The critical role of catalase in prooxidant and antioxidant function of p53

The tumor suppressor p53 is an important regulator of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, although downstream mediators of p53 remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that p53 and its downstream targets, p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase (p53R2) and p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3), physically and functionally interact with catalase for efficient regulation of intracellular ROS, depending on stress intensity. Under physiological conditions, the antioxidant functions of p53 are mediated by p53R2, which maintains increased catalase activity and thereby protects against endogenous ROS. After genotoxic stress, high levels of p53 and PIG3 cooperate to inhibit catalase activity, leading to a shift in the oxidant/antioxidant balance toward an oxidative status, which could augment apoptotic cell death. These results highlight the essential role of catalase in p53-mediated ROS regulation and suggest that the p53/p53R2-catalase and p53/PIG3-catalase pathways are critically involved in intracellular ROS regulation under physiological conditions and during the response to DNA damage, respectively.

ICAM-1 suppresses tumor metastasis by inhibiting macrophage M2 polarization through blockade of efferocytosis

Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) can profoundly influence tumor-specific immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages are M2-polarized macrophages that promote key processes in tumor progression. Efferocytosis stimulates M2 macrophage polarization and contributes to cancer metastasis, but the signaling mechanism underlying this process is unclear. Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which has been implicated in mediating cell–cell interaction and outside-in cell signaling during the immune response. We report that ICAM-1 expression is inversely associated with macrophage infiltration and the metastasis index in human colon tumors by combining Oncomine database analysis and immunohistochemistry for ICAM-1. Using a colon cancer liver metastasis model in ICAM-1-deficient (ICAM-1^−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates, we found that loss of ICAM-1 accelerated liver metastasis of colon carcinoma cells. Moreover, ICAM-1 deficiency increased M2 macrophage polarization during tumor progression. We further demonstrated that ICAM-1 deficiency in macrophages led to promotion of efferocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. More importantly, coculture of ICAM-1^−/− macrophages with apoptotic cancer cells resulted in an increase of M2-like macrophages, which was blocked by an efferocytosis inhibitor. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for ICAM-1 in suppressing M2 macrophage polarization via downregulation of efferocytosis in the tumor microenvironment, thereby inhibiting metastatic tumor progression.

Production and application of HMGB1 derived recombinant RAGE-antagonist peptide for anti-inflammatory therapy in acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory lung disease caused by sepsis, infection, or ischemia-reperfusion. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling pathway plays an important role in ALI. In this study, a novel RAGE-antagonist peptide (RAP) was produced as an inhibitor of the RAGE signaling pathway based on the RAGE-binding domain of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). Recombinant RAP was over-expressed and purified using nickel-affinity chromatography. In lipopolysaccharide- or HMGB1-activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, RAP reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RAP decreased the levels of cell surface RAGE and inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). These results imply that RAP decreases RAGE-mediated NF-κB activation and subsequent inflammatory reaction. For in vivo evaluation, RAP was delivered to the lungs of ALI-model animals via intratracheal administration. As a result, RAGE was down-regulated in the lung tissues by pulmonary delivery of RAP. Consequently, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were also reduced in broncoalveolar lavage fluid and the lung tissues of RAP-treated animals. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that inflammation was decreased in RAP-treated animals. Collectively, these results suggest that RAP may be a useful treatment for ALI.

A curcumin-loaded polymeric micelle as a carrier of a microRNA-21 antisense-oligonucleotide for enhanced anti-tumor effects in a glioblastoma animal model

A glioblastoma is a common primary brain tumor that expresses microRNA-21 (miR-21), which inhibits the expression of pro-apoptotic genes such as phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). Therefore, an antisense-oligonucleotide against miR-21 (miR21ASO) could have therapeutic effects for glioblastomas. In this study, curcumin was loaded into deoxycholic acid-conjugated polyethylenimine (DP) micelles. The curcumin-loaded DP micelle (DP-Cur) was evaluated as a carrier for the combined delivery of curcumin and miR21ASO. Gel retardation and heparin competition assays showed that DP-Cur formed stable complexes with miR21ASO. The anti-tumor effects of the combined delivery of curcumin and miR21ASO were evaluated in C6 glioblastoma cells. In vitro transfection showed that DP-Cur had an miR21ASO delivery efficiency similar to that of polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k) and DP. In the C6 cells, the delivery of miR21ASO using DP-Cur effectively reduced the miR21 level. The miR21ASO/DP-Cur complex induced apoptosis more effectively than the single delivery of curcumin or miR21ASO. The therapeutic effect of the miR21ASO/DP-Cur complex was also evaluated in an intracranial glioblastoma animal model. The miR21ASO/DP-Cur complex reduced the tumor volume more effectively than single therapy of curcumin or miR21ASO. Immunohistochemistry showed that PDCD4 and PTEN were induced in the miR21ASO/DP and miR21ASO/DP-Cur complex groups. Therefore, DP-Cur is an efficient carrier of miR21ASO and the combined delivery of miR21ASO and curcumin may be useful in the development of combination therapy for glioblastoma.

Self-assembled polymeric micelles for combined delivery of anti-inflammatory gene and drug to the lungs by inhalation

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a lung inflammatory disease for which pulmonary delivery of drug and gene could be a useful strategy. In this study, cholesterol-conjugated polyamidoamine (PAM-Chol) was synthesized and characterized as a carrier for combined delivery of anti-inflammatory gene and drug into the lungs by inhalation. The PAM-Chol formed self-assembled micelles in an aqueous solution with a critical micelle concentration of 0.22 mg ml-1. An in vitro transfection assay to L2 lung epithelial cells showed that the PAM-Chol micelle had higher transfection efficiency than lipofectamine and polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k). As the anti-inflammatory drug, resveratrol was loaded into the cores of the PAM-Chol micelles using the oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage cells, resveratrol-loaded PAM-Chol (PAM-Chol/Res) reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol. In in vitro transfection assays to L2 cells, the PAM-Chol/Res micelles had transfection efficiency similar to that of PAM-Chol. The delivery of resveratrol or the heme oxygenase-1 gene (pHO-1) by inhalation was evaluated in an ALI animal model. Resveratrol delivery using the PAM-Chol/Res micelles inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. pHO-1 delivery using PAM-Chol induced HO-1 expression and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the highest anti-inflammatory effects were obtained with combined delivery of pHO-1 and resveratrol using the pHO-1/PAM-Chol/Res complex, as demonstrated in cytokine assays and immunohistochemical studies. Therefore, the PAM-Chol micelle is an efficient carrier of resveratrol and pHO-1 into the lungs and could be useful for the treatment of ALI by inhalation.

Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 suppresses MEK-ERK activity by binding to ERK kinase 2

The p53-dependent RR small subunit (p53R2) protein, a newly identified member of the ribonucleotide reductase family, plays a key role in the p53-dependent cellular response to DNA. Several recent studies have suggested that p53R2 also plays an important role in suppressing the invasive potential of human cancer cells. However, the cellular mechanism that regulates invasiveness remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that p53R2 interacts with MEK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 2-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 2), the molecule immediately upstream of ERK in the Ras-Raf-MAPK signaling cascade. In co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses, we found that p53R2 and MEK2 interact physically in cultured mammalian cells, and that the p53R2 segment comprising amino acids 161-206 is critical for this interaction. Moreover, serum-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 was greatly augmented in human cancer cells expressing small-interfering RNA against p53R2. On the other hand, phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in human cancer cells was markedly attenuated by overexpression of p53R2. Furthermore, MEK2 was required for p53R2 knockdown-induced enhancement of the invasive ability and anchorage-independent growth of human lung cancer H1299 cells. Taken together, these findings show that p53R2 negatively modulates serum-induced MEK-ERK activity and inhibits the MEK-ERK-mediated malignancy potential of human cancer cells.

A self-assembled DNA-nanoparticle with a targeting peptide for hypoxia-inducible gene therapy of ischemic stroke

A self-assembled nanoparticle composed of hypoxia-specific anti-RAGE peptide (HSAP), heme oxygenase-1 plasmid (pHO1), and deoxycholate-conjugated polyethylenimine-2k (DP2k) was developed for ischemic stroke therapy. RAGE is over-expressed and induces inflammation in the ischemic brain. To inhibit RAGE-mediated signal transduction, HSAP was produced by recombinant DNA technology, based on the RAGE-binding domain of high mobility group box-1. Because of the specific binding to RAGE, the nanoparticle with HSAP (HSAP-NP) may have dual roles as a cytoprotective reagent and a specific ligand to RAGE for receptor-mediated transfection. As a cytoprotective reagent, the HSAP-NP reduced RAGE expression on the surface of the brain cells by inhibiting the positive feedback of RAGE-mediated signal transduction. As a result, inflammation, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species were decreased in hypoxic cells. As a gene carrier, HSAP-NP showed a higher transfection efficiency than polyethylenimine-25k, DP2k, and Lipofectamine. Particularly, HSAP-NP enhanced gene delivery to hypoxic cells. In the stroke animal models, HSAP-NP reduced the levels of RAGE, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and inflammation. Additionally, HSAP-NP with pHO1 (HSAP-NP/pHO1) increased HO1 expression in the ischemic brain. Gene expression was higher in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-positive cells than in HIF-1α-negative cells, suggesting that HSAP-NP delivered the genes to ischemic tissues more efficiently. Cell death and infarct volume in the stroke models were significantly decreased by HSAP-NP/pHO1 compared with HSAP alone or the DP2k/pHO1 complex. Therefore, HSAP-NP may be a useful gene and peptide therapy system for stroke therapy with dual functions of hypoxia-specific gene delivery and cytoprotective effects.

Dual-Functional Dendrimer Micelles with Glycyrrhizic Acid for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy of Acute Lung Injury

Dendrimer micelles with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) were developed for anti-inflammatory therapy of acute lung injury (ALI). Cholesterol was conjugated to histidine- and arginine-grafted polyamidoamine (PamHR) for micelle formation. The cholesterol-conjugated PamHR (PamHRchol) was mixed with amphiphilic GA to produce PamHRchol/GA mixed micelles. The GA integrated into the micelles had two functions: it acted as an anti-inflammatory drug and facilitated intracellular gene delivery. The PamHRchol/GA micelles formed stable complexes with plasmid DNA. Integrating GA into the micelles increased their transfection efficiency. Confocal microscopy and flow-cytometry studies confirmed that the PamHRchol/GA micelles improved cellular uptake compared with PamHRchol. A competition assay with free GA suggested that the enhanced transfection efficiency of the micelles might be due to the interaction between GA and its receptor. In addition, GA has a membrane-destabilizing effect, and a chloroquine pretreatment assay confirmed that GA increased endosomal escape. Furthermore, the PamHRchol/GA micelles reduced tumor necrosis factor-α in lipopolysaccharide-activated Raw264.7 cells, suggesting a mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of the PamHRchol/GA micelles, the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene was delivered into the lungs of mice with ALI. The PamHRchol/GA micelles had higher gene delivery efficiency into the lungs than polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k) and the PamHRchol micelles. The combined effects of the HO-1 gene and GA produced effective anti-inflammation response in the lungs of the ALI animals. Therefore, the dual-function PamHRchol/GA micelles, which acted as an anti-inflammatory drug and a gene carrier, could be a useful therapy for inflammatory lung diseases.

Combined delivery of curcumin and the heme oxygenase-1 gene using cholesterol-conjugated polyamidoamine for anti-inflammatory therapy in acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory lung disease with a high mortality rate. In this study, combined delivery of the anti-inflammatory compound curcumin and the heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene using cholesterol-conjugated polyamidoamine was evaluated in a mouse model as a therapeutic option for ALI.

METHODS

Curcumin was loaded into cholesterol-conjugated polyamidoamine (PamChol) micelles, and curcumin-loaded PamChol (PamChol-Cur) was then complexed with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through charge interactions. The pDNA/PamChol-Cur complex was physically characterized by dynamic light scattering, gel retardation, and heparin competition assay. Gene delivery efficiency was measured by luciferase assay. The HO-1 expression plasmid (pHO-1)/PamChol-Cur complex was administrated into the ALI model via intratracheal injection. The anti-inflammatory effect of the pDNA/PamChol-Cur complex was evaluated by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining.

RESULTS

The pDNA/PamChol-Cur complex had a size of approximately 120 nm with a positive surface charge. The in vitro plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery efficiency of the pDNA/PamChol-Cur complex into L2 lung epithelial cells was higher than that of pDNA/PamChol. In addition, the curcumin in the pDNA/PamChol-Cur complex inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin. In the ALI animal model, the pHO-1/PamChol-Cur complex delivered the pHO-1 gene more efficiently than pHO-1/PamChol. In addition, the pHO-1/PamChol-Cur complex showed greater anti-inflammatory effects by reducing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels more than delivery of pHO-1/PamChol or PamChol-Cur only.

CONCLUSION

The pHO-1/PamChol-Cur complex had a higher pHO-1 gene-delivery efficiency and greater anti-inflammatory effects than the pHO-1/PamChol complex or PamChol-Cur. Therefore, the combined delivery of curcumin and pHO-1 using PamChol-Cur may be useful for treatment of ALI.

Delivery of the high-mobility group box 1 box A peptide using heparin in the acute lung injury animal models

In this study, the efficacy of the high-mobility group box-1 box A (HMGB1A)/heparin complex was evaluated for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). HMGB1A is an antagonist against wild-type high-mobility group box-1 (wtHMGB1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in ALIs. HMGB1A has positive charges and can be captured in the mucus layer after intratracheal administration. To enhance the delivery and therapeutic efficiency of HMGB1A, the HMGB1A/heparin complex was produced using electrostatic interactions, with the expectation that the nano-sized complex with a negative surface charge could efficiently penetrate the mucus layer. Additionally, heparin itself had an anti-inflammatory effect. Complex formation with HMGB1A and heparin was confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The particle size and surface charge of the HMGB1A/heparin complex at a 1:1 weight ratio were 113nm and -25mV, respectively. Intratracheal administration of the complex was performed into an ALI animal model. The results showed that the HMGB1A/heparin complex reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, more effectively than HMGB1A or heparin alone. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed the decreased inflammatory reaction in the lungs after delivery of the HMGB1A/heparin complex. In conclusion, the HMGB1A/heparin complex might be useful to treat ALI.

Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Effect of Adiponectin Gene Delivery Using a Polymeric Carrier in an Acute Lung Injury Model

PURPOSE

Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In this study, the therapeutic effect of APN gene delivery using a polymeric carrier was evaluated in an acute lung injury (ALI) model.

METHODS

Polyethylenimine (2 kDa, PEI2K), PEI25K (25 kDa), polyamidoamine (generation 2, PAMG2), dexamethasone-conjugated PEI2k (PEI2K-Dexa), and dexamethasone-conjugated PAMG2 (PAMG2-Dexa) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo as gene carriers. Formation of plasmid DNA (pDNA)/carrier complexes was confirmed by gel retardation and heparin competition assays. Delivery efficiency was measured by a luciferase assay and fluorescence microscopy. In an ALI animal model, pAPN/carrier complexes were delivered by intratracheal administration. Therapeutic effects were evaluated by cytokine assays and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.

RESULTS

Gel retardation assays showed that PEI2K-Dexa and PAMG2-Dexa formed complexes with pDNA. In L2 lung epithelial cells, PAMG2-Dexa yielded higher transfection efficiency than PEI2K, PAMG2, PEI25K, lipofectamine, and PEI2K-Dexa. In vivo experiments showed that PAMG2-Dexa delivered DNA more efficiently to lung tissue than PEI2K-Dexa and PEI25K. Delivery of pAPN/PAMG2-Dexa complexes upregulated APN expression in the lungs of mice with ALI. As a result, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased. H&E staining showed that inflammation in the lungs of mice with ALI was reduced by delivery of the APN gene.

CONCLUSION

Delivery of the APN gene using PAMG2-Dexa reduced inflammation in the lungs of mice with ALI. The APN gene could be a useful tool in the development of gene therapy for ALI.

A ternary-complex of a suicide gene, a RAGE-binding peptide, and polyethylenimine as a gene delivery system with anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic dual effects in glioblastoma

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is involved in tumor angiogenesis. Inhibition of RAGE might be an effective anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. In this study, a cationic RAGE-binding peptide (RBP) was produced as an antagonist of RAGE, and a ternary-complex consisting of RBP, polyethylenimine (2 kDa, PEI2k), and a suicide gene (pHSVtk) was developed as a gene delivery system with dual functions: the anti-tumor effect of pHSVtk and anti-angiogenic effect of RBP. As an antagonist of RAGE, RBP decreased the secretion of vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in activated macrophages and reduced the tube-formation of endothelial cells in vitro. In in vitro transfection assays, the RBP/PEI2k/plasmid DNA (pDNA) ternary-complex had higher transfection efficiency than the PEI2k/pDNA binary-complex. In an intracranial glioblastoma animal model, the RBP/PEI2k/pHSVtk ternary-complex reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression, suggesting that the complex has an anti-angiogenic effect. In addition, the ternary-complex had higher pHSVtk delivery efficiency than the PEI2k/pHSVtk and PEI25k/pHSVtk binary-complexes in an animal model. As a result, the ternary-complex induced apoptosis and reduced tumor volume more effectively than the PEI2k/pHSVtk and PEI25k/pHSVtk binary-complexes. In conclusion, due to its dual anti-tumor and anti-angiogenesis effects, the RBP/PEI2k/pHSVtk ternary-complex might be an efficient gene delivery system for the treatment of glioblastoma.

A RAGE-antagonist peptide potentiates polymeric micelle-mediated intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA for acute lung injury gene therapy

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory lung disease. A high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) derived RAGE-antagonist peptide (RAP) was previously developed for anti-inflammatory therapy for ALI. Due to its specific binding to RAGE on the surface of inflammatory cells, the RAP may facilitate polymer-mediated intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the inflammatory cells. To evaluate this hypothesis, a pDNA/polymer/RAP ternary-complex was produced and applied for ALI gene therapy. Dexamethasone-conjugated polyamidoamine G2 (PAM-D) was used as a gene carrier, and the adiponectin (APN) gene was employed as a therapeutic gene. First, the ratio of pDNA to PAM-D was optimized in terms of anti-inflammation and low toxicity. Then, the RAP was added to the pDNA/PAM-D complex, producing the pDNA/PAM-D/RAP complex. The transfection efficiency of the luciferase plasmid (pLuc)/PAM-D/RAP reached its maximum at a weight ratio of 1 : 2 : 9. At this weight ratio, pLuc/PAM-D/RAP had a higher transfection efficiency than pLuc/PAM-D or pLuc/RAP. The transfection efficiency of pLuc/PAM-D/RAP decreased due to competition with free RAPs, suggesting the RAGE-mediated endocytosis of the complex. In the LPS-activated ALI mouse models, intratracheal administration of APN plasmid (pAPN)/PAM-D/RAP induced higher APN expression and less pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of ALI animal models than pAPN/PEI25k, pAPN/RAP, and pAPN/PAM-D. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed the higher anti-inflammatory effect of pAPN/PAM-D/RAP than the other complexes in the ALI models. Therefore, RAP-mediated enhanced delivery of pAPN/PAM-D may be useful for the development of a treatment for ALI.

Inhalable Gene Delivery System Using a Cationic RAGE-Antagonist Peptide for Gene Delivery to Inflammatory Lung Cells

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe lung inflammatory disease. In ALI, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is overexpressed in lung epithelial cells and involved in inflammatory reactions. A previous report showed that a RAGE-antagonist peptide (RAP), from high-mobility group box-1, bound to RAGE and reduced inflammatory reactions. RAP has high levels of positive amino acids, which suggests that RAP may form a complex with plasmid DNA (pDNA) by charge interactions. Because the charge density of RAP is lower than polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k), it may be able to avoid capture by the negatively charged mucus layer more easily and deliver pDNA into RAGE-positive lung cells of ALI animals by RAGE-mediated endocytosis. To prove this hypothesis, RAP was evaluated as a delivery carrier of adiponectin plasmid (pAPN) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI animal models. In vitro transfection assays showed that RAP had lower transfection efficiency than PEI25k in L2 lung epithelial cells. However, in vivo administration to ALI animal models by inhalation showed that RAP had higher gene delivery efficiency than PEI25k. Particularly, due to a higher expression of RAGE in lung cells of ALI animals, the gene delivery efficiency of RAP was higher in ALI animals than that in normal animals. Delivery of the pAPN/RAP complex had anti-inflammatory effects, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed that pAPN/RAP decreased inflammation in ALI models. Therefore, the results suggest that RAP may be useful as a carrier of pDNA into the lungs for ALI gene therapy.

Hybrid nanoparticles with cell membrane and dexamethasone-conjugated polymer for gene delivery into the lungs as therapy for acute lung injury

Gene therapy has been suggested as a new treatment for acute lung injury (ALI), which is a severe inflammatory disease. Previously, amphiphilic polymeric carriers such as dexamethasone-conjugated polyethylenimine (PEI) (DP) have been used to transport plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the lungs. In the current study, hybrid nanoparticles comprising DP and cell membrane (CM) from LA-4 lung epithelial cells were developed for enhanced delivery of pDNA into the lungs. The CM components of the hybrid nanoparticles may interact with plasma membranes of target cells and facilitate intracellular uptake of pDNA. DP/CM/pDNA nanoparticles had the highest transfection efficiency into LA-4 cells at a weight ratio of 8 : 3 : 1. In vitro transfection assays showed that DP/CM/pDNA nanoparticles improved the cellular uptake and transfection efficiency of pDNA compared with PEI (25 kDa, PEI25k)/pDNA and DP/pDNA nanoparticles. The DP/CM/pDNA nanoparticles were approximately 80 nm in diameter with a zeta potential of +25 mV. To evaluate the therapeutic effects, heme oxygenase-1 pDNA (pHO-1) was administered to ALI animal models by intratracheal instillation. DP/CM/pHO-1 nanoparticles improved gene delivery efficiency compared with PEI25k/pHO-1 and DP/pHO-1 nanoparticles. As a result, inflammation in the lungs was alleviated by DP/CM/pHO-1 nanoparticles more effectively than by other nanoparticles. The results suggest that DP/CM/pDNA hybrid nanoparticles may be useful gene carriers for the treatment of ALI.

Absence of the microsatellite mutator phenotype in human bronchial epithelial cells transformed by alpha particles

The immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEP2D, can become malignantly transformed following its irradiation with alpha particles. Exposed cells progress through a latent period of eight to ten weeks prior to exhibiting malignant properties. The molecular basis for this delay is unclear, however it is thought to involve a manifestation of genomic instability brought on by ionizing radiation. In this study we addressed whether the microsatellite mutator phenotype which arises in cells that lack mismatch repair function could have played a role in the radiation-induced transformation of BEP2D cells. Three cell lines, including BEP2D and two transformed clonal derivatives, H2BT2L and R30T1L, were examined for the presence of the microsatellite mutator phenotype using a selectable reporter system developed in our laboratory. This reporter system is based on the ability of stably transduced cells to restore the reading frame of a hygromycin B phosphotransferase transferase gene rendered out of frame by the insertion of a (CA)(13) repeat tract immediately downstream of the ATG start codon. The parental BEP2D cell line had a relatively low hygromycin B resistant colony formation frequency of 2.36 x 10(-4). This value was similar to the frequencies of two malignantly transformed derivatives H2BT2L (0.996 x 10(-4)) and R30T1L (1.87 x 10(-4)). We therefore conclude that the H2BT2L and R30T1L cell lines are not deficient in their hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS2 or hMSH3 mismatch repair gene functions, and that other factors orchestrated the alpha particle induced malignant transformation of H2BT2L and R30T1L cells.

Pulmonary delivery of curcumin-loaded glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory therapy

Curcumin was loaded into the glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles and delivered into the lungs for the treatment of acute lung injury.

Pulmonary delivery of a recombinant RAGE antagonist peptide derived from high-mobility group box-1 in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis animal model

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by irreversible fibrosis and destruction of the alveolar structure. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been identified as one of the key molecules involved in IPF pathogenesis. A RAGE antagonist peptide (RAP) was developed based on the RAGE-binding domain of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1). Anti-IPF effects of RAP were evaluated in a bleomycin-induced mouse model of IPF. Bleomycin was administered intratracheally, and then RAP was administrated twice by intratracheal instillation, 1 and 3 days after bleomycin challenge. Seven days after the bleomycin challenge, the mice were sacrificed and the lungs were harvested. The results showed that pulmonary hydroxyproline was reduced in mice administered RAP compared with the control group. Tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen were also reduced by RAP administration in a dose-dependent manner. Longer-term effects of RAP were investigated in mice challenged with bleomycin. RAP was administered intratracheally every 7 days for 28 days, after which lung samples were harvested and analyzed. The results showed that hydroxyproline, TGF-β, α-SMA, and collagen were reduced by repeated RAP administration. Taken together, the results suggest that RAP is useful for treatment of IPF.

Delivery of MiRNA-92a Inhibitor Using RP1-Linked Peptide Elicits Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an Acute Lung Injury Model

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory lung disease. miRNA-92a (miR92a) is induced in the lungs of ALI patients and mediates inflammatory reactions. In this study, a RP1-linked R3V6 (RP1R3V6) peptide was synthesized and evaluated as a carrier of anti-microRNA-92a oligonucleotide (AMO92a) into the lungs of an ALI animal model. In addition to the carrier function, the RP1-linked peptide can have anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs, since RP1 is an antagonist of the receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGEs). In a gel retardation assay, the RP1R3V6 peptide formed a spherical complex with AMO92a. In an in vitro delivery assay to L2 rat lung epithelial cells, RP1R3V6 had a lower AMO92a delivery efficiency than R3V6 and polyethyleneimine (PEI25k; 25 kDa). However, RP1R3V6 had an additional anti-inflammatory effect, reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide-activatedmacrophage cells. With the combined effects of AMO92a and RP1, the RP1R3V6/AMO92a complex reduced the miR92a level more efficiently than did the R3V6/AMO92a and PEI25k/AMO92a complexes. The RP1R3V6/AMO92a complex was administered into the lungs of ALI animals by intratracheal instillation. As a result, the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog, a target of miR92a, was increased in the lungs. Furthermore, the RP1R3V6/AMO92a complex decreased the TNF-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels more efficiently than did the PEI25k/AMO92a and R3V6/AMO92a complexes, decreasing the damage in the lungs. These results suggest that RP1R3V6 is a useful carrier of AMO92a and has anti-inflammatory effects in an ALI animal model.

Fiber orientation and crimp level might control the auxetic effect of biological tissues

We propose an analytical micromechanical model for studying the lamellar-composite-like structure of fibrous soft tissue. The tissue under consideration is made up of several lamellae, and is designed to resemble the annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue or media layer of arterial tissue, for example. The collagen fibers are arranged in parallel in each lamella and the fiber orientation differs from one lamella to its neighbors. The parallel fibers in each lamella of AF tissue, for example, have been observed to have a crimped microstructure. The proposed model incorporates this quality, considering fiber waviness as a sinusoidal shape and taking into account the fiber dispersion in different layers, where both fiber and matrix are considered as solid phases. We find that collagen-fiber waviness and layer orientation have a significant influence on Poisson's ratio. The effective Poisson's ratio predicted by the proposed model demonstrates that the crimped collagen fiber microstructure might weaken the auxetic effect of fibrous soft tissue, which might explain why, as the literature suggests, the auxetic behavior is more difficult to observe than large Poisson's ratios. As opposed to the many studies that use the well-known hyperelastic fiber-based constitutive model, in which out-of-plane expansion is often observed, the present work explains the auxetic response found in modeling and in experimental data from the perspective of collagen fiber microstructure.

Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticle-Conveyed Neutrophils to the Glioblastoma Site for Efficient Therapy

Glioblastoma is a common brain tumor that poses considerable challenges in drug delivery. In this study, we investigated the potential of cell-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to the glioblastoma sites. The anticancer drug of temozolomide (TMZ)-loaded T7-cholesterol nanoparticle micelles efficiently delivered nanoparticles to neutrophils and, subsequently, to the tumors. T7 is a cell-penetrating peptide that enhances the delivery of T7/TMZ to the target cells. T7 also serves as a transferrin target peptide, enabling targeted delivery to tumors. T7-conjugated cholesterol can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution and attach to the membrane of neutrophils. We confirmed that T7/TMZ nanoparticle micelles were efficiently located inside the neutrophils. Thereafter, T7/TMZ-conveyed neutrophils were administered to a glioblastoma mouse model, enabling neutrophils to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs directly to the tumor site. We evaluated the drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic effects of intravenous injection of T7/TMZ-conveyed neutrophils to a glioblastoma mouse model. These results demonstrate the promising role of neutrophil-based nanoparticle delivery systems in the targeted therapy of glioblastoma.

[Infection of white spot baculo-like virus(WSBV) in Penaeus chinensis: evidence from electron microscopy and DNA hybridization]

Severe epizootic causing high mortalities in cultivated Penaeus chinensis has occurred every year in mainland China since 1993 with great economic loss. Naturally diseased P. chinensis sampled in Qingdao shrimp farming regions between 1993 and 1998 were examined by electron microscopy. A similar non-occluded nuclear bacilliform virus like the white spot baculo-like virus (WSBV) reported in Taiwan was mostly found in the gill, cuticular epidermis under the exoskeleton, stomach, lymphoid organ and other tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin from these diseased samples. The viron was enveloped with a mean size of (125 +/- 7.6) nm x (345 +/- 16) nm. Sometimes, a nipple-like appendage could be found protruding from one extremity of the viron. Envelopes were all lost after purification from cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation. The cylindrical nucleocapsid in negatively staining preparations was (80 +/- 13) nm x (380 +/- 24) nm with 13-16 stripes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the nucleocapsid. Based on its pathogenic and morphological characteristics, this virus should be related to WSBV. A pair of primers created from information of WSBV genome DNA SalI fragment produced a 355 bp band using the WSBV isolate from P. chinensis in mainland China, as the DNA template. The specific PCR product was cloned, sequenced and labeled with digoxigenin (DIG) DNA labeling kit (Boehringer Mannherm). The sequence of the probe is identical to that of WSBV. All of the sampled diseased shrimps between 1993 and 1998 reacted with the DIG-labeled probe by dot-blot hybridization and no hybridization was observed using DNA from health shrimp as templates. These results based on electron microscopy and DNA hybridization indicated that the shrimp epizootic occurred in mainland China was related to the WSBV infection previously occurred in Taiwan early 1992.