1
|
Edwards CD, Campbell H. Sampling implications of variation in daily activity of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus at a coastal grassland site in the U.K. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:127-132. [PMID: 34338344 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae), is an important vector of many pathogens of medical and veterinary significance. Determining vector abundance is a requisite of assessing potential vector-borne disease risk. Estimation of tick abundance is often conducted by blanket drag sampling a site, conducted at one time point during the day. The time of day chosen for sampling can vary, is not widely standardized and is often unreported by the investigator. This study investigated whether the time of day chosen for sampling had an effect on tick collection at an open grassland coastal site in North Devon, U.K., during May 2019 to July 2019. Tick abundance for both adults and nymphs in the evening period was more than twice that found in the mid-day sampling period. Overall abundance differed with site aspect, ground temperature and relative humidity. This study shows that for this open grassland recreational site, the time of day chosen for sampling has important implications for tick collection and the assessment of the relative risk of human exposure to ticks and tick-borne infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Edwards
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, U.K
- The Wain House, Chetwynd, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8AE, U.K
| | - H Campbell
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Down K, Amour A, Anderson NA, Barton N, Campos S, Cannons EP, Clissold C, Convery MA, Coward JJ, Doyle K, Duempelfeld B, Edwards CD, Goldsmith MD, Krause J, Mallett DN, McGonagle GA, Patel VK, Rowedder J, Rowland P, Sharpe A, Sriskantharajah S, Thomas DA, Thomson DW, Uddin S, Hamblin JN, Hessel EM. Discovery of GSK251: A Highly Potent, Highly Selective, Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of PI3Kδ with a Novel Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13780-13792. [PMID: 34510892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of a previously reported lead series of PI3Kδ inhibitors with a novel binding mode led to the identification of a clinical candidate compound 31 (GSK251). Removal of an embedded Ames-positive heteroaromatic amine by reversing a sulfonamide followed by locating an interaction with Trp760 led to a highly selective compound 9. Further optimization to avoid glutathione trapping, to enhance potency and selectivity, and to optimize an oral pharmacokinetic profile led to the discovery of compound 31 (GSK215) that had a low predicted daily dose (45 mg, b.i.d) and a rat toxicity profile suitable for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Down
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Augustin Amour
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Niall A Anderson
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Nick Barton
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sebastien Campos
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Edward P Cannons
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Cole Clissold
- Charles River Discovery, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maire A Convery
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John J Coward
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Kevin Doyle
- Charles River Discovery, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Birgit Duempelfeld
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Christopher D Edwards
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael D Goldsmith
- Charles River Discovery, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Jana Krause
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - David N Mallett
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Grant A McGonagle
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Vipulkumar K Patel
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James Rowedder
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul Rowland
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew Sharpe
- Charles River Discovery, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | - Daniel A Thomas
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Douglas W Thomson
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Sorif Uddin
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - J Nicole Hamblin
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spencer JA, Baldwin IR, Barton N, Chung CW, Convery MA, Edwards CD, Jamieson C, Mallett DN, Rowedder JE, Rowland P, Thomas DA, Hardy CJ. Design and Development of a Macrocyclic Series Targeting Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1386-1391. [PMID: 32676144 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A macrocyclization approach has been explored on a series of benzoxazine phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ inhibitors, resulting in compounds with improved potency, permeability, and in vivo clearance while maintaining good solubility. The thermodynamics of binding was explored via surface plasmon resonance, and the binding of lead macrocycle 19 was found to be almost exclusively entropically driven compared with progenitor 18, which demonstrated both enthalpic and entropic contributions. The pharmacokinetics of macrocycle 19 was also explored in vivo, where it showed reduced clearance when compared with the progenitor 18. This work adds to the growing body of evidence that macrocyclization could provide an alternative and complementary approach to the design of small-molecule inhibitors, with the potential to deliver differentiated properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Spencer
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baldwin
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Barton
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Máire A. Convery
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Mallett
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Rowedder
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rowland
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J. Hardy
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aston NM, Bamborough P, Buckton JB, Edwards CD, Holmes DS, Jones KL, Patel VK, Smee PA, Somers DO, Vitulli G, Walker AL. p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Optimization of a Series of Biphenylamides to Give a Molecule Suitable for Clinical Progression. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6257-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9004779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M. Aston
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jacqueline B. Buckton
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Christopher D. Edwards
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Duncan S. Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Katherine L. Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Vipulkumar K. Patel
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Penny A. Smee
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Donald O. Somers
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Giovanni Vitulli
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ann L. Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb) physiologically inactivates its growth-suppressive properties. Rb phosphorylation is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activity is enhanced by cyclins and inhibited by CDK inhibitors. p16(INK4A) is a member of a family of inhibitors specific for CDK4 and CDK6. p16(INK4A) is deleted and inactivated in a wide variety of human malignancies, including familial melanomas and pancreatic carcinoma syndromes, indicating that it is an authentic human tumor suppressor. Although one mechanism for its tumor suppression may be prevention of Rb phosphorylation, thereby causing G1 arrest, many normal cell types express p16(INK4A), and are still able to traverse the cell cycle. In a search for other mechanisms, we have found that p16(INK4A) is required for p53-independent G1 arrest in response to DNA-damaging agents, including topoisomerase I and II inhibitors. Thus, like other tumor suppressors, p16(INK4A) plays an essential role in a DNA-damage checkpoint that leads to cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Shapiro
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shapiro GI, Edwards CD, Ewen ME, Rollins BJ. p16INK4A participates in a G1 arrest checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:378-87. [PMID: 9418885 PMCID: PMC121508 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.1.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/1997] [Accepted: 10/10/1997] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the INK4 protein family specifically inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) and cdk6-mediated phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (Rb). p16INK4A, a prototypic INK4 protein, has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many human cancers. Inactivation of p16INK4A in tumors expressing wild-type Rb is thought to be required in order for many malignant cell types to enter S phase efficiently or to escape senescence. Here, we demonstrate another mechanism of tumor suppression by implicating p16INK4A in a G1 arrest checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Calu-1 non-small cell lung cancer cells, which retain Rb and lack p53, do not arrest in G1 following DNA damage. However, engineered expression of p16INK4A at levels compatible with cell proliferation restores a G1 arrest checkpoint in response to treatment with gamma-irradiation, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, and cisplatin. A similar checkpoint can be demonstrated in p53-/- fibroblasts that express p16INK4A. DNA damage-induced G1 arrest, which requires the expression of pocket proteins such as Rb, can be abrogated by overexpression of cdk4, kinase-inactive cdk4 variants capable of sequestering p16INK4A, or a cdk4 variant incapable of binding p16INK4A. After exposure to DNA-damaging agents, there was no change either in overall levels of p16INK4A or in amounts of p16INK4A found in complex with cdks 4 and 6. Nonetheless, p16INK4A expression is required for the reduction in cdk4- and cdk6-mediated Rb kinase activity observed in response to DNA damage. During tumor progression, loss of p16INK4A expression may be necessary for cells with wild-type Rb to bypass this G1 arrest checkpoint and attain a fully transformed phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Shapiro
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The monoazaaromatics, pyridine (1), hexyl nicotinate (2), and quinoline (3) and diazaaromatics, pyrimidine (4) and purine (5), readily act as photo-initiators for the peroxidation of methyl linoleate in 0.50 M SDS at 37 degrees C giving free radical chain oxidations of linoleate. Quantitative kinetic runs on the order in substate, RH, and in the rate of chain initiation, Ri, showed that the classical rate law for autoxidation, -d[O2]/dt = (kp/(2 kt 1/2))[RH] x Ri 1/2, is applicable to these photo-initiated oxidations. The oxidizability of methyl linoleate under these conditions is 2.92 x 10(-2) M-1/2 s-1/2. These peroxidations were inhibited by chromanol phenolic antioxidants of the vitamin E class, such as lipid-soluble 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman (PMHC) and water-soluble 2-carboxy- 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychroman (Trolox) and derived rate constants for inhibition of peroxidation were kinh (PMHC) = 4.35 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and k(inh) (Trolox) = 2.81 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 during inhibited oxidation of methyl linoleate photo-initiated by 4. The products from photo-initiated peroxidation of methyl linoleate by 1 through 5 were determined by reduction and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses to be the 9- and 13-positional hydroperoxides of the four geometrical isomers: cis-9, trans-11 (6), trans-10, cis-12 (7), trans-9, trans-11 (8), and trans-10, trans-12 (9)-octadecadienoates typical of the free radical chain mechanism of lipid peroxidation. Products from dye-sensitized oxidation by Methylene Blue or Rose Bengal of methyl linoleate gave a product distribution of six hydroperoxides typical of oxidation by singlet oxygen. Thermal or photo-initiated peroxidation of methyl linoleate in SDS gave some selectivity of oxidation at the 13-position of the linoleate chain. The ratio of 13- to 9-oxidation varied in the range 1.23 to 1.14 as the cis/trans to trans/trans ratio of geometrical isomers varied from 0.44 to 1.25 during photooxidation of increased amounts of linoleate in SDS. This selectivity is attributed to loss of the pseudo symmetry around the pentadienyl system in the lipid chain in the SDS system during the peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Barclay
- Chemistry Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville N.B, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shapiro GI, Park JE, Edwards CD, Mao L, Merlo A, Sidransky D, Ewen ME, Rollins BJ. Multiple mechanisms of p16INK4A inactivation in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1995; 55:6200-9. [PMID: 8521414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
p16INK4A, a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)4 and cdk6, is a candidate tumor suppressor in malignancies with wild-type retinoblastoma (Rb). Loss of p16INK4A frees these cdks from inhibition, permitting constitutive phosphorylation of Rb and inactivation of its growth suppressive properties. Consistent with this model, Rb-positive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have little or no detectable p16INK4A protein, whereas Rb-negative lung cancers have abundant p16INK4A. However, only some NSCLCs have homozygous deletions or nonsense mutations in a remaining p16INK4A allele, suggesting that other mechanisms must account for absent or low levels of p16INK4A protein. Here, we analyzed 9 Rb-positive NSCLC cell lines for the controls governing p16INK4A activity. Four lines had homozygous deletions of p16INK4A (SK-LU-1, SK-MES-1, A-427, and SW900), and three had a point mutation in a single allele. First, in H520 cells, the previously reported deletion at codon 45 results in a frameshift that produces no detectable protein. Second, in Calu-3 cells, a His to Tyr substitution at codon 83 produced a variant with a shortened half-life that was unable to form complexes with cdk4 or cdk6. Third, in H661 cells, the previously reported point mutation in the second intron splice donor site resulted in a smaller p16INK4A protein. Although this variant formed complexes with cdk4 and cdk6, it had a profoundly reduced half-life, producing low steady-state levels of p16INK4A and abundant levels of free cdks. Finally, Calu-1 and Calu-6 cells transcribed no detectable mRNA encoding authentic p16INK4A. These cell lines displayed methylation of the CpG island surrounding the first exon of p16INK4A and expressed abundant levels of a nontranslated mRNA containing an alternative first exon (E1 beta), as did all other cell lines in which the p16INK4A locus was not deleted. These data indicate that Rb-positive NSCLC cells have evolved a variety of pathways to suppress p16INK4A expression. Reintroduction of p16INK4A into these cell lines by retroviral transfer resulted in a reduced growth rate, increased abundance of hypophosphorylated Rb, accumulation of cells in G1, and a less transformed morphology in Rb-positive, but not Rb-negative cells, suggesting that loss of p16INK4A is essential for maintenance of the transformed phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mao L, Merlo A, Bedi G, Shapiro GI, Edwards CD, Rollins BJ, Sidransky D. A novel p16INK4A transcript. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2995-7. [PMID: 7541708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
p16INK4A and p15INK4B were initially identified as potent inhibitors of activated cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. These genes were colocalized to chromosome 9p21, and p16 was subsequently found to be mutated in familial melanoma and deleted in a wide variety of sporadic cancers. We recently found that de novo methylation of a 5' CpG island led to transcriptional block of full-length p16 in many neoplasms. However, the presence of a truncated p16 transcript in methylated cell lines led us to investigate the presence of an alternative promoter or initiation site. We have now identified an abundant alternative p16 transcript in both methylated and unmethylated cell lines generated from a novel sequence (exon 1 beta) potentially involved in the complex regulation of these critical cell cycle genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shapiro GI, Edwards CD, Kobzik L, Godleski J, Richards W, Sugarbaker DJ, Rollins BJ. Reciprocal Rb inactivation and p16INK4 expression in primary lung cancers and cell lines. Cancer Res 1995; 55:505-9. [PMID: 7834618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
cdk4-mediated phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (Rb) is stimulated by cyclin D1, an oncogene, and inhibited by p16, a candidate tumor suppressor. We examined these proteins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is predominantly Rb positive, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is Rb negative. Most NSCLC and SCLC resection specimens and cell lines overexpress cyclin D1 (indicating that cyclin D1 overexpression and Rb inactivation can coexist in SCLC). However, 9 of 9 Rb-positive NSCLC cell lines have absent or low p16, while an Rb-negative NSCLC line and 5 of 5 SCLC cell lines have high levels of p16. In primary resection specimens, p16 was undetectable in 18 of 27 NSCLC samples and abundant in 4 of 5 SCLC samples. Our data confirm the predicted reciprocity between Rb inactivation and p16 expression in a common human malignancy and define differential p16 expression as a fundamental distinction between NSCLC and SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Levy GS, Linfield RP, Ulvestad JS, Edwards CD, Jordan JF, DI Nardo SJ, Christensen CS, Preston RA, Skjerve LJ, Stavert LR, Burke BF, Whitney AR, Cappallo RJ, Rogers AE, Blaney KB, Maher MJ, Ottenhoff CH, Jauncey DL, Peters WL, Nishimura T, Hayashi T, Takano T, Yamada T, Hirabayashi H, Morimoto M, Inoue M, Shiomi T, Kawaguchi N, Kunimori H. Very long baseline interferometric observations made with an orbiting radio telescope. Science 1986; 234:187-9. [PMID: 17746478 DOI: 10.1126/science.234.4773.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An orbiting spacecraft and ground observatories have been used to obtain interferometric observations of cosmic radio sources. The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) was used as the orbiting observatory in conjunction with two 64- meter radio telescopes at ground observatories, one in Australia and one in Japan. The quasars 1730-130 (NRAO 530), 1510-089, and 1741-038 were observed at a frequency of 2.3 gigahertz, and a maximum projected baseline of 1.4 earth diameters was achieved. All quasar observations for which valid data were acquired resulted in detected fringes. Many of the techniques proposed for a dedicated very long baseline interferometry observatory in space were used successfully in this experiment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Edwards CD. Prospective medical manpower requirements, by specialty and geographic distribution. Bull N Y Acad Med 1976; 52:1069-75. [PMID: 1068725 PMCID: PMC1807254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
13
|
Williams JE, Edwards CD. An exploratory study of the modification of color and racial concept attitudes in preschool children. Child Dev 1969; 40:737-50. [PMID: 5810526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|