Plantar Injuries in Runners: Is There an Association With Weekly Running Volume?

Running is an athletic activity that is increasingly gaining popularity. Despite its benefits, there are many suspected risk factors for running-related overuse injuries. The objective of this study is to describe injuries and clinical symptoms observed on the sole of the foot in runners, giving special attention to the weekly running volume. The literature presented in this narrative review is based on a non-systematic search of the Medline, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases and focuses on foot injuries (the full spectrum of the foot pathology from bones to tendons and plantar fascia, nerve, and joint disorders) in runners, which represents an important topic for both professional and recreational runners. The weekly running distance appeared to be one of the strongest predictors for future overuse injuries. Marathon training and average weekly running of over 20 km are possible predictive factors in the development of plantar foot injuries. The plantar medial aspect of the foot is the anatomic area of the foot that most frequently experiences pain, with numerous pathologic conditions. As a result, diagnosis is always a challenging task. The ability to obtain an accurate medical history and carefully perform a physical examination, together with good knowledge of the foot anatomy and kinesiology, are also proven to be key players in ensuring proper diagnosis.

Flexible intramedullary nailing in the treatment of forearm fractures in children and adolescents, a systematic review

Background

Forearm fractures are common injuries among children and adolescents. Traditionally, they were managed conservatively with closed reduction and cast immobilization. The last decade there is an increasing trend towards operative treatment. The treatment modalities available include plate and screws, flexible intramedullary nailing and external fixation devices - rarely used nowadays. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the indications of flexible intramedullary nailing in the childhood population, to compare its results with plating and to provide detailed information considering technical pitfalls and complications that may be encountered.

Materials and methods

An extensive search was performed in the electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE) from their inception up to June 2019 in order articles relevant to this review to be retrieved. The search terms used were the following: forearm fracture, both-bone fracture, pediatric, nailing, fixation. 56 articles were considered suitable for inclusion.

Results

The indications for surgery are unstable and irreducible fractures, open and fractures with neurovascular compromise. As far as the fracture site is concerned, radius and ulna shaft fractures, radial head and Monteggia fractures are suitable for nailing.Although plates and nailing have comparable clinical outcomes and complication rates, flexible intramedullary nailing has the advantage of smaller incisions, less tissue disruption, shorter operative and hospital times and an ease in hardware removal.Controversy exists over the need of single or double nailing in both-bone fractures of the forearm. In addition, there is no consensus as to which is the preferred nail diameter. Yet, all the authors agree that open reduction must be considered after certain failed closed reductions in order compartment syndrome to be avoided.Flexible intramedullary nailing is not complication-free. Skin irritation, Extensor Pollicis Longus rupture, superficial radial nerve injury, delayed union or even nonunion, malunion and refractures are some of the complications that may be encountered.

Discussion

Flexible nails are excellent implants combining stability and elasticity. The procedure of passing the nails across radius and ulna is relatively simple, requiring a small learning curve. Flexible intramedullary nailing is an excellent treatment modality for the treatment of forearm fractures in children and adolescents.