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Larocque S, Pinsolle E, Lupien C, Reulet B. Shot Noise of a Temperature-Biased Tunnel Junction. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:106801. [PMID: 32955311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurement of the current noise of a tunnel junction driven out of equilibrium by a temperature and/or voltage difference, i.e., the charge noise of heat and/or electrical current. This is achieved by a careful control of electron temperature below 1 K at the nanoscale, and a sensitive measurement of noise with wide bandwidth, from 0.1 to 1 GHz. An excellent agreement between experiment and theory with no fitting parameter is obtained. In particular, we find that the current noise of the junction of resistance R when one electrode is at temperature T and the other one at zero temperature is given by S=2 ln2k_{B}T/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Larocque
- Université de Sherbrooke, Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Edouard Pinsolle
- Université de Sherbrooke, Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Christian Lupien
- Université de Sherbrooke, Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Université de Sherbrooke, Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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2
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Pinsolle E, Houle S, Lupien C, Reulet B. Non-Gaussian Current Fluctuations in a Short Diffusive Conductor. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:027702. [PMID: 30085754 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.027702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurement of the third moment of current fluctuations in a short metallic wire at low temperature. The data are deduced from the statistics of voltage fluctuations across the conductor using a careful determination of environmental contributions. Our results at low bias agree very well with theoretical predictions for coherent transport with no fitting parameter. By increasing the bias voltage we explore the crossover from elastic to inelastic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pinsolle
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Houle
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Christian Lupien
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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3
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Bennaceur K, Lupien C, Reulet B, Gervais G, Pfeiffer LN, West KW. Competing Charge Density Waves Probed by Nonlinear Transport and Noise in the Second and Third Landau Levels. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:136801. [PMID: 29694212 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge density waves (CDWs) in the second and third Landau levels (LLs) are investigated by both nonlinear electronic transport and noise. The use of a Corbino geometry ensures that only bulk properties are probed, with no contribution from edge states. Sliding transport of CDWs is revealed by narrow band noise in reentrant quantum Hall states R2a and R2c of the second LL, as well as in pinned CDWs of the third LL. Competition between various phases-stripe, pinned CDW, or fractional quantum Hall liquid-in both LLs are clearly revealed by combining noise data with maps of conductivity versus magnetic field and bias voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bennaceur
- Département de Physique et Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Department of Physics, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - C Lupien
- Département de Physique et Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - B Reulet
- Département de Physique et Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - G Gervais
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - L N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - K W West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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4
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Pinsolle E, Rousseau A, Lupien C, Reulet B. Direct Measurement of the Electron Energy Relaxation Dynamics in Metallic Wires. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:236601. [PMID: 27341248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.236601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the dynamical response of thermal noise to an ac excitation in conductors at low temperature. From the frequency dependence of this response function-the (noise) thermal impedance-in the range 1 kHz-1 GHz we obtain direct determinations of the inelastic relaxation times relevant in metallic wires at low temperature: the electron-phonon scattering time and the diffusion time of electrons along the wires. Combining these results with that of resistivity provides a measurement of heat capacity of samples made of thin film. The simplicity and reliability of this technique makes it very promising for future applications in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pinsolle
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Christian Lupien
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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5
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Forgues JC, Lupien C, Reulet B. Experimental violation of bell-like inequalities by electronic shot noise. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:130403. [PMID: 25884119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the correlations between electromagnetic field quadratures at two frequencies f1=7 GHz and f1=7.5 GHz of the radiation emitted by a tunnel junction placed at very low temperature and excited at frequency f1+f2. We demonstrate the existence of two-mode squeezing and violation of a Bell-like inequality, thereby proving the existence of entanglement in the quantum shot noise radiated by the tunnel junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Forgues
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Christian Lupien
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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6
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Abstract
We report the observation of photon pairs in the photoassisted shot noise of a tunnel junction in the quantum regime at very high frequency and very low temperature. We have measured the fluctuations of the noise power generated by the junction at two different frequencies, f(1) = 4.4 and f(2) = 7.2 GHz, while driving the junction with a microwave excitation of frequency f(0) = f(1) + f(2). We observe clear correlations between the fluctuations of the two noise powers even when the mean photon number per measurement is much smaller than one. This is strong evidence for photons being emitted in pairs. We also demonstrate that the electromagnetic field generated by the junction exhibits two-mode amplitude squeezing, a proof of its nonclassicality. The data agree very well with predictions based on the fourth cumulant of the current fluctuations generated by the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Forgues
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Christian Lupien
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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7
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Gasse G, Lupien C, Reulet B. Observation of squeezing in the electron quantum shot noise of a tunnel junction. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:136601. [PMID: 24116798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.136601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurement of the fluctuations of the two quadratures of the electromagnetic field generated by a quantum conductor, a dc- and ac-biased tunnel junction placed at very low temperature. We observe that the variance of the fluctuations on one quadrature can go below that of vacuum, i.e., that the radiated field is squeezed. This demonstrates the quantum nature of the radiated electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gasse
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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8
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Kohsaka Y, Taylor C, Fujita K, Schmidt A, Lupien C, Hanaguri T, Azuma M, Takano M, Eisaki H, Takagi H, Uchida S, Davis JC. An Intrinsic Bond-Centered Electronic Glass with Unidirectional Domains in Underdoped Cuprates. Science 2007; 315:1380-5. [PMID: 17289939 DOI: 10.1126/science.1138584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Removing electrons from the CuO2 plane of cuprates alters the electronic correlations sufficiently to produce high-temperature superconductivity. Associated with these changes are spectral-weight transfers from the high-energy states of the insulator to low energies. In theory, these should be detectable as an imbalance between the tunneling rate for electron injection and extraction-a tunneling asymmetry. We introduce atomic-resolution tunneling-asymmetry imaging, finding virtually identical phenomena in two lightly hole-doped cuprates: Ca(1.88)Na(0.12)CuO(2)Cl2 and Bi2Sr2Dy(0.2)Ca(0.8)Cu2O(8+delta). Intense spatial variations in tunneling asymmetry occur primarily at the planar oxygen sites; their spatial arrangement forms a Cu-O-Cu bond-centered electronic pattern without long-range order but with 4a(0)-wide unidirectional electronic domains dispersed throughout (a(0): the Cu-O-Cu distance). The emerging picture is then of a partial hole localization within an intrinsic electronic glass evolving, at higher hole densities, into complete delocalization and highest-temperature superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kohsaka
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Hanaguri T, Lupien C, Kohsaka Y, Lee DH, Azuma M, Takano M, Takagi H, Davis JC. A ‘checkerboard’ electronic crystal state in lightly hole-doped Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2. Nature 2004; 430:1001-5. [PMID: 15329714 DOI: 10.1038/nature02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The phase diagram of hole-doped copper oxides shows four different electronic phases existing at zero temperature. Familiar among these are the Mott insulator, high-transition-temperature superconductor and metallic phases. A fourth phase, of unknown identity, occurs at light doping along the zero-temperature bound of the 'pseudogap' regime. This regime is rich in peculiar electronic phenomena, prompting numerous proposals that it contains some form of hidden electronic order. Here we present low-temperature electronic structure imaging studies of a lightly hole-doped copper oxide: Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2. Tunnelling spectroscopy (at energies |E| > 100 meV) reveals electron extraction probabilities greatly exceeding those for injection, as anticipated for a doped Mott insulator. However, for |E| < 100 meV, the spectrum exhibits a V-shaped energy gap centred on E = 0. States within this gap undergo intense spatial modulations, with the spatial correlations of a four CuO2-unit-cell square 'checkerboard', independent of energy. Intricate atomic-scale electronic structure variations also exist within the checkerboard. These data are consistent with an unanticipated crystalline electronic state, possibly the hidden electronic order, existing in the zero-temperature pseudogap regime of Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanaguri
- Magnetic Materials Laboratory, RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako 351-0198, Japan.
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10
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Hill RW, Lupien C, Sutherland M, Boaknin E, Hawthorn DG, Proust C, Ronning F, Taillefer L, Liang R, Bonn DA, Hardy WN. Transport in ultraclean YBa2Cu3O7: neither unitary nor born impurity scattering. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:027001. [PMID: 14753959 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of ultraclean YBa2Cu3O7 was measured at very low temperature in magnetic fields up to 13 T. The temperature and field dependence of the electronic heat conductivity show that two widespread assumptions of transport theory applied to unconventional superconductors fail for clean cuprates: impurity scattering cannot be treated in the usual unitary limit (nor indeed in the Born limit), and scattering of quasiparticles off vortices cannot be neglected. Our study also sheds light on the long-standing puzzle of a sudden onset of a "plateau" in the thermal conductivity of Bi-2212 versus field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Hawthorn DG, Hill RW, Proust C, Ronning F, Sutherland M, Boaknin E, Lupien C, Tanatar MA, Paglione J, Wakimoto S, Zhang H, Taillefer L, Kimura T, Nohara M, Takagi H, Hussey NE. Field-induced thermal metal-to-insulator transition in underdoped La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4+delta). Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:197004. [PMID: 12785975 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.197004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The transport of heat and charge in cuprates was measured in single crystals of La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4+delta) (LSCO) across the doping phase diagram at low temperatures. In underdoped LSCO, the thermal conductivity is found to decrease with increasing magnetic field in the T-->0 limit, in striking contrast to the increase observed in all superconductors, including cuprates at higher doping. In heavily underdoped LSCO, where superconductivity can be entirely suppressed with an applied magnetic field, we show that a novel thermal metal-to-insulator transition takes place upon going from the superconducting state to the field-induced normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hawthorn
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Boaknin E, Hill RW, Proust C, Lupien C, Taillefer L, Canfield PC. Highly anisotropic gap function in borocarbide superconductor LuNi(2)B(2)C. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:237001. [PMID: 11736470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.237001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of borocarbide superconductor LuNi(2)B(2)C was measured down to 70 mK (T(c)/200) in a magnetic field perpendicular to the heat current from H = 0 to above H(c2) = 7 T. As soon as vortices enter the sample, the conduction at T-->0 grows rapidly, showing unambiguously that delocalized quasiparticles are present at the lowest energies. The field dependence is very similar to that of UPt(3), a heavy-fermion superconductor with a line of nodes in the gap, and very different from the exponential dependence characteristic of s-wave superconductors. This is strong evidence for a highly anisotropic gap function in LuNi(2)B(2)C, possibly with nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boaknin
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
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13
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Lupien C, MacFarlane WA, Proust C, Taillefer L, Mao ZQ, Maeno Y. Ultrasound attenuation in Sr(2)RuO(4): an angle-resolved study of the superconducting gap function. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:5986-5989. [PMID: 11415410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.5986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the electronic ultrasound attenuation alpha in the unconventional superconductor Sr(2)RuO(4). The power law behavior of alpha at temperatures down to T(c)/30 clearly indicates the presence of nodes in the gap. In the normal state, we find an enormous anisotropy of alpha in the basal plane of the tetragonal structure. In the superconducting state, the temperature dependence of alpha also exhibits significant anisotropy. We discuss these results in relation to possible gap functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lupien
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A7
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14
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Gagnon R, Lupien C, Taillefer L. T2 dependence of the resistivity in the Cu-O chains of YBa2Cu3O6.9. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:3458-3461. [PMID: 9976611 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
In 16 patients with abdominal trauma, ultrasonic abnormalities of the spleen were demonstrated shortly after trauma (mean 3.7 days). Initial sonographic abnormalities included: splenic laceration in 3 cases, intrasplenic fluid (hematoma) in 4, splenic inhomogeneity (contusion) in 8, perisplenic fluid (subcapsular hematoma) in 11, intraperitoneal fluid in 10, and a left pleural effusion in 7. Follow-up sonograms showed that pleural effusions and intraperitoneal fluid collections disappeared quickly (2 and 4 weeks, respectively). However, intrasplenic hematomas and contusions usually resorbed over a period of months (up to a year). When followed to complete resolution, the spleen may become normal sonographically or there may be small linear foci of echogenic material, which probably represent scar tissue.
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16
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Lupien C, Wagar H, Sauerbrei EE. Delayed regression of huge theca lutein cysts monitored by serial sonograms and beta-HCG levels. J Can Assoc Radiol 1984; 35:70-2. [PMID: 6725375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The important role of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) in detecting spread of trophoblastic disease following evacuation of a hydatidiform mole is well established (1,2). Although sonography is accepted as the primary imaging technique in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole (3), only a few authors have described the post-evacuation appearances of the pelvis, in particular the regression of theca lutein cysts (4,5). We here report a patient in whom there was delayed regression of huge theca lutein cysts compared to the regression of the serum beta-HCG levels after evacuation of a benign non-recurring hydatidiform mole.
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