|
1
|
Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg ME, Mehlman ML, Abate YH, Abbas J, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Abeldańo Zuńiga RA, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu LH, Addo IY, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya TA, Adikusuma W, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afework T, Afolabi AA, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed JQ, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade SE, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi RO, Akonde M, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Al-amer RM, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh MT, Aldawsari KA, Alemi H, Alemi S, Algammal AM, Al-Gheethi AAS, Alhalaiqa FAN, Alhassan RK, Ali A, Ali EA, Ali L, Ali MU, Ali MM, Ali R, Ali S, Ali SSS, Ali Z, Alif SM, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi AA, Aljofan M, Aljunid SM, Alladi S, et alSteinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg ME, Mehlman ML, Abate YH, Abbas J, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Abeldańo Zuńiga RA, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu LH, Addo IY, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya TA, Adikusuma W, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afework T, Afolabi AA, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed JQ, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade SE, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi RO, Akonde M, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Al-amer RM, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh MT, Aldawsari KA, Alemi H, Alemi S, Algammal AM, Al-Gheethi AAS, Alhalaiqa FAN, Alhassan RK, Ali A, Ali EA, Ali L, Ali MU, Ali MM, Ali R, Ali S, Ali SSS, Ali Z, Alif SM, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi AA, Aljofan M, Aljunid SM, Alladi S, Almazan JU, Almustanyir S, Al-Omari B, Alqahtani JS, Alqasmi I, Alqutaibi AY, Al-Shahi Salman R, Altaany Z, Al-Tawfiq JA, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Worafi YM, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi KH, Amani R, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq MH, Amu H, Amugsi DA, Amusa GA, Amzat J, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson DB, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Angappan D, Angesom TW, Anil A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anwer R, Arafat M, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Ariffin H, Arifin H, Arkew M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov AA, Artanti KD, Aruleba RT, Asadi-Pooya AA, Asena TF, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf M, Ashraf T, Atalell KA, Athari SS, Atinafu BTT, Atorkey P, Atout MMW, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Avan A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayatollahi H, Ayinde OO, Ayyoubzadeh SM, Azadnajafabad S, Azizi Z, Azizian K, Azzam AY, Babaei M, Badar M, Badiye AD, Baghdadi S, Bagherieh S, Bai R, Baig AA, Balakrishnan S, Balalla S, Baltatu OC, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee I, Baran MF, Barboza MA, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrow A, Bashash D, Bashiri H, Bashiru HA, Basiru A, Basso JD, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Baune BT, Bedi N, Begde A, Begum T, Behnam B, Behnoush AH, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Bemanalizadeh M, Bender RG, Benfor B, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berice B, Bettencourt PJG, Beyene KA, Bhadra A, Bhagat DS, Bhangdia K, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhargava A, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhat V, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Bhatti R, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilalaga MM, Biswas A, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjørge T, Bodolica V, Bodunrin AO, Boloor A, Braithwaite D, Brayne C, Brenner H, Briko A, Bringas Vega ML, Brown J, Budke CM, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns RA, Bustanji Y, Butt MH, Butt NS, Butt ZA, Cabral LS, Caetano dos Santos FL, Calina D, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao C, Carabin H, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carvalho AF, Castańeda-Orjuela CA, Casulli A, Catalá-López F, Catapano AL, Caye A, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cerin E, Chacón-Uscamaita PR, Chan JSK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chekol Abebe E, Chen H, Chen J, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Chimoriya R, Ching PR, Chitheer A, Chong YY, Chopra H, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury EK, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung E, Coberly K, Columbus A, Comachio J, Conde J, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Dabbagh Ohadi MA, Dadana S, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, D'Amico E, Danawi HA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish AH, Das S, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, De la Hoz FP, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Dean FE, Dehghan A, Dehghan A, Dejene H, Demant D, Demetriades AK, Demissie S, Deng X, Desai HD, Devanbu VGC, Dhama K, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Dibas M, Ding DD, Dinu M, Dirac MA, Diress M, Do TC, Do THP, Doan KDK, Dodangeh M, Doheim MF, Dokova KG, Dongarwar D, Dsouza HL, Dube J, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye OC, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Eissazade N, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Nahas N, El Sayed I, Elahi Najafi MA, Elbarazi I, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, Elgendy IY, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, Elilo LT, Ellenbogen RG, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emamverdi M, Emeto TI, Endres M, Esezobor CI, Eskandarieh S, Fadaei A, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Faramarzi A, Fares J, Farjoud Kouhanjani M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fathi M, Fathi S, Fatima SAF, Feizkhah A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Firouraghi N, Fischer F, Fonseca AC, Force LM, Fornari A, Foroutan B, Fukumoto T, Gadanya MA, Gaidhane AM, Galali Y, Galehdar N, Gan Q, Gandhi AP, Ganesan B, Gardner WM, Garg N, Gau SY, Gautam RK, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel GG, Gebreslassie HG, Getacher L, Ghaderi Yazdi B, Ghadirian F, Ghaffarpasand F, Ghanbari R, Ghasemi M, Ghazy RM, Ghimire S, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghotbi E, Ghozy S, Gialluisi A, Gill PS, Glasstetter LM, Gnedovskaya EV, Golchin A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes-Neto M, Goulart AC, Goyal A, Gray RJ, Grivna M, Guadie HA, Guan B, Guarducci G, Guicciardi S, Gunawardane DA, Guo H, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gutiérrez RA, Habibzadeh F, Hachinski V, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi NR, Haep N, Haile TG, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Halwani R, Hameed S, Hamiduzzaman M, Hammoud A, Han H, Hanifi N, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Hao J, Harapan H, Hareru HE, Hargono A, Harlianto NI, Haro JM, Hartman NN, Hasaballah AI, Hasan F, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hassan A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hesami H, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoffman HJ, Holla R, Hopf KP, Horita N, Hossain MM, Hossain MB, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu C, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain J, Hussein NR, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ilaghi M, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Iravanpour F, Islam SMS, Ismail F, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyer M, Jaan A, Jacob L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafari M, Jafarinia M, Jafarzadeh A, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jamora RDG, Jana S, Javadi N, Javed S, Javeed S, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jiang H, Johnson CO, Johnson WD, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshua CE, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kabito GG, Kadashetti V, Kafi F, Kalani R, Kalantar F, Kaliyadan F, Kamath A, Kamath S, Kanchan T, Kandel A, Kandel H, Kanmodi KK, Karajizadeh M, Karami J, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karch A, Karimi A, Karimi H, Karimi Behnagh A, Kasraei H, Kassebaum NJ, Kauppila JH, Kaur H, Kaur N, Kayode GA, Kazemi F, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Keller C, Keykhaei M, Khadembashiri MA, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khamesipour F, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan MAB, Khan YH, Khan Suheb MZ, Khanmohammadi S, Khanna T, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh MM, Khateri S, Khatib MN, Khayat Kashani HR, Khonji MS, khorashadizadeh F, Khormali M, Khubchandani J, Kian S, Kim G, Kim J, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivimäki M, Kochhar S, Kolahi AA, Koly KN, Kompani F, Koroshetz WJ, Kosen S, Kourosh Arami M, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus MA, Kumar A, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar N, Kumsa NB, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kusuma D, Kuttikkattu A, Kyu HH, La Vecchia C, Ladan MA, Lahariya C, Laksono T, Lal DK, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lami FH, Landires I, Langguth B, Lasrado S, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lau KMM, Laurens MB, Lawal BK, Le LKD, Le TTT, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee SW, Lee SW, Lee WC, Lee YH, Leonardi M, Lerango TL, Li MC, Li W, Ligade VS, Lim SS, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu J, Liu W, Lo CH, Lo WD, Lobo SW, Logroscino G, Lopes G, Lopukhov PD, Lorenzovici L, Lorkowski S, Loureiro JA, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lutzky Saute R, Ma ZF, Mabrok M, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghazachi AA, Maghbouli N, Mahjoub S, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malagón-Rojas JN, Malakan Rad E, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Manilal A, Mansouri V, Mansournia MA, Marasini BP, Marateb HR, Maroufi SF, Martinez-Raga J, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Martorell M, März W, Marzo RR, Massano J, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathews E, Maude RJ, Maugeri A, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, Meena JK, Mehndiratta MM, Mendez-Lopez MAM, Mendoza W, Mendoza-Cano O, Menezes RG, Merati M, Meretoja A, Merkin A, Mersha AM, Mestrovic T, Mi T, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Mihretie ET, Minh LHN, Mirfakhraie R, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei M, Misganaw A, Misra S, Mithra P, Mizana BA, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi S, Mohammadi S, Mohammadshahi M, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mojiri-forushani H, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Molinaro S, Möller H, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Montazeri F, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mossialos E, Motaghinejad M, Mousavi P, Mousavi SE, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mughal F, Mukoro GD, Mulita A, Mulita F, Musaigwa F, Mustafa A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi P, Naik GR, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Nambi G, Namdar Areshtanab H, Nargus S, Nascimento BR, Naser AY, Nashwan AJJ, Nasoori H, Nasreldein A, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Nazri-Panjaki A, Negaresh M, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Negru SM, Nejadghaderi SA, Nematollahi MH, Nesbit OD, Newton CRJ, Nguyen DH, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen HQ, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Niazi RK, Nikolouzakis TK, Niranjan V, Nnyanzi LA, Noman EA, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntaios G, Nuńez-Samudio V, Nurrika D, Oancea B, Odetokun IA, O'Donnell MJ, Ogunsakin RE, Oguta JO, Oh IH, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke SR, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olagunju AT, Olaiya MT, Olana MD, Olatubi MI, Oliveira GMM, Olufadewa II, Olusanya BO, Omar Bali A, Ong S, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Orji AU, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Osuagwu UL, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Ouyahia A, Owolabi MO, P A MP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padubidri JR, Pal PK, Palange PN, Palladino C, Palladino R, Palma-Alvarez RF, Pan F, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandian JD, Pangaribuan HU, Pantazopoulos I, Pardhan S, Parija PP, Parikh RR, Park S, Parthasarathi A, Pashaei A, Patel J, Patil S, Patoulias D, Pawar S, Pedersini P, Pensato U, Pereira DM, Pereira J, Pereira MO, Peres MFP, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Pham HT, Phillips MR, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Piradov MA, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polat B, Poluru R, Pond CD, Poudel GR, Pouramini A, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Pourfridoni M, Pourtaheri N, Prakash PY, Prakash S, Prakash V, Prates EJS, Pritchett N, Purnobasuki H, Qasim NH, Qattea I, Qian G, Radhakrishnan V, Raee P, Raeisi Shahraki H, Rafique I, Raggi A, Raghav PR, Rahati MM, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimifard M, Rahman MO, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Rahmani Youshanlouei H, Rahmati M, Raj Moolambally S, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Ramadan H, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rancic N, Rao IR, Rao SJ, Rapaka D, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi MM, Rashidi Alavijeh M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rawaf S, Razo C, Redwan EMM, Rekabi Bana A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee TG, Riad A, Robinson SR, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rogowski ELB, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roy P, Roy Pramanik K, Rubagotti E, Ruiz MA, Russ TC, S Sunnerhagen K, Saad AMA, Saadatian Z, Saber K, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sacco S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian S, Saeed U, Saeed U, Safdarian M, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahraian MA, Sajedi SA, Sakshaug JW, Saleh MA, Salehi Omran H, Salem MR, Salimi S, Samadi Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samuel VP, Samy AM, Sanadgol N, Sanjeev RK, Sanmarchi F, Santomauro DF, Santri IN, Santric-Milicevic MM, Saravanan A, Sarveazad A, Satpathy M, Saylan M, Sayyah M, Scarmeas N, Schlaich MP, Schuermans A, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Selvaraj S, Sendekie AK, Sengupta P, Senthilkumaran S, Serban D, Sergindo MT, Sethi Y, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Shabani M, Shabany M, Shafie M, Shahabi S, Shahbandi A, Shahid S, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shahsavari HR, Shahwan MJ, Shaikh MA, Shaji KS, Sham S, Shama ATT, Shamim MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi MA, Shanawaz M, Sharath M, Sharfaei S, Sharifan A, Sharma M, Sharma R, Shashamo BB, Shayan M, Sheikhi RA, Shekhar S, Shen J, Shenoy SM, Shetty PH, Shiferaw DS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shokri F, Shool S, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Siankam Tankwanchi AB, Siddig EE, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva JP, Silva LMLR, Sinaei E, Singh BB, Singh G, Singh P, Singh S, Sirota SB, Sivakumar S, Sohag AAM, Solanki R, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Solomon Y, Solomon Y, Song S, Song Y, Sotoudeh H, Spartalis M, Stark BA, Starnes JR, Starodubova AV, Stein DJ, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sultana A, Sun J, Sunkersing D, Sunny A, Susianti H, Swain CK, Szeto MD, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabai S, Tabish M, Taheri M, Tahvildari A, Tajbakhsh A, Tampa M, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tang H, Tareke M, Tarigan IU, Tat NY, Tat VY, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Tavangar SM, Tavasol A, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Teramoto M, Tesfaye AH, Tesfaye EG, Tesler R, Thakali O, Thangaraju P, Thapa R, Thapar R, Thomas NK, Thrift AG, Ticoalu JHV, Tillawi T, Toghroli R, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran NM, Tran NH, Tran PV, Tromans SJ, Truelsen TC, Truyen TTTT, Tsatsakis A, Tsegay GM, Tsermpini EE, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Ubah CS, Udoakang AJ, Ulhaq I, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Umapathi KK, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Vaithinathan AG, Vakilian A, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verras GI, Vervoort D, Villafańe JH, Villani L, Vinueza Veloz AF, Viskadourou M, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Volovat SR, Vu LT, Vujcic IS, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wahood W, Walde MT, Wang F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang YP, Waqas M, Waris A, Weerakoon KG, Weintraub RG, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Whisnant JL, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Willekens B, Wilner LB, Winkler AS, Wolfe CDA, Wu AM, Wulf Hanson S, Xu S, Xu X, Yadollahpour A, Yaghoubi S, Yahya G, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yao Y, Yehualashet SS, Yeshaneh A, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yusuf H, Zadey S, Zahedi M, Zakham F, Zaki N, Zali A, Zamagni G, Zand R, Zandieh GGZ, Zangiabadian M, Zarghami A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeariya MGM, Zegeye ZB, Zeukeng F, Zhai C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zheng P, Zhou H, Zhu B, Zhumagaliuly A, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zoladl M, Murray CJL, Ong KL, Feigin VL, Vos T, Dua T. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:344-381. [PMID: 38493795 PMCID: PMC10949203 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00038-3] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 242.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378-521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20-3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5-45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7-26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6-38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5-32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7-2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
research-article |
1 |
242 |
|
17
|
Brauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abate KH, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz TM, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Abiodun O, Abiso TL, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye GB, Abreu LG, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah HJJ, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane MM, Addo IY, Addolorato G, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji JB, Adeyeoluwa TE, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani QES, Adzigbli LA, Afolabi AA, Afolabi RF, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal MS, Afzal S, Agampodi SB, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Akalu GT, Akara EM, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif MA, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Alalalmeh SO, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Albakri A, AlBataineh MT, Aldhaleei WA, Aldridge RW, et alBrauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abate KH, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz TM, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Abiodun O, Abiso TL, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye GB, Abreu LG, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah HJJ, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane MM, Addo IY, Addolorato G, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji JB, Adeyeoluwa TE, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani QES, Adzigbli LA, Afolabi AA, Afolabi RF, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal MS, Afzal S, Agampodi SB, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Akalu GT, Akara EM, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif MA, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Alalalmeh SO, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Albakri A, AlBataineh MT, Aldhaleei WA, Aldridge RW, Alemayohu MA, Alemu YM, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi AAS, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib KF, Alhassan RK, Ali A, Ali A, Ali BA, Ali I, Ali L, Ali MU, Ali R, Ali SSS, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif SM, Aljunid SM, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Almustanyir S, Alomari MA, Alonso J, Alqahtani JS, Alqutaibi AY, Al-Raddadi RM, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai RH, Alrousan SM, Al-Sabah SK, Alshahrani NZ, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Altirkawi KA, Aluh DO, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat MS, Al-Worafi YM, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi KH, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi UA, Aman Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq MH, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi DA, Amusa GA, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson JA, Andrade PP, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Anenberg SC, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo IC, Antony CM, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa BS, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar SL, Anwer R, Anyabolo EE, Anyasodor AE, Apostol GLC, Arabloo J, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi BB, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt MB, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov AA, Artanti KD, Aruleba IT, Arumugam A, Asbeutah AM, Asgary S, Asgedom AA, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo MY, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari SS, Atorkey P, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke AA, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayatollahi H, Ayestas Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo RMS, Azhar GS, Azizi H, Azzam AY, Backhaus IL, Badar M, Badiye AD, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bahrami Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig AA, Baker JL, Bakkannavar SM, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu OC, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik PC, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi HJ, Barrero LH, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso JD, Bastan MM, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune BT, Bayati M, Bayileyegn NS, Beaney T, Behnoush AH, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi UI, Bell AW, Bell ML, Bello MB, Bello OO, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett DA, Bennitt FB, Bensenor IM, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Bettencourt PJG, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhat V, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Bhatti MS, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan MA, Bhutta ZA, Bikbov B, Bishai JD, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas RK, Bjørge T, Boachie MK, Boakye H, Bockarie MJ, Bodolica V, Bodunrin AO, Bogale EK, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Bonakdar Hashemi M, Boppana SH, Bora Basara B, Borhany H, Botero Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant LC, Brar A, Breitborde NJK, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko AN, Britton G, Brown CS, Browne AJ, Brunoni AR, Bryazka D, Bulamu NB, Bulto LN, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns RA, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt NS, Butt ZA, Caetano dos Santos FL, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera LA, Campos LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano AL, Cattaruzza MS, Caye A, Cederroth CR, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy KM, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty PA, Chakraborty S, Chan JSK, Chan RNC, Chandan JS, Chandika RM, Chaturvedi P, Chen AT, Chen CS, Chen H, Chen MX, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng CY, Cheng ETW, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching PR, Chirinos-Caceres JL, Chitheer A, Cho WCS, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung E, Chung SC, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen RM, Cohen AJ, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Costanzo S, Criqui MH, Cruz JA, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth GT, da Silva AG, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo PU, Dalli LL, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh AM, Das JK, Das S, Dash NR, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, De la Hoz FP, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit JM, Demoze CK, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Desai HD, Desai R, Devanbu VGC, Dewan SMR, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhane AS, Dhimal ML, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala VR, Dhungana RR, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz LA, Diaz MJ, Dima A, Ding DD, Dinu M, Djalalinia S, Do TC, Do THP, do Prado CB, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova KG, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey ER, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou RK, Driscoll TR, Dsouza AC, Dsouza HL, Dumith SC, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Duraisamy S, Dushpanova A, Dzianach PA, Dziedzic AM, Ebrahimi A, Echieh CP, Ed-Dra A, Edinur HA, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Eftekharimehrabad A, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Arab RA, El Sayed Zaki M, El-Dahiyat F, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, ElGohary GMT, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, Elmehrath AO, Elmeligy OAA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto TI, Esfandiari N, Eshrati B, Eslami M, Esmaeili SV, Estep K, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe AF, Fagbule OF, Fahimi S, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha CSES, Faris MEM, Faris PS, Faro A, Fasina FO, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk NK, Fazylov T, Feigin VL, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad SM, Feroze AH, Ferrara P, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa BR, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitriana I, Flavel J, Flohr C, Flood D, Flor LS, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Force LM, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Franklin RC, Freitas A, Friedman SD, Fux B, G S, Gaal PA, Gaihre S, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Gandhi AP, Ganesan B, Ganiyani MA, Garcia V, Gardner WM, Garg RK, Gautam RK, Gebi TG, Gebregergis MW, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremariam TBB, Gebremeskel TG, Gerema U, Getacher L, Getahun GKA, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghafarian S, Ghaffari Jolfayi A, Ghailan KY, Ghajar A, Ghasemi M, Ghasempour Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy RM, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Gil AU, Gil GF, Gilbertson NM, Gill PS, Gill TK, Gindaba EZ, Girmay A, Glasbey JC, Gnedovskaya EV, Göbölös L, Godinho MA, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes NGM, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart AC, Gouravani M, Goyal A, Graham SM, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan SY, Guarducci G, Gubari MIM, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gulisashvili D, Gunawardane DA, Guo C, Gupta AK, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta RD, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gupta VK, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Hadaro TS, Hadian Z, Haep N, Haghi-Aminjan H, Haghmorad D, Hagins H, Haile D, Hailu A, Hajj Ali A, Halboub ES, Halimi A, Hall BJ, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh RR, Hamdy NM, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Haq ZA, Haque MR, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro JM, Hasaballah AI, Hasan I, Hasan MJ, Hasan SMM, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashmeh N, Hasnain MS, Hassan A, Hassan I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei MS, Hassani S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller RJ, Hay SI, Hebert JJ, Hegazi OE, Hegena TY, Heidari G, Heidari M, Helfer B, Hemmati M, Henson CA, Herbert ME, Herteliu C, Heuer A, Hezam K, Hinneh TK, Hiraike Y, Hoan NQ, Holla R, Hon J, Hoque ME, Horita N, Hossain S, Hosseini SE, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoven H, Hsairi M, Hsu JM, Hu C, Huang J, Huda MN, Hulland EN, Hultström M, Hushmandi K, Hussain J, Hussein NR, Huynh CK, Huynh HH, Ibitoye SE, Idowu OO, Ihler AL, Ikeda N, Ikuta KS, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Imam MT, Immurana M, Inbaraj LR, Irham LM, Isa MA, Islam MR, Ismail F, Ismail NE, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iwu-Jaja CJ, J V, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen KH, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun AA, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh R, Jamora RDG, Jatau AI, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayaram S, Jeganathan J, Jeswani BM, Jiang H, Johnson CO, Jokar M, Jomehzadeh N, Jonas JB, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshi V, Joshua CE, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kahn EM, Kalani R, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamath R, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmiki EW, Kanmodi KK, Kansal SK, Kapner DJ, Kapoor N, Karagiannidis E, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi H, Karmakar S, Kashoo FZ, Kasraei H, Kassahun WD, Kassebaum NJ, Kassel MB, Katikireddi SV, Kauppila JH, Kawakami N, Kaydi N, Kayode GA, Kazemi F, Keiyoro PN, Kemmer L, Kempen JH, Kerr JA, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalil M, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan MN, Khan M, Khan MJ, Khan MAB, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh MM, Khatib MN, Khavandegar A, Khayat Kashani HR, Khidri FF, Khodadoust E, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosla AA, Khosrowjerdi M, Khreis H, Khusun H, Kifle ZD, Kim K, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kisa S, Knibbs LD, Knudsen AKS, Koh DSQ, Kolahi AA, Kompani F, Kong J, Koren G, Korja M, Korshunov VA, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kothari N, Koul PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krishnan B, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kuddus MA, Kuddus M, Kugbey N, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kurmi OP, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kutluk T, La Vecchia C, Ladan MA, Laflamme L, Lahariya C, Lai DTC, Lal DK, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lan Q, Lan T, Landires I, Lanfranchi F, Langguth B, Lansingh VC, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Le HH, Le LKD, Le NHH, Le TTT, Leasher JL, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SWH, Lee YH, LeGrand KE, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango TL, Lescinsky H, Leung J, Li MC, Li WZ, Li W, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade VS, Lim LL, Lim SS, Lin RT, Lin S, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu J, Liu RT, Liu S, Liu W, Liu X, Liu X, Livingstone KM, Llanaj E, Lohiya A, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov PD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Luo L, lv H, M Amin HI, Ma ZF, Maass KL, Mabrok M, Machairas N, Machoy M, Mafhoumi A, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghazachi AA, Mahadeshwara Prasad DR, Maharaj SB, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi E, Majeed A, Makram OM, Makris KC, Malasala S, Maled V, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Malinga LA, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manda AL, Manla Y, Mansour A, Mansouri B, Mansouri P, Mansourian M, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Manu E, Marateb HR, Maravilla JC, Marsh E, Martinez G, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathioudakis AG, Matozinhos FP, Mattumpuram J, Maugeri A, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, Mazidi M, Mazzotti A, McGrath JJ, McKee M, McKowen ALW, McLaughlin SA, McPhail MA, McPhail SM, Mechili EA, Mehmood A, Mehmood K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Mehrabi Nasab E, Meier T, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Mekene Meto T, Mekonnen BD, Menezes RG, Mengist B, Mensah GA, Mensah LG, Mentis AFA, Meo SA, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mersha AM, Mesfin BA, Mestrovic T, Mettananda KCD, Mettananda S, Miazgowski T, Micha G, Michalek IM, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá AC, Miller TR, Mirarefin M, Mirghafourvand M, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirshahi A, Mirzaei M, Mishra AK, Mishra V, Mitchell PB, Mithra P, Mittal C, Moazen B, Moberg ME, Mocciaro G, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed AZ, Mohamed AI, Mohamed J, Mohamed MFH, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed H, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni MA, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moore CE, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira RS, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Mossialos E, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mousavi P, Msherghi A, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Mullany EC, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Murlimanju BV, Musina AM, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Muthupandian S, Muthusamy R, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nafei A, Nagarajan AJ, Nagaraju SP, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naghavi P, Naik GR, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najdaghi S, Nakhostin Ansari N, Nanavaty DP, Nangia V, Narasimha Swamy S, Narimani Davani D, Nascimento BR, Nascimento GG, Nashwan AJ, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Navaratna SNK, Naveed M, Nayak BP, Nayak VC, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba SO, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Nejadghaderi SA, Nejjari C, Nematollahi MH, Nepal S, Neupane S, Ng M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen DH, Nguyen NNY, Nguyen PT, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Nguyen Tran Minh D, Niazi RK, Nicholson SI, Nie J, Nikoobar A, Nikpoor AR, Ningrum DNA, Nnaji CA, Noman EA, Nomura S, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nunemo MH, Nurrika D, Nutor JJ, Oancea B, O'Connell EM, Odetokun IA, O'Donnell MJ, Oduro MS, Ogunfowokan AA, Ogunkoya A, Oh IH, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke SR, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Olagunju AT, Olasupo OO, Olatubi MI, Oliveira AB, Oliveira GMM, Olorukooba AA, Olufadewa II, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Oluwafemi YD, Omar HA, Omar Bali A, Omer GL, Ong KL, Ong S, Onwujekwe OE, Onyedibe KI, Oppong AF, Ordak M, Orish VN, Ornello R, Orpana HM, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Prado E, Osman WMS, Ostroff SM, Osuagwu UL, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Ouyahia A, Owolabi MO, Oyeyemi IT, Oyeyemi OT, P A MP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Pal PK, Palicz T, Pan F, Pan HF, Pana A, Panda SK, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Pangaribuan HU, Pantazopoulos I, Pantea Stoian AM, Papadopoulou P, Parent MC, Parija PP, Parikh RR, Park S, Park S, Parsons N, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati VS, Paudel U, Pawar S, Pazoki Toroudi H, Peden AE, Pedersini P, Peng M, Pensato U, Pepito VCF, Peprah EK, Peprah P, Peres MFP, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Perna S, Pesudovs K, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Pham HT, Philip AK, Phillips MR, Pickering BV, Pierannunzio D, Pigeolet M, Pigott DM, Piracha ZZ, Piradov MA, Pisoni E, Piyasena MP, Plass D, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polkinghorne KR, Poluru R, Pond CD, Popovic DS, Porru F, Postma MJ, Poudel GR, Pour-Rashidi A, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prabhu D, Prada SI, Pradhan J, Pradhan PMS, Prasad M, Prates EJS, Purnobasuki H, Purohit BM, Puvvula J, Qasim NH, Qattea I, Qazi AS, Qian G, Qiu S, Rabiee Rad M, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan RA, Radhakrishnan V, Raeisi Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Rafiei A, Raggi A, Raghav PR, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahim MJ, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MO, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani B, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian N, Rahmanian V, Rahmati M, Rahmawaty S, Raimondo D, Rajaa S, Rajendran V, Rajput P, Ramadan MM, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Ramteke PW, Rana J, Rana K, Ranabhat CL, Rane A, Rani U, Ranta A, Rao CR, Rao M, Rao PC, Rao SJ, Rasella D, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashidi M, Rashidi MM, Rasouli-Saravani A, Ratan ZA, Rathnaiah Babu G, Rauniyar SK, Rautalin I, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Razo C, Reda ZFF, Reddy MMRK, Redwan EMM, Reifels L, Reitsma MB, Remuzzi G, Reshmi B, Resnikoff S, Restaino S, Reyes LF, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee TG, Riaz MA, Ribeiro ALP, Rickard J, Robinson-Oden HE, Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Romadlon DS, Ronfani L, Rosauer JJ, Roshandel G, Rostamian M, Rotimi K, Rout HS, Roy B, Roy N, Rubagotti E, Ruela GDA, Rumisha SF, Runghien T, Russo M, Ruzzante SW, S N C, Saad AMA, Saber K, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev PS, Sachdeva R, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee BA, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Sadeghi Majd E, Saeb MR, Saeed U, Safari M, Safi S, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahu M, Saif Z, Sajid MR, Sakshaug JW, Salam N, Salamati P, Salami AA, Salaroli LB, Salehi L, Salehi S, Salem MR, Salem MZY, Salihu D, Salimi S, Salum GA, Samadi Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samodra YL, Samuel VP, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanjeev RK, Sanna F, Santomauro DF, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarasmita MA, Saraswathy SYI, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saya GK, Sayeed A, Sayeed MA, Sayyah M, Schinckus C, Schmidt MI, Schuermans A, Schumacher AE, Schutte AE, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Selvaraj S, Semreen MH, Senthilkumaran S, Serban D, Serre ML, Sethi Y, Shafie M, Shah H, Shah NS, Shah PA, Shah SM, Shahbandi A, Shaheen AA, Shahid S, Shahid W, Shahsavari HR, Shahwan MJ, Shaikh MA, Shaikh SZ, Shalash AS, Sham S, Shamim MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamshirgaran MA, Shamsi MA, Shanawaz M, Shankar A, Sharfaei S, Sharifan A, Sharifi-Rad J, Sharma M, Sharma U, Sharma V, Shastry RP, Shavandi A, Shehabeldine AME, Shehzadi S, Sheikh A, Shen J, Shetty A, Shetty BSK, Shetty PH, Shiani A, Shiferaw D, Shigematsu M, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shiue I, Shivakumar KM, Shivarov V, Shool S, Shorofi SA, Shrestha R, Shrestha S, Shuja KH, Shuval K, Si Y, Siddig EE, Silva DAS, Silva LMLR, Silva S, Silva TPR, Simpson CR, Singh A, Singh BB, Singh B, Singh G, Singh H, Singh JA, Singh M, Singh NP, Singh P, Singh S, Sinto R, Sivakumar S, Siwal SS, Skhvitaridze N, Skou ST, Sleet DA, Sobia F, Soboka M, Socea B, Solaimanian S, Solanki R, Solanki S, Soliman SSM, Somayaji R, Song Y, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Spartalis M, Spearman S, Spencer CN, Sreeramareddy CT, Stachteas P, Stafford LK, Stanaway JD, Stanikzai MH, Stein C, Stein DJ, Steinbeis F, Steiner C, Steinke S, Steiropoulos P, Stockfelt L, Stokes MA, Straif K, Stranges S, Subedi N, Subramaniyan V, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sundström J, Sunkersing D, Sunnerhagen KS, Suresh V, Swain CK, Szarpak L, Szeto MD, Tabaee Damavandi P, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabaei Malazy O, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabatabai S, Tabche C, Tabish M, Tadakamadla SK, Taheri Abkenar Y, Taheri Soodejani M, Taherkhani A, Taiba J, Takahashi K, Talaat IM, Tamuzi JL, Tan KK, Tang H, Tat NY, Taveira N, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Teramoto M, Terefa DR, Teye-Kwadjo E, Thakur R, Thangaraju P, Thankappan KR, Thapar R, Thayakaran R, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Thomas NK, Tian J, Tichopad A, Ticoalu JHV, Tiruye TY, Tobe-Gai R, Tolani MA, Tolossa T, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Trabelsi K, Tran JT, Tran MTN, Tran NM, Trico D, Trihandini I, Troeger CE, Tromans SJ, Truyen TTTT, Tsatsakis A, Tsermpini EE, Tumurkhuu M, Udoakang AJ, Udoh A, Ullah A, Ullah S, Ullah S, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Urso D, Usman JS, Vaithinathan AG, Vakili O, Valenti M, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, van Donkelaar A, Varga O, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vasic M, Vaziri S, Venketasubramanian N, Verghese NA, Verma M, Veroux M, Verras GI, Vervoort D, Villafañe JH, Villalobos-Daniel VE, Villani L, Villanueva GI, Vinayak M, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vo B, Vollset SE, Volovat SR, Vos T, Vujcic IS, Waheed Y, Wang C, Wang F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang YP, Wanjau MN, Waqas M, Ward P, Waris A, Wassie EG, Weerakoon KG, Weintraub RG, Weiss DJ, Weiss EJ, Weldetinsaa HLL, Wells KM, Wen YF, Wiangkham T, Wickramasinghe ND, Wilkerson C, Willeit P, Wilson S, Wong YJ, Wongsin U, Wozniak S, Wu C, Wu D, Wu F, Wu Z, Xia J, Xiao H, Xu S, Xu X, Xu YY, Yadav MK, Yaghoubi S, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yaribeygi H, Yasufuku Y, Ye P, Yesodharan R, Yesuf SA, Yezli S, Yi S, Yiğit A, Yigzaw ZA, Yin D, Yip P, Yismaw MB, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yu C, Yu Y, Zadey S, Zadnik V, Zakham F, Zaki N, Zakzuk J, Zamagni G, Zaman SB, Zandieh GGZ, Zanghì A, Zar HJ, Zare I, Zarimeidani F, Zastrozhin MS, Zeng Y, Zhai C, Zhang AL, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Zhao JT, Zhao XJG, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhou S, Zhu B, Zhu L, Zhu Z, Ziaeian B, Ziafati M, Zielińska M, Zimsen SRM, Zoghi G, Zoller T, Zumla A, Zyoud SH, Zyoud SH, Murray CJL, Gakidou E. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403:2162-2203. [PMID: 38762324 PMCID: PMC11120204 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. METHODS The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk-outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk-outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk-outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk-outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. FINDINGS Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7-9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4-9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7-6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8-6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8-6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0-4 years and 5-14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9-27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5-28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3-56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9-21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3-12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6-1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1-1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4-78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2-72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). INTERPRETATION Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
1 |
3 |