genetic Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|