|
6
|
Pisani L, Algera AG, Neto AS, Azevedo L, Pham T, Paulus F, de Abreu MG, Pelosi P, Dondorp AM, Bellani G, Laffey JG, Schultz MJ, Martinez A, Leal L, Jorge Pereira A, de Oliveira Maia M, Neto JA, Piras C, Caser EB, Moreira CL, Braga Gusman P, Dalcomune DM, Ribeiro de Carvalho AG, Gondim LAR, Castelo Branco Reis LM, da Cunha Ribeiro D, de Assis Simões L, Campos RS, Fernandez Versiani dos Anjos JC, Bruzzi Carvalho F, Alves RA, Nunes LB, Réa-Neto Á, de Oliveira MC, Tannous L, Cardoso Gomes B, Rodriguez FB, Abelha P, Lugarinho ME, Japiassu A, de Melo HK, Lopes EA, Varaschin P, de Souza Dantas VC, Freitas Knibel M, Ponte M, de Azambuja Rodrigues PM, Costa Filho RC, Saddy F, Wanderley Castellões TF, Silva SA, Osorio LAG, Mannarino D, Espinoza R, Righy C, Soares M, Salluh J, Tanaka L, Aragão D, Tavares ME, Kehdi MGP, Rezende VMC, Carbonell RCC, Teixeira C, de Oliveira RP, Maccari JG, Castro PS, Berto P, Schwarz P, Torelly AP, Lisboa T, Moraes E, Dal-Pizzol F, Tomasi Damiani C, Ritter C, Ferreira JC, Teixeira Costa R, Caruso P, Amendola CP, de Oliveira AMRR, Silva UVA, Sanches LC, Almeida RDS, Azevedo LC, Park M, Schettino G, Assunção MS, Silva E, Barboza CE, Junior APN, Marzocchi Tierno PFGM, Malbouisson LM, Oliveira L, Cristovao D, Neto ML, Rego Ê, Fernandes FE, Romano MLP, Cavalcanti AB, de Souza Barros D, et alPisani L, Algera AG, Neto AS, Azevedo L, Pham T, Paulus F, de Abreu MG, Pelosi P, Dondorp AM, Bellani G, Laffey JG, Schultz MJ, Martinez A, Leal L, Jorge Pereira A, de Oliveira Maia M, Neto JA, Piras C, Caser EB, Moreira CL, Braga Gusman P, Dalcomune DM, Ribeiro de Carvalho AG, Gondim LAR, Castelo Branco Reis LM, da Cunha Ribeiro D, de Assis Simões L, Campos RS, Fernandez Versiani dos Anjos JC, Bruzzi Carvalho F, Alves RA, Nunes LB, Réa-Neto Á, de Oliveira MC, Tannous L, Cardoso Gomes B, Rodriguez FB, Abelha P, Lugarinho ME, Japiassu A, de Melo HK, Lopes EA, Varaschin P, de Souza Dantas VC, Freitas Knibel M, Ponte M, de Azambuja Rodrigues PM, Costa Filho RC, Saddy F, Wanderley Castellões TF, Silva SA, Osorio LAG, Mannarino D, Espinoza R, Righy C, Soares M, Salluh J, Tanaka L, Aragão D, Tavares ME, Kehdi MGP, Rezende VMC, Carbonell RCC, Teixeira C, de Oliveira RP, Maccari JG, Castro PS, Berto P, Schwarz P, Torelly AP, Lisboa T, Moraes E, Dal-Pizzol F, Tomasi Damiani C, Ritter C, Ferreira JC, Teixeira Costa R, Caruso P, Amendola CP, de Oliveira AMRR, Silva UVA, Sanches LC, Almeida RDS, Azevedo LC, Park M, Schettino G, Assunção MS, Silva E, Barboza CE, Junior APN, Marzocchi Tierno PFGM, Malbouisson LM, Oliveira L, Cristovao D, Neto ML, Rego Ê, Fernandes FE, Romano MLP, Cavalcanti AB, de Souza Barros D, Rodgers H, Dixon B, Smith R, Kol M, Wong H, Schmid W, Hermans G, Ceunen H, Bourgeois M, Anquez N, Suzumura ÉA, Decruyenaere J, DeCrop L, Neto AS, Souza dos Santos R, Beraldo D, dos Santos MC, Pellegrini JAS, Piras C, Oliveira V, Munhoz C, Meira KL, Peçanha AC, da Silva Ramos FJ, Maia I, Bahl M, Biondi R, Prado D, Pinto SF, Salgado J, Falcão LF, Macruz T, de Oliveira GA, Cavalcanti AB, Romano MLP, Ruas K, Mecatti GC, Caser EB, Gava IA, Carreño N, Morales M, Avendaño R, Aguirre S, Luciano PM, Sribar A, Klaric V, Skilijic S, Dvorscak MB, Krkusek M, Jurjevic M, Karanovic N, Simurina T, Stourac P, Kratochvil M, Pacheco ED, Máca J, Wrigge H, Schlegel C, Treschan TA, Schaefer M, Aytulun A, Kienbaum P, Clarkson K, Jaafar R, Collins D, Mazza BF, Plant R, Melchionda G, Di Lauro E, Cortegiani A, Russotto V, Caione R, Mestria D, Volta CA, Spadaro S, Botteri M, Machado FR, Seghelini E, Brazzi L, Sales G, D'Antini D, Molin A, Severgnini P, Bacuzzi A, Peluso L, Verrastro P, Raimondo P, Ferreira E, Gecaj-Gashi A, Simonis FD, Tuinman PR, Alberts E, van den Hul I, Kuiper M, de Wilde RBP, Koopmans M, Kose I, Zincircioglu Ç, dos Santos RB, Dogan N, Aydin D, Denker AS, Buyukkocak U, Akgun N, Turan G, Senturk E, Demirtürk Z, Özcan PE, Ekinci O, Colombo AS, Saylan S, Eren G, Ulger F, Dilek A, Ulusoy H, Goktas U, Soyoral L, Toman H, Orak Y, Kahveci F, Nogueira AC, Mills GH, Pinder A, Walker R, Harrison J, Snell J, Seasman C, Pearson R, Sharman M, Kaloo C, Bynorth N, Fernandes JB, Matthews K, Hughes C, Rose A, Simeson K, Niska L, Huneke N, Adderly J, Padilla-Harris C, Oliver R, Brohi F, Nóbrega RS, Wilson N, Talbot H, Wilson D, Smith D, Dark P, Evans T, Fisher N, Montgomery J, Fitzell P, Muench C, do CS Martins B, Hugill K, Cirstea E, Bentley A, Lynch K, White I, Cooper J, Brazier M, Devile M, Parris M, Gill P, Soriano F, Patel T, Criswell J, Trodd D, Griffin D, Martin J, Wreybrown C, Bewley J, Sweet K, Grimmer L, Kozlowski M, Morsch RD, James S, Limb J, Cowton A, Rogerson D, Downes C, Melbourne S, Humphries R, Pulletz M, Moreton S, Janes S, Nunes ALB, Corner A, Linnett V, Ritzema J, Watters M, Windebank S, Chenna S, Howard-Griffin R, Turner K, Suresh S, Blaylock H, de Almeida JP, Bell S, Blenk K, Everett L, Hopkins P, Mellis C, Hadfield D, Harris C, Chan A, Birch S, Pegg C, Hajjar L, Plowright C, Cooper L, Hatton T, McCullagh I, Wright S, Scott C, Boyd C, Holliday M, Poultney U, Crowther H, Moulin S, Thornthwaite S, Hollister N, Hunt J, Skinner A, Matsa R, Salt R, Matthews C, Reschreiter H, Camsooksai J, Venner N, Giannini FP, Barcraft-Barnes H, Tbaily L, Pogson D, Mouland J, Rose S, Lamb N, Tarmey N, Knighton J, Giles J, Weller D, Baptiston Nunes AL, Reed I, Hormis A, Pearson S, Harris M, Howe J, Paddle J, Burt K, Welters I, Walker A, Youds L, Rios F, Hendry S, Shaw D, Williams K, Hollands R, Carnahan M, Stickley J, Miller C, Donaldson D, Tonks L, Creagh-Brown B, Van Haren F, Hull D, Boyd O, Ortiz-Ruiz L, Gopal S, Metherell S, Spencer H, Frey C, Brown C, Clifford G, Leaver S, Sottiaux T, Ryan C, Mellinghoff JM, Prudden SP, Green HG, Roy AR, Furneval JF, Bell AB, Lakhani SL, Fasting LF, Murray LM, Lora FS, Preller K, McInerney A, Beavis S, Whileman A, Toms J, Glenn S, Ramali M, Ghosh A, Bullock C, Barrell L, Azevedo LC, Young E, Robertson H, Faulkner M, MacNaughton P, Tyson S, Pulak P, Sewell TA, Smalley C, Jacob R, Santos C, Depuydt P, Alzugaray P, Vidal Melo MF, Joyce K, Needleman J, Ahsan A, Faiz A, Alam AKMS, Khatoon SN, Nath RK, Rahman Chowdhury MA, Fan E, Banik D, Mondol MK, Bhuiyan SR, Nazneed S, Sultana R, Hamid T, Hossain M, Reza ST, Asaduzzaman M, Salim M, Bugedo G, Mostafa Kamal AH, Taher SM, Taohid TM, Karmaker P, Roy S, Das S, Sarkar SA, Dutta ML, Roy P, Iyer S, Qiu H, Krishna B, Sampath S, Pattnaik R, Kasi CK, Shah J, Dongre A, Reza Hashemian SM, Nooraei N, Raessi Estabragh R, Malekmohammad M, Gonzalez M, Khoundabi B, Mobasher M, Mohd Yunos N, Kassim M, Voon CM, Das SS, Azauddin SNS, Dorasamy D, Tai LL, Mat Nor MB, Silesky J, Zarudin N, Hasan MS, Jamaluddin MFH, Othman Jailani MI, Kayashta G, Adhikari A, Pangeni R, Hashmi M, Joseph S, Akhtar A, Cerny V, Qadeer A, Memon I, Ali SM, Idrees F, Kamal S, Hanif S, Rehman AU, Taqi A, Hussain T, Farooq A, Nielsen J, Khaskheli S, Hayat M, Indraratna K, Beane A, Haniffa R, Samaranayake U, Mathanalagan S, Gunaratne A, Mithraratne N, Thilakasiri K, Jibaja M, Pilimatalawwe C, Dilhani YAH, Fernando M, Ranatunge K, Samarasinghe L, Vaas M, Edirisooriya M, Sigera C, Arumoli J, De Silva K, Pham T, Kudavidanage B, Pinto V, Dissanayake L, Chittawatanarat K, Kongpolprom N, Silachamroon U, Pornsuriyasak P, Petnak T, Singhatas P, Tangsujaritvijit V, Wrigge H, Rungruanghiranya S, Piriyapatsom A, Juntaping K, Trongtrakul K, Thungtitigul P, Tajarernmuang P, Chatmongkolchart S, Bhurayanontachai R, Akaraborworn O, Navasakulpong A, Matamis D, Surasit K, Thwaites L, Nadjm B, Vu Quoc D, Nguyen Thi Thanh H, Nguyen Van K, Duong Bich T, Lam Minh Y, Ranero JL, Hashemian SM, Amin P, Clarkson K, Bellani G, Kurahashi K, Villagomez A, Zeggwagh AA, Heunks LM, Laake JH, Palo JE, do Vale Fernandes A, Sandesc D, Arabi Y, Bumbasierevic V, Lorente JA, Larsson A, Piquilloud L, Abroug F, McAuley DF, McNamee L, Hurtado J, Bajwa E, Démpaire G, Francois GM, Sula H, Nunci L, Cani A, Zazu A, Dellera C, Insaurralde CS, Alejandro RV, Daldin J, Vinzio M, Fernandez RO, Cardonnet LP, Bettini LR, Bisso MC, Osman EM, Setten MG, Lovazzano P, Alvarez J, Villar V, Milstein C, Pozo NC, Grubissich N, Plotnikow GA, Vasquez DN, Ilutovich S, Tiribelli N, Chena A, Pellegrini CA, Saenz MG, Estenssoro E, Brizuela M, Gianinetto H, Gomez PE, Cerrato VI, Bezzi MG, Borello SA, Loiacono FA, Fernandez AM, Knowles S, Reynolds C, Inskip DM, Miller JJ, Kong J, Whitehead C, Bihari S, Seven A, Krstevski A, Rodgers HJ, Millar RT, Mckenna TE, Bailey IM, Hanlon GC, Aneman A, Lynch JM, Azad R, Neal J, Woods PW, Roberts BL, Kol MR, Wong HS, Riss KC, Staudinger T, Wittebole X, Berghe C, Bulpa PA, Dive AM, Verstraete R, Lebbinck H, Depuydt P, Vermassen J, Meersseman P, Ceunen H, Rosa JI, Beraldo DO, Piras C, Ampinelli AMR, Nassar Jr AP, Mataloun S, Moock M, Thompson MM, Gonçalves CH, Antônio ACP, Ascoli A, Biondi RS, Fontenele DC, Nobrega D, Sales VM, Shindhe S, Ismail DMABPH, Laffey J, Beloncle F, Davies KG, Cirone R, Manoharan V, Ismail M, Goligher EC, Jassal M, Nishikawa E, Javeed A, Curley G, Rittayamai N, Parotto M, Ferguson ND, Mehta S, Knoll J, Pronovost A, Canestrini S, Bruhn AR, Garcia PH, Aliaga FA, Farías PA, Yumha JS, Ortiz CA, Salas JE, Saez AA, Vega LD, Labarca EF, Martinez FT, Carreño NG, Lora P, Liu H, Qiu H, Liu L, Tang R, Luo X, An Y, Zhao H, Gao Y, Zhai Z, Ye ZL, Wang W, Li W, Li Q, Zheng R, Yu W, Shen J, Li X, Yu T, Lu W, Wu YQ, Huang XB, He Z, Lu Y, Han H, Zhang F, Sun R, Wang HX, Qin SH, Zhu BH, Zhao J, Liu J, Li B, Liu JL, Zhou FC, Li QJ, Zhang XY, Li-Xin Z, Xin-Hua Q, Jiang L, Gao YN, Zhao XY, Li YY, Li XL, Wang C, Yao Q, Yu R, Chen K, Shao H, Qin B, Huang QQ, Zhu WH, Hang AY, Hua MX, Li Y, Xu Y, Di YD, Ling LL, Qin TH, Wang SH, Qin J, Han Y, Zhou S, Vargas MP, Silesky Jimenez JI, González Rojas MA, Solis-Quesada JE, Ramirez-Alfaro CM, Máca J, Sklienka P, Gjedsted J, Christiansen A, Nielsen J, Villamagua BG, Llano M, Burtin P, Buzancais G, Beuret P, Pelletier N, Mortaza S, Mercat A, Chelly J, Jochmans S, Terzi N, Daubin C, Carteaux G, de Prost N, Chiche JD, Daviaud F, Pham T, Fartoukh M, Barberet G, Biehler J, Dellamonica J, Doyen D, Arnal JM, Briquet A, Hraiech S, Papazian L, Follin A, Roux D, Messika J, Kalaitzis E, Dangers L, Combes A, Au SM, Béduneau G, Carpentier D, Zogheib EH, Dupont H, Ricome S, Santoli FL, Besset SL, Michel P, Gelée B, Danin PE, Goubaux B, Crova PJ, Phan NT, Berkelmans F, Badie JC, Tapponnier R, Gally J, Khebbeb S, Herbrecht JE, Schneider F, Declercq PLM, Rigaud JP, Duranteau J, Harrois A, Chabanne R, Marin J, Bigot C, Thibault S, Ghazi M, Boukhazna M, Ould Zein S, Richecoeur JR, Combaux DM, Grelon F, Le Moal C, Sauvadet EP, Robine A, Lemiale V, Reuter D, Dres M, Demoule A, Goldgran-Toledano D, Baboi L, Guérin C, Lohner R, Kraßler J, Schäfer S, Zacharowski KD, Meybohm P, Reske AW, Simon P, Hopf HBF, Schuetz M, Baltus T, Papanikolaou MN, Papavasilopoulou TG, Zacharas GA, Ourailogloy V, Mouloudi EK, Massa EV, Nagy EO, Stamou EE, Kiourtzieva EV, Oikonomou MA, Avila LE, Cortez CA, Citalán JE, Jog SA, Sable SD, Shah B, Gurjar M, Baronia AK, Memon M, Muthuchellappan R, Ramesh VJ, Shenoy A, Unnikrishnan R, Dixit SB, Rhayakar RV, Ramakrishnan N, Bhardwaj VK, Mahto HL, Sagar SV, Palaniswamy V, Ganesan D, Mohammadreza Hashemian S, Jamaati H, Heidari F, Meaney EA, Nichol A, Knapman KM, O'Croinin D, Dunne ES, Breen DM, Clarkson KP, Jaafar RF, Dwyer R, Amir F, Ajetunmobi OO, O'Muircheartaigh AC, Black CS, Treanor N, Collins DV, Altaf W, Zani G, Fusari M, Spadaro S, Volta CA, Graziani R, Brunettini B, Palmese S, Formenti P, Umbrello M, Lombardo A, Pecci E, Botteri M, Savioli M, Protti A, Mattei A, Schiavoni L, Tinnirello A, Todeschini M, Giarratano A, Cortegiani A, Sher S, Rossi A, Antonelli MM, Montini LM, Casalena P, Scafetti S, Panarello G, Occhipinti G, Patroniti N, Pozzi M, Biscione RR, Poli MM, Raimondi F, Albiero D, Crapelli G, Beck E, Pota V, Schiavone V, Molin A, Tarantino F, Monti G, Frati E, Mirabella L, Cinnella G, Fossali T, Colombo R, Terragni P, Pattarino I, Mojoli F, Braschi A, Borotto EE, Cracchiolo AN, Palma DM, Raponi F, Foti G, Vascotto ER, Coppadoro A, Brazzi L, Floris L, Iotti GA, Venti A, Yamaguchi O, Takagi S, Maeyama HN, Watanabe E, Yamaji Y, Shimizu K, Shiozaki K, Futami S, Ryosuke S, Saito K, Kameyama Y, Ueno K, Izawa M, Okuda N, Suzuki H, Harasawa T, Nasu M, Takada T, Ito F, Nunomiya S, Koyama K, Abe T, Andoh K, Kusumoto K, Hirata A, Takaba A, Kimura H, Matsumoto S, Higashijima U, Honda H, Aoki N, Imai H, Ogino Y, Mizuguchi I, Ichikado K, Nitta K, Mochizuki K, Hashida T, Tanaka H, Nakamura T, Niimi D, Ueda T, Kashiwa Y, Uchiyama A, Sabelnikovs O, Oss P, Haddad Y, Liew KY, Ñamendys-Silva SA, Jarquin-Badiola YD, Sanchez-Hurtado LA, Gomez-Flores SS, Marin MC, Villagomez AJ, Lemus JS, Fierro JM, Cervantes MR, Mejia FJF, Gonzalez DR, Dector DM, Estrella CR, Sanchez-Medina JR, Ramirez-Gutierrez A, George FG, Aguirre JS, Buensuseso JA, Poblano M, Dendane T, Zeggwagh AA, Balkhi H, Elkhayari M, Samkaoui N, Ezzouine H, Benslama A, Amor M, Maazouzi W, Cimic N, Beck O, Bruns MM, Schouten JA, Rinia M, Raaijmakers M, Heunks LM, Van Wezel HM, Heines SJ, Buise MP, Simonis FD, Schultz MJ, Goodson JC, rowne TSB, Navarra L, Hunt A, Hutchison RA, Bailey MB, Newby L, Mcarthur C, Kalkoff M, Mcleod A, Casement J, Hacking DJ, Andersen FH, Dolva MS, Laake JH, Barratt-Due A, Noremark KAL, Søreide E, Sjøbø BÅ, Guttormsen AB, Yoshido HHL, Aguilar RZ, Oscanoa FAM, Alisasis AU, Robles JB, Pasanting-Lim RAB, Tan BC, Andruszkiewicz P, Jakubowska K, Cox CM, Alvarez AM, Oliveira BS, Montanha GM, Barros NC, Pereira CS, Messias AM, Monteiro JM, Araujo AM, Catorze NT, Marum SM, Bouw MJ, Gomes RM, Brito VA, Castro S, Estilita JM, Barros FM, Serra IM, Martinho AM, Tomescu DR, Marcu A, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Corneci DE, Negoita SI, Grigoriev E, Gritsan AI, Gazenkampf AA, Almekhlafi G, Albarrak MM, Mustafa GM, Maghrabi KA, Salahuddin N, Aisa TM, Al Jabbary AS, Tabhan E, Arabi YM, Trinidad OA, Al Dorzi HM, Tabhan EE, Bolon S, Smith O, Mancebo J, Aguirre-Bermeo H, Lopez-Delgado JC, Esteve F, Rialp G, Forteza C, De Haro C, Artigas A, Albaiceta GM, De Cima-Iglesias S, Seoane-Quiroga L, Ceniceros-Barros A, Ruiz-Aguilar AL, Claraco-Vega LM, Soler JA, Lorente MDC, Hermosa C, Gordo F, Prieto-González M, López-Messa JB, Perez MP, Pere CP, Allue RM, Roche-Campo F, Ibañez-Santacruz M, Temprano S, Pintado MC, De Pablo R, Gómez PRA, Ruiz SR, Moles SI, Jurado MT, Arizmendi A, Piacentini EA, Franco N, Honrubia T, Perez Cheng M, Perez Losada E, Blanco J, Yuste LJ, Carbayo-Gorriz C, Cazorla-Barranquero FG, Alonso JG, Alda RS, Algaba Á, Navarro G, Cereijo E, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Marcos DP, Montero LA, Para LH, Sanchez RJ, Blasco Navalpotro MA, Abad RD, Montiel González R, Toribio DP, Castro AG, Artiga MJD, Penuelas O, Roser TP, Olga MF, Curto EG, Sánchez RM, Imma VP, Elisabet GM, Claverias L, Magret M, Pellicer AM, Rodriguez LL, Sánchez-Ballesteros J, González-Salamanca Á, Jimenez AG, Huerta FP, Diaz JCJS, Lopez EB, Moya DDL, Alfonso AAT, Eugenio Luis PS, Cesar PS, Rafael SI, Virgilio CG, Recio NN, Adamsson RO, Rylander CC, Holzgraefe B, Broman LM, Wessbergh J, Persson L, Schiöler F, Kedelv H, Tibblin AO, Appelberg H, Hedlund L, Helleberg J, Eriksson KE, Glietsch R, Larsson N, Nygren I, Nunes SL, Morin AK, Kander T, Adolfsson A, Piquilloud L, Zender HO, Leemann-Refondini C, Elatrous S, Bouchoucha S, Chouchene I, Ouanes I, Ben Souissi A, Kamoun S, Demirkiran O, Aker M, Erbabacan E, Ceylan I, Girgin NK, Ozcelik M, Ünal N, Meco BC, Akyol OO, Derman SS, Kennedy B, Parhar K, Srinivasa L, McNamee L, McAuley D, Steinberg J, Hopkins P, Mellis C, Stansil F, Kakar V, Hadfield D, Brown C, Vercueil A, Bhowmick K, Humphreys SK, Ferguson A, Mckee R, Raj AS, Fawkes DA, Watt P, Twohey L, Thomas RRJM, Morton A, Kadaba V, Smith MJ, Hormis AP, Kannan SG, Namih M, Reschreiter H, Camsooksai J, Kumar A, Rugonfalvi S, Nutt C, Oneill O, Seasman C, Dempsey G, Scott CJ, Ellis HE, Mckechnie S, Hutton PJ, Di Tomasso NN, Vitale MN, Griffin RO, Dean MN, Cranshaw JH, Willett EL, Ioannou N, Gillis S, Csabi P, Macfadyen R, Dawson H, Preez PD, Williams AJ, Boyd O, De Gordoa LOR, Bramall J, Symmonds S, Chau SK, Wenham T, Szakmany T, Toth-Tarsoly P, Mccalman KH, Alexander P, Stephenson L, Collyer T, Chapman R, Cooper R, Allan RM, Sim M, Wrathall DW, Irvine DA, Zantua KS, Adams JC, Burtenshaw AJ, Sellors GP, Welters ID, Williams KE, Hessell RJ, Oldroyd MG, Battle CE, Pillai S, Kajtor I, Sivashanmugave M, Okane SC, Donnelly A, Frigyik AD, Careless JP, May MM, Stewart R, Trinder TJ, Hagan SJ, Wise MP, Cole JM, MacFie CC, Dowling AT, Hurtado J, Nin N, Hurtado J, Nuñez E, Pittini G, Rodriguez R, Imperio MC, Santos C, França AG, Ebeid A, Deicas A, Serra C, Uppalapati A, Kamel G, Banner-Goodspeed VM, Beitler JR, Mukkera SR, Kulkarni S, Lee J, Mesar T, Shinn Iii JO, Gomaa D, Tainter C, Mesar T, Cowley RA, Yeatts DJ, Warren J, Lanspa MJ, Miller RR, Grissom CK, Brown SM, Bauer PR, Gosselin RJ, Kitch BT, Cohen JE, Beegle SH, Gueret RM, Tulaimat A, Choudry S, Stigler W, Batra H, Huff NG, Lamb KD, Oetting TW, Mohr NM, Judy C, Saito S, Kheir FM, Schlichting AB, Delsing A, Elmasri M, Crouch DR, Ismail D, Blakeman TC, Dreyer KR, Gomaa D, Baron RM, Grijalba CQ, Hou PC, Seethala R, Aisiku I, Henderson G, Frendl G, Hou SK, Owens RL, Schomer A, Bumbasirevic V, Jovanovic B, Surbatovic M, Veljovic M, Van Haren F. Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e227-e235. [PMID: 34914899 PMCID: PMC8766316 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00485-x] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. METHODS In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. FINDINGS Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. FUNDING No funding.
Collapse
|
research-article |
3 |
17 |
|
7
|
Abbott TEF, Greaves KE, Patel A, Ahmad T, Haddow J, Futier E, Biais M, Slim K, Pearse RM, Pearse RM, Beattie S, Clavien PA, Demartines N, Fleisher LA, Grocott M, Haddow J, Hoeft A, Holt P, Moreno R, Pritchard N, Rhodes A, Wijeysundera D, Wilson M, Ahmed T, Everingham K, Hewson R, Januszewska M, Pearse RM, Phull MK, Halliwell R, Shulman M, Myles P, Schmid W, Hiesmayr M, Wouters P, Hert S, Lobo S, Beattie S, Wijeysundera D, Fang X, Rasmussen L, Futier E, Biais M, Venara A, Slim K, Sander M, Koulenti D, Arvaniti K, Chan M, Kulkarni A, Chandra S, Tantri A, Geddoa E, Abbas M, Della Rocca G, Sivasakthi D, Mansor M, Luna P, Bouwman A, Buhre W, Beavis V, Campbell D, Short T, Osinaike T, Matos R, Grigoras I, Kirov M, Protsenko D, Biccard B, Aldecoa C, Chew M, Hofer C, Hubner M, Ditai J, Szakmany T, Fleisher L, Ferguson M, MacMahon M, Shulman M, Cherian R, Currow H, Kanathiban K, Gillespie D, Pathmanathan E, Phillips K, Reynolds J, Rowley J, Douglas J, Kerridge R, Currow H, Garg S, Bennett M, Jain M, Alcock D, Terblanche N, Cotter R, Leslie K, Stewart M, Zingerle N, Clyde A, et alAbbott TEF, Greaves KE, Patel A, Ahmad T, Haddow J, Futier E, Biais M, Slim K, Pearse RM, Pearse RM, Beattie S, Clavien PA, Demartines N, Fleisher LA, Grocott M, Haddow J, Hoeft A, Holt P, Moreno R, Pritchard N, Rhodes A, Wijeysundera D, Wilson M, Ahmed T, Everingham K, Hewson R, Januszewska M, Pearse RM, Phull MK, Halliwell R, Shulman M, Myles P, Schmid W, Hiesmayr M, Wouters P, Hert S, Lobo S, Beattie S, Wijeysundera D, Fang X, Rasmussen L, Futier E, Biais M, Venara A, Slim K, Sander M, Koulenti D, Arvaniti K, Chan M, Kulkarni A, Chandra S, Tantri A, Geddoa E, Abbas M, Della Rocca G, Sivasakthi D, Mansor M, Luna P, Bouwman A, Buhre W, Beavis V, Campbell D, Short T, Osinaike T, Matos R, Grigoras I, Kirov M, Protsenko D, Biccard B, Aldecoa C, Chew M, Hofer C, Hubner M, Ditai J, Szakmany T, Fleisher L, Ferguson M, MacMahon M, Shulman M, Cherian R, Currow H, Kanathiban K, Gillespie D, Pathmanathan E, Phillips K, Reynolds J, Rowley J, Douglas J, Kerridge R, Currow H, Garg S, Bennett M, Jain M, Alcock D, Terblanche N, Cotter R, Leslie K, Stewart M, Zingerle N, Clyde A, Hambidge O, Rehak A, Cotterell S, Huynh WBQ, McCulloch T, Ben-Menachem E, Egan T, Cope J, Halliwell R, Fellinger P, Haselberger S, Holaubek C, Lichtenegger P, Scherz F, Schmid W, Hoffer F, Cakova V, Eichwalder A, Fischbach N, Klug R, Schneider E, Vesely M, Wickenhauser R, Grubmueller KG, Leitgeb M, Lang F, Toro N, Bauer M, Laengle F, Mayrhofer T, Buerkle C, Forstner K, Germann R, Rinoesl H, Schindler E, Trampitsch E, Fritsch G, Szabo C, Bidgoli J, Verdoodt H, Forget P, Kahn D, Lois F, Momeni M, Prégardien C, Pospiech A, Steyaert A, Veevaete L, De Kegel D, De Jongh K, Foubert L, Smitz C, Vercauteren M, Poelaert J, Van Mossevelde V, Abeloos J, Bouchez S, Coppens M, De Baerdemaeker L, Deblaere I, De Bruyne A, De Hert S, Fonck K, Heyse B, Jacobs T, Lapage K, Moerman A, Neckebroek M, Parashchanka A, Roels N, Van Den Eynde N, Vandenheuvel M, Van Limmen J, Vanluchene A, Vanpeteghem C, Wouters P, Wyffels P, Huygens C, Vandenbempt P, Van de Velde M, Dylst D, Janssen B, Schreurs E, Aleixo FB, Candido K, Batista HD, Guimarães M, Guizeline J, Hoffmann J, Lobo SM, Lobo FR, Nascimento V, Nishiyama K, Pazetto L, Souza D, Rodrigues RS, Santos AMV, Jardim J, Silva J, Nascimento Junior P, Baio TH, Castro GIP, Oliveira HRW, Amendola CP, Cardoso G, Ortega D, Brotto AF, De Oliveira MC, Réa-Neto Á, Dias F, Azambuja P, Knibel MF, Martins A, Almeida W, Neto CN, Tardelli MA, Caser E, Machado M, Aguzzoli C, Baldisserotto S, Tabajara FB, Bettega F, Júnior LHCR, Gasperi J, Faina L, Nolasco MF, Costa Fischer BF, Campos Ferreira MF, Hartmann C, Kliemann M, Ribeiro GLH, Fraga JM, Netto TM, Pozza LV, Wendling PR, Azevedo C, Garcia J, Lopes M, Maia B, Maselli P, Melo R, Mendes W, Neves M, Ney J, Piras C, Applewhaite C, Carr A, Chow L, Duttchen K, Foglia J, Greene M, Hinther A, Houston K, McCormick TJ, Mikhayel J, Montasser S, Ragan A, Suen A, Woolsey A, Yu HC, Funk D, Kowalski S, Legaspi R, McDonald H, Siddiqui F, Pridham J, Rowe B, Sampson S, Thiessen B, Zbitnew G, Bernard A, George R, Jones P, Moor R, Siddiqui N, Wolfer A, Tran D, Winch D, Dobson G, Hinther A, McCormick T, Montasser O, Suen A, Woolsey A, Bernard A, George R, Hall R, Bernard A, George R, Hall R, Applewhaite C, Baghirzada L, McCormick TJ, Suen A, Dai SY, Hare G, Lee E, Shastri U, Tsui A, Yagnik A, Alvares D, Choi S, Dwyer H, Flores K, McCartney C, Somascanthan P, Beattie S, Carroll J, Pazmino-Canizares J, Wijeysundera D, Wolfer A, Ami N, Chan V, Perlas A, Argue R, Lavis K, Mayson K, Cao Y, Gao H, Hu T, Lv J, Yang J, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Zhou J, Zou X, He M, Li X, Luo D, Wang H, Yu T, Chen L, Wang L, Cai Y, Cao Z, Li Y, Lian J, Sun H, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang K, Zhu Y, Du X, Fan H, Fu Y, Huang L, Huang Y, Hwan H, Luo H, Qu PS, Tao F, Wang Z, Wang G, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen C, Wang W, Liu Z, Fan L, Tang J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Han Y, Huang C, Liang G, Shen J, Wang J, Yang Q, Zhen J, Zhou H, Chen J, Chen Z, Li X, Meng B, Ye H, Zhang X, Bi Y, Cao J, Guo F, Lin H, Liu Y, Lv M, Shi P, Song X, Sun C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang M, Chen R, Hou J, Leng Y, Meng QT, Qian L, Shen ZY, Xia ZY, Xue R, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Zhou XJ, Chen Q, Guo H, Guo Y, Qi Y, Wang Z, Wei J, Zhang W, Zheng L, Bao Q, Chen Y, Chen Y, Fei Y, Hu N, Hu X, Lei M, Li X, Lv X, Lv J, Miao F, Ouyang L, Qian L, Shen C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Wu C, Xu L, Yuan J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhao C, Zhao L, Zheng T, Zhou D, Zhou H, Zhou C, Lu K, Zhao T, He C, Chen H, Chen S, Cheng B, He J, Jin L, Li C, Li H, Pan Y, Shi Y, Wen XH, Wu S, Xie G, Zhang K, Zhao B, Lu X, Chen F, Liang Q, Lin X, Ling Y, Liu G, Tao J, Yang L, Zhou J, Chen F, Feng Y, Hou B, Lin J, Liu M, Luo F, Shi X, Xiong Y, Xu L, Yang S, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Zhao W, Zhao W, Yun B, Chen L, Chen S, Dai Q, Geng W, Han K, He X, Huang L, Ji B, Jia D, Jin S, Li Q, Liang D, Luo S, Lwang L, Mo Y, Pan Y, Qi X, Qian M, Qin J, Ren Y, Shi Y, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Xie J, Yan Y, Yao Y, Zhang M, Zhao J, Zhuang X, Ai Y, Du F, He L, Huang L, Li Z, Li H, Li Y, Li L, Meng S, Yuan Y, Zhang E, Zhang J, Zhao S, Ji Z, Pei L, Wang L, Chen C, Dong B, Li J, Miao Z, Mu H, Qin C, Su L, Wen Z, Xie K, Yu Y, Yuan F, Hu X, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Zhu Z, Dai Q, Fu K, Hu R, Hu X, Huang S, Li Y, Liang Y, Yu S, Guo Z, Jing Y, Tang N, Wu J, Yuan D, Zhang R, Zhao X, Li Y, Bai HP, Liu CX, Liu FF, Ren W, Wang XL, Xu GJ, Hu N, Li B, Ou Y, Tang Y, Yao S, Zhang S, Kong CC, Liu B, Wang T, Xiao W, Lu B, Xia Y, Zhou J, Cai F, Chen P, Hu S, Wang H, Wu J, Xu Q, Hu L, Jing L, Li J, Li B, Liu Q, Liu Y, Lu X, Peng ZD, Qiu X, Ren Q, Tong Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Wen Y, Wu Q, Xia J, Xie J, Xiong X, Xu S, Yang T, Ye H, Yin N, Yuan J, Zeng Q, Zhang B, Zheng K, Cang J, Chen S, Du F, Fan Y, Fu S, Ge X, Guo B, Huang W, Jiang L, Jiang X, Jin L, Liu Y, Pan Y, Ren Y, Shan Q, Wang J, Wang F, Wu C, Zhang X, Christiansen IC, Granum SN, Rasmussen BS, Daugaard M, Gambhir R, Steingrímsdóttir GE, Jensen-Gadegaard P, Olsen KS, Siegel H, Eskildsen KZ, Gätke MR, Wibrandt I, Heintzelmann SB, Lange KHW, Lundsgaard RS, Amstrup-Hansen L, Hovendal C, Larsen M, Lenstrup M, Kobborg T, Larsen JR, Pedersen AB, Larsen JR, Smith SH, Oestervig RM, Rasmussen L, Afshari A, Andersen C, Ekelund K, Secher EL, Brandsborg B, Beloeil H, Lasocki S, Venara A, Biais M, Ouattara A, Sineus M, Molliex S, Legouge ML, Wallet F, Tesniere A, Gaudin C, Lehur P, Forsans E, Rudnicki S, Maudet VS, Mutter D, Sojod G, Ouaissi M, Regimbeau JM, Futier E, Desbordes J, Comptaer N, Manser D, Ethgen S, Lebuffe G, Auer P, Härtl C, Deja M, Legashov K, Sonnemann S, Wiegand-Loehnert C, Falk E, Habicher M, Angermair S, Laetsch B, Schmidt K, Sonnemann S, Von Heymann C, Ramminger A, Jelschen F, Pabel S, Weyland A, Czeslick E, Gille J, Malcharek M, Sablotzki A, Lueke K, Wetzel P, Weimann J, Lenhart FP, Reichle F, Schirmer F, Hüppe M, Klotz K, Nau C, Schön J, Mencke T, Wasmund C, Bankewitz C, Baumgarten G, Fleischer A, Guttenthaler V, Hack Y, Hoeft A, Kirchgaessner K, Männer O, Schurig-Urbaniak M, Struck R, Zyl R, Wittmann M, Goebel U, Harris S, Veit S, Andreadaki E, Souri F, Katsiadramis I, Skoufi A, Vasileiou M, Aimoniotou-Georgiou E, Katsourakis A, Veroniki F, Vlachogianni G, Petra K, Chlorou D, Oloktsidou E, Ourailoglou V, Papapostolou K, Tsaousi G, Daikou P, Dedemadi G, Kalaitzopoulos I, Loumpias C, Bristogiannis S, Dafnios N, Gkiokas G, Kontis E, Kozompoli D, Papailia A, Theodosopoulos T, Bizios C, Koutsikou A, Moustaka A, Plaitakis I, Armaganidis A, Christodoulopoulou T, Lignos M, Theodorakopoulou M, Asimakos A, Ischaki E, Tsagkaraki A, Zakynthinos S, Antoniadou E, Koutelidakis I, Lathyris D, Pozidou I, Voloudakis N, Dalamagka M, Gkonezou E, Chronis C, Manolakaki D, Mosxogiannidis D, Slepova T, Tsakiridou I, Lampiri CL, Vachlioti AV, Panagiotakis CP, Sfyras DS, Tsimpoukas FT, Tsirogianni A, Axioti E, Filippopoulos A, Kalliafa E, Kassavetis G, Katralis P, Komnos I, Pilichos G, Ravani I, Totis A, Apagaki E, Efthymiadi A, Kampagiannis N, Paraforou T, Tsioka A, Georgiou G, Vakalos A, Bairaktari A, Charitos E, Markou G, Niforopoulou P, Papakonstantinou N, Tsigou E, Xifara A, Zoulamoglou M, Gkioni P, Karatzas S, Kyparissi A, Mainas E, Papapanagiotou I, Papavasilopoulou T, Fragandreas G, Georgopoulou E, Katsika E, Psarras K, Synekidou E, Verroiotou M, Vetsiou E, Zaimi D, Anagnou A, Apostolou K, Melissopoulou T, Rozenberg T, Tsigris C, Boutsikos G, Kalles V, Kotsalas N, Lavdaiou C, Paikou F, Panagou GL, Spring A, Arvaniti K, Botis I, Drimala M, Georgakakis G, Kiourtzieva E, Ntouma P, Prionas A, Xouplidis K, Dalampini E, Giannaki C, Iasonidou C, Ioannidis O, Lavrentieva A, Lavrentieva A, Papageorgiou G, Kokkinoy M, Stafylaraki M, Gaitanakis S, Karydakis P, Paltoglou J, Ponireas P, Chaloulis P, Provatidis A, Sousana A, Gardikou VV, Konstantivelli M, Lataniotou O, Lisari E, Margaroni M, Stamatiou K, Nikolaidis E, Pnevmatikos I, Sertaridou E, Andreou A, Arkalaki E, Athanasakis E, Chaniotaki F, Chatzimichali A, Christofaki M, Dermitzaki D, Fiorentza K, Frantzeskos G, Geromarkaki E, Kafkalaki K, Kalogridaki M, Karydi K, Kokkini S, Kougentakis G, Lefaki T, Lilitsis E, Makatounaki A, Malliotakis P, Michelakis D, Neonaki M, Nyktari V, Palikyra I, Papadakis E, Papaioannou A, Sfakianakis K, Sgouraki M, Souvatzis X, Spartinou A, Stefanidou N, Syrogianni P, Tsagkaraki G, Arnaoutoglou E, Arnaoutoglou C, Bali C, Bouris V, Doumos R, Gkini KP, Kapaktsi C, Koulouras V, Lena A, Lepida D, Michos E, Papadopoulos D, Paschopoulos M, Rompou VA, Siouti I, Tsampalas S, Ververidou O, Zilis G, Charlalampidoy A, Christodoulidis G, Flossos A, Stamoulis K, Chan M, Tsang MSC, Tsang MS, Lai ML, Yip CP, Chan HMH, Law B, Li WS, Chu HM, Koo EGY, Lam CCJ, Cheng KH, Chan M, Lam T, Chu S, Lai ML, Lam WY, Wong KWK, Kwok D, Hung CYJ, Chan WKJ, LamWong W, Chung CKE, Lai ML, Ma SK, Kaushik S, Shah B, Shah D, Shah S, Ar P, Muthuchellappan R, Agarwal V, Divatia J, Kulkarni A, Mishra S, Nimje G, Pande S, Savarkar S, Shrivastava A, Thomas M, Yegnaram S, Hidayatullah R, Chandra S, Tantri A, Puar N, Niman S, Indra I, Hamzah Z, Yuliana A, Abidin UN, Dursin AN, Kurnia A, Susanti A, Handayani D, Aribawa MA, Arya A, Senapathi TGA, Utara UH, Wid WM, Wima S, Wir WM, Jehosua B, Kaunang J, Lantang EY, Najoan R, Waworuntu N, Awad H, Fuad A, Geddoa E, Geddoa B, Khalaf AR, Al Hussaini S, Albaj S, Kenber M, Bettinelli A, Spadaro S, Volta CA, Giancarlo L, Sottosanti V, Della Rocca G, Spagnesi L, Toretti I, Alloj C, Cardellino S, Carmino L, Costanzo E, Fanfani LC, Novelli MT, Roasio A, Bellandi M, Beretta L, Bignami E, Bocchino S, Cabrini L, Corti D, Landoni G, Meroni R, Moizo E, Monti G, Pintaudi M, Plumari VP, Taddeo D, Testa V, Winterton D, Zangrillo A, Cloro LM, Colangelo C, Colangelo A, Rotunno G, Angel MP, Maria CP, Pata A, Parrini V, Gatta A, Nastasi M, Tinti C, Spagnesi L, Arrigo M, Benevento A, Bottini C, Cannavo M, Gastaldi C, Marchesi A, Pascazio A, Pata F, Pozzi E, Premoli A, Tessera G, Boschi L, D'Andrea R, Ghignone F, Poggioli G, Sibilio A, Taffurelli M, Ugolini G, Majid MAA, Rahman RA, Joseph J, Pathan F, Shah MHS, Yap HL, Cheah S, Chin II, Looi JK, Tan SC, Visvalingam S, Kwok FY, Lee CK, Tan TS, Wong SM, Abdullah NH, Liew CF, Luxuman L, Zin NHM, Norddin MF, Alias RLR, Wong JY, Yong J, Mustapha MTB, Chan WK, Dzulkipli N, Kuan PX, Lee YC, Alias A, Guok EC, Jee CC, Ramon BR, Weng CW, Ghafar FNIA, Aziz FZ, Hussain N, Lee HS, Sukawi I, Woon YL, Hadi HZA, Azam UAA, Alias AH, Kesut SA, Lee JM, Ooi DV, Sulaiman HA, Lih TAT, Mansor M, Veerakumaran J, Luna P, Rojas E, Resendiz GEA, Zapata DDM, López JCJA, Flores AAA, Amador JCB, Avila EJD, Aquino LPG, Rodriguez RL, Landa MT, Urias E, Hollmann M, Hulst A, Kirzner O, Preckel B, Gemert AKV, Bouwman A, Buise M, Tolenaar N, Weber E, Fretes J, Houweling P, Ormskerk P, Van Bommel J, Buhre W, Lance M, Smit-Fun V, Zundert T, Baas P, Boer HD, Sprakel J, Elferink-Vonk R, Noordzij P, Zeggeren L, Brand B, Spanjersberg R, Bokkel-Andela J, Numan S, Klei W, Zaane B, Boer C, Duivenvoorde Y, Hering JP, Zonneveldt H, Campbell D, Hoare S, Santa S, Allen SJ, Beavis V, Bell R, Choi HMD, Drake M, Farrell H, Higgie K, Holmes K, Jenkins N, Kim CJ, Kim S, Law KC, McAllister D, Park K, Pedersen K, Pfeifer L, Salmond T, Steynor M, Tan M, Waymouth E, Rahman ASA, Armstrong J, Dudson R, Jenkins N, Nilakant J, Richard S, Virdi P, Dixon L, Donohue R, Farrow M, Kennedy R, Marissa H, McKellow M, Nicola D, Pascoe R, Roberts SJ, Rowell G, Sumner M, Templer P, Chandrasekharan S, Fulton G, Jammer I, Ali M, More R, Wilson L, Chang YH, Foley J, Fowler C, Panckhurst J, Sara R, Stapelberg F, Campbell D, Cherrett V, Ganter DL, McAllister D, McCann L, Foley J, Gilmour F, Lumsden R, Moores M, Olliff S, Sardareva E, Stapelberg F, Tai J, Wikner M, Wong C, Chaddock M, Czepanski C, McKendry P, Polakovic D, Polakovich D, Robert A, Belda MT, Norton T, Stapelberg F, Alherz F, Barneto L, Ramirez A, Sayeed A, Smith N, Bennett C, McQuoid S, Bell R, Jansen TL, Nico Z, Scott J, Freschini D, Freschini A, Hopkins B, Manson L, Stoltz D, Bates A, Davis S, Freeman V, McGaughran L, Sharma SB, Burrows T, Byrne K, English D, Johnson R, Law KC, Manikkam B, McAllister D, Naidoo S, Rumball M, Whittle N, Franks R, Gibson-Lapsley H, McAllister D, Salter R, Walsh D, Cooper R, Perry K, Obobolo A, Sule UM, Ahmad A, Atiku M, Mohammed AD, Sarki AM, Adekola O, Akanmu O, Durodola A, Olukoju O, Raji V, Olajumoke T, Oyebamiji E, Adenekan A, Adetoye A, Faponle F, Olateju S, Owojuyigbe A, Talabi A, Adenike O, Adewale B, Collins N, Ezekiel E, Fatungase OM, Grace A, Sola S, Stella O, Ademola A, Adeolu AA, Adigun T, Akinwale M, Fasina O, Gbolahan O, Idowu O, Olonisakin RP, Osinaike BB, Asudo F, Mshelia D, Abdur-Rahman L, Agodirin O, Bello J, Bolaji B, Oyedepo OO, Ezike H, Iloabachie I, Okonkwo I, Onuora E, Onyeka T, Ugwu I, Umeh F, Alagbe-Briggs O, Dodiyi-Manuel A, Echem R, Obasuyi B, Onajin-Obembe B, Bandeira ME, Martins A, Tomé M, Costa ACMM, Krystopchuk A, Branco T, Esteves S, Melo MA, Monte J, Rua F, Martins I, Pinho-Oliveira VM, Rodrigues CM, Cabral R, Marques S, Rêgo S, Jesus JST, Marques MC, Romao C, Dias S, Santos AM, Alves MJ, Salta C, Cruz S, Duarte C, Paiva AAF, Nascimento Cabral T, Maia DFE, Silva RFMC, Langner A, Resendes HO, Conceição Soares M, Abrunhosa A, Faria F, Miranda L, Pereira H, Serra S, Ionescu D, Margarit S, Mitre C, Vasian H, Manga G, Stefan A, Tomescu D, Filipescu D, Paunescu MA, Stefan M, Stoica R, Gavril L, PĂtrĂșcanu E, Ristescu I, Rusu D, Diaconescu C, Iosep GF, Pulbere D, Ursu I, Balanescu A, Grintescu I, Mirea L, Rentea I, Vartic M, Lupu MN, Stanescu D, Streanga L, Antal O, Hagau N, Patras D, Petrisor C, Tosa F, Tranca S, Copotoiu SM, Ungureanu LL, Harsan CR, Papurica M, Cernea DD, Dragoescu NA, Aflori L, Vaida C, Ciobotaru OR, Aignatoaie M, Carp CP, Cobzaru I, Mardare O, Purcarin B, Tutunaru V, Ionita V, Arustei M, Codita A, Busuioc M, Chilinciuc I, Ciobanu C, Belciu I, Tincu E, Blaj M, Grosu R, Sandu G, Bruma D, Corneci D, Dutu M, Krepil A, Copaciu E, Dumitrascu CO, Jemna R, Mihaescu F, Petre R, Tudor C, Ursache E, Kulikov A, Lubnin A, Grigoryev E, Pugachev S, Protsenko D, Tolmasov A, Hussain A, Ilyina Y, Kirov M, Roshchina A, Iurin A, Chazova E, Dunay A, Karelov A, Khvedelidze I, Voldaeva O, Belskiy V, Dzhamullaev P, Grishkowez E, Kretov V, Levin V, Molkov A, Puzanov S, Samoilenko A, Tchekulaev A, Tulupova V, Utkin I, Allorto NL, Bishop DG, Builu PM, Cairns C, Dasrath A, Wet J, Hoedt M, Grey B, Hayes MP, Küsel BS, Shangase N, Wise R, Cacala S, Farina Z, Govindasamy V, Kruse CH, Lee C, Marais L, Naidoo TD, Rajah C, Rodseth RN, Ryan L, Rhaden R, Adam S, Alphonsus C, Ameer Y, Anderson F, Basanth S, Bechan S, Bhula C, Biccard BM, Biyase T, Buccimazza I, Cardosa J, Chen J, Daya B, Drummond L, Elabib A, Goad EHA, Goga IE, Goga R, Harrichandparsad R, Hodgson RE, Jordaan J, Kalafatis N, Kampik C, Landers AT, Loots E, Madansein R, Madaree A, Madiba TE, Manzini VT, Mbuyisa M, Moodley R, Msomi M, Mukama I, Naidoo D, Naidoo R, Naidu TK, Ntloko S, Padayachee E, Padayachee L, Phaff M, Pillay B, Pillay D, Pillay L, Ramnarain A, Ramphal SR, Ryan P, Saloojee A, Sebitloane M, Sigcu N, Taylor JL, Torborg A, Visser L, Anderson P, Conradie A, Swardt M, Villiers M, Eikman J, Liebenberg R, Mouton J, Paton A, Merwe L, Wilscott-Davids C, Barrett WJ, Bester M, Beer J, Geldenhuys J, Gouws H, Potgieter JH, Strydom M, Wilberforce-Turton E, Chetty RR, Chirkut S, Cronje L, Vasconcellos K, Dube NZ, Gama NS, Green GM, Green-Thompson R, Kinoo SM, Kistnasami P, Maharaj K, Moodley MS, Mothae SJ, Naidoo R, Aslam M, Noorbhai F, Rughubar V, Reddy J, Singh A, Skinner DL, Smith MJ, Singh B, Misra R, Naidoo M, Ramdharee P, Selibea Y, Sewpersad S, Sham S, Wessels JD, Africander C, Bejia T, Blakemore SP, Botes M, Bunwarie B, Hernandez CB, Jeeraz MA, Legutko DA, Lopez AG, De Meyer JN, Muzenda T, Naidoo N, Patel M, Pentela R, Junge M, Mansoor N, Rademan L, Scislowski P, Seedat I, Berg B, Merwe D, Wyk S, Govender K, Naicker D, Ramjee R, Saley M, Kuhn WP, Matos-Puig R, Moolla Z, Lisi A, Perez G, Beltran AV, Lozano A, Navarro CD, Duca A, Martinez EP, Ferrando C, Fuentes I, García-Pérez ML, Gracia E, Palomares AI, Katime A, Miñana A, Incertis R, Romero E, Garcia CSR, Rubio C, Artiles TS, Soro M, Valls P, Laguarda GA, Benavent P, Cuenca VC, Cueva A, Lafuente M, Parra AM, Rodrigo AR, Sanchez-Morcillo S, Tormo S, Redondo FJ, De Andres J, Diago LG, Cádiz MJH, Manuel GG, Peris R, Saiz C, Tatay J, Soto MTT, Brunete T, Cancho D, Delgado García DR, Zamudio D, Del Valle SG, Serrano ML, Alonso E, Anillo V, Maseda E, Salgado P, Suarez L, Suarez-de-la-Rica A, Villagrán MJ, Aldecoa C, Alonso JI, Cabezuelo E, Garcia-Saiz I, Moral OL, Martín S, Gonzalez AP, Doncel ST, Vera MA, Sánchez FJÁ, Castaño B, Moreira BC, Risco SF, Martín DP, Martín FP, Poza P, Ruiz A, Martínez WFS, Vicente BV, Dominguez SV, Fernández S, Munoz-López A, Bernat MJ, Mas A, Planas K, Jawad M, Saeed Y, Hedin A, Levander H, Chew M, Holmström S, Lönn D, Zoerner F, åkring I, Widmark C, Zettergren J, Liljequist VA, Nystrom L, Odeberg-Wernerman S, Oldner A, Reje P, Lyckner S, Sperber J, Adolfsson A, Klarin B, Hedin A, Ögren K, Barras JP, Bührer T, Despotidis V, Helmy N, Holliger S, Raptis DA, Schmid R, Meyer A, Jaquet Y, Kessler U, Muradbegovic M, Nahum SR, Rotunno T, Schiltz B, Voruz F, Worreth M, Christoforidis D, Popeskou SG, Furrer M, Prevost GA, Stocker A, Lang K, Breitenstein S, Ganter MT, Geisen M, Soll C, Korkmaz M, Lubach I, Schmitz M, Zu Schwabedissen MM, Zingg U, Hillermann T, Wildi S, Hofer C, Pinto BB, Walder B, Hübner M, Mariotti G, Slankamenac K, Namuyuga M, Kyomugisha E, Kituuka O, Shikanda AW, Kakembo N, Tom CO, Webombesa A, Bua E, Ditai J, Ssettabi EM, Epodoi J, Kabagenyi F, Kirya F, Dempsey G, Seasman C, Khan RBN, Kurasz C, Macgregor M, Shawki B, Hariharan V, Chau S, Ellis K, Butt G, Chicken DW, Christmas N, Allen S, Daniel GD, Dempster A, Kemp J, Matthews L, Mcglone P, Tambellini J, Trodd D, Freitas K, Garg A, Karpate S, Kulkarni A, O'Hara C, Troko J, Angus K, Bradley J, Brennan E, Brooks C, Brown J, Brown G, Finch A, Gratrix K, Hesketh S, Hill G, Jeffs C, Morgan M, Pemberton C, Slawson N, Spickett H, Swarbrick G, Thomas M, Van Duyvenvoorde G, Brennan A, Briscoe R, Cooper S, Lawton T, Northey M, Senaratne R, Stanworth H, Burrows L, Cain H, Craven R, Davies K, Jonas A, Pachucki M, Walkden G, Davies H, Gudaca M, Hobrok M, Arawwawala D, Fergey L, Gardiner M, Gunn J, Johnson L, Lofting A, Lyle A, Neela FM, Smolen S, Topliffe J, Williams S, Bland M, Kaura V, Lanka P, Naylor C, Smith N, Ahmed A, Myatt J, Shenoy R, Soon WC, Tan J, Karadia S, Self J, Durant E, Tripathi S, Bullock C, Campbell D, Ghosh A, Hughes T, Zsisku L, Bengeri S, Cowton A, Khalid MS, Limb J, McAdam C, Porritt M, Rafi MA, Shekar P, Harden C, Hollands H, King A, March L, Minto G, Patrick A, Waugh D, Kumara P, Simeson K, Yarwood J, Browning J, Hatton J, Julian H, Mitra A, Newton M, Pernu PK, Wilson A, Commey T, Foot H, Glover L, Gupta A, Lancaster N, Levin J, Mackenzie F, Mestanza C, Nofal E, Pout L, Varden R, Wild J, Jones S, Moreton S, Pulletz M, Davies C, Martin M, Thomas S, Burns K, McArthur C, Patel P, Lau G, Rich N, Davis F, Self J, Lyons R, Port B, Prout R, Smith C, Adelaja Y, Bennett V, Bidd H, Dumitrescu A, Murphy JF, Keen A, Mguni N, Ong C, Adams G, Boshier P, Brown R, Butryn I, Chatterjee J, Freethy A, Lockwood G, Tsakok M, Tsiligiannis S, Peat W, Stephenson L, Bradburn M, Pick S, Cunha P, Olagbaiye O, Tayeh S, Abernethy C, Balasubramaniam M, Bennett R, Bolton D, Martinson V, Naylor C, Smith N, Bell S, Heather B, Kushakovsky V, Alcock L, Alexander H, Anderson C, Baker P, Brookes M, Cawthorn L, Cirstea E, Colling K, Coulter I, Das S, Haigh K, Hamdan A, Hugill K, Kottam L, Lisseter E, Mawdsley M, McGivern J, Padala K, Phelps V, Kumar VR, Stewart K, Towse K, Tregonning J, Vahedi A, Walker A, Baines D, Bilolikar A, Chande S, Copley E, Dunk N, Kulkarni R, Kumar P, Metodiev Y, Ncomanzi D, Raithatha B, Raymode P, Szafranski J, Twohey L, Watt P, Weatherall L, Weatherill J, Whitman Z, Wighton E, Abayasinghe C, Chan A, Darwish S, Gill J, Glasgow E, Hadfield D, Harris C, Kochhar A, Mellis C, Pool A, Riozzi P, Selman A, Smith EJ, Vele L, Gercek Y, Guy K, Holden D, Watson N, Whysall K, Andreou P, Hales D, Thompson J, Bowrey S, McDonald S, Thompson J, Gilmore J, Hills V, Kelly C, Kelly S, Lloyd G, Abbott T, Gall L, Torrance H, Vivian M, Berntsen E, Nolan T, Turner A, Vohra A, Brown A, Clark R, Coughlan E, Daniel C, Patvardhan C, Pearson R, Predeep S, Saad H, Shanmugam M, Varley S, Vohra A, Wylie K, Cooper L, Makowski A, Misztal B, Moldovan E, Pegg C, Donovan A, Foot J, Large S, Claxton A, Netke B, Armstrong R, Calderwood C, Kwok A, Mohr O, Oyeniyi P, Patnaik L, Post B, Ali S, Arshad H, Baker G, Brenner L, Brincat M, Brunswicker A, Cox H, Cozar OI, Durst A, Fengas L, Flatt J, Glister G, Narwani V, Photi E, Rankin A, Rosbergen M, Tan M, Beaton C, Horn R, Hunt J, Rousseau G, Stancombe L, Absar M, Allsop J, Drinkwater Z, Hodgkiss T, Smith K, Brown J, Pick S, Alexander-Sefre F, Campey L, Dudgeon L, Hall K, Hitchcock R, James L, Smith K, Winstone U, Ahmad N, Bauchmuller K, Harrison J, Jeffery H, Miller D, Pinder A, Pothuneedi S, Rosser J, Sanghera S, Swift D, Walker R, Bester D, Cavanagh S, Cripps H, Daniel H, Lynch J, Paton A, Pyke S, Scholefield J, Whitworth H, Bottrill F, Ramalingam G, Webb S, Akerman N, Antill P, Bourner L, Buckley S, Castle G, Charles R, Eggleston C, Foster R, Gill S, Lindley K, Lklouk M, Lowery T, Martin O, Milne D, O'Connor P, Ratcliffe A, Rose A, Simeson K, Smith A, Varma S, Ward J, Simeson K, Barcraft-Barnes H, Camsooksai J, Colvin C, Reschreiter H, Tbaily L, Venner N, Hamilton C, Kelly L, Toth-Tarsoly P, Dodsworth K, Foord D, Gordon P, Hawes E, Lamb N, Mouland J, Nightingale J, Rose S, Schrieber J, Al Amri K, Aladin H, Arshad MA, Barraclough J, Bentley C, Bergin C, Carrera R, Clarkson A, Collins M, Cooper L, Denham S, Griffiths E, Ip P, Jeyanthan S, Joory K, Kaur S, Marriott P, Mitchell N, Nagaiah S, Nilsson A, Parekh N, Pope M, Seager J, Serag H, Tameem A, Thomas A, Thunder J, Torrance A, Vohra R, Whitehouse A, Wong T, Blunt M, Wong K, Giles J, Reed I, Weller D, Bell G, Birch J, Damant R, Maiden J, Mewies C, Prince C, Radford J, Balain B, Banerjee R, Barnett A, Burston B, Davies K, Edwards J, Evans C, Ford D, Gallacher P, Hill S, Jaffray D, Karlakki S, Kelly C, Kennedy J, Kiely N, Lewthwaite S, Marquis C, Ockendon M, Phillips S, Pickard S, Richardson J, Roach R, Smith T, Spencer-Jones R, Steele N, Steen J, Van Liefland M, White S, Faulds M, Harris M, Kelly C, Nicol S, Pearson SA, Chukkambotla S, Andrew A, Attrill E, Campbell G, Datson A, Fouracres A, Graterol J, Graves L, Hong B, Ishimaru A, Karthikeyan A, King H, Lawson T, Lee G, Lyons S, Hall AM, Mathoulin S, Mcintyre E, Mclaughlin D, Mulcahy K, Ratcliffe A, Robbins J, Sung W, Tayo A, Trembath L, Venugopal S, Walker R, Wigmore G, Boereboom C, Downes C, Humphries R, Melbourne S, Smith C, Tou S, Ullah S, Batchelor N, Boxall L, Broomby R, Deen T, Hellewell A, Helliwell L, Hutchings M, Hutchins D, Keenan S, Mackie D, Potter A, Smith F, Stone L, Thorpe K, Wassall R, Woodgate A, Baillie S, Campbell T, James S, King C, Araujo DM, Martin D, Morkane C, Neely J, Rajendram R, Burton M, James K, Keevil E, Minik O, Morgan J, Musgrave A, Rajanna H, Roberts T, Szakmany T, Adamson M, Jumbe S, Kendall J, Muthuswamy MB, Anderson C, Cruikshanks A, Pothuneedi S, Walker R, Wrench I, Zeidan L, Ardern D, Harris B, Hellstrom J, Martin J, Thomas R, Varsani N, Brown CW, Docherty P, Gillies M, McGregor E, Usher H, Craig J, Smith A, Ahmad T, Bodger P, Creary T, Everingham K, Fowler A, Hewson R, Ijuo E, Januszewska M, Jones T, Kantsedikas I, Lahiri S, McLean AL, Niebrzegowska E, Phull M, Wang D, Wickboldt N, Baldwin J, Doyle D, Mcmullan S, Oladapo M, Owen T, Tripathi S, Williams A, Daniel H, Gregory P, Husain T, Kirk-Bayley J, Mathers E, Montague L, White S, Avis J, Cook T, Dali-Kemmery L, Kerslake I, Lambourne V, Pearson A, Boyd C, Callaghan M, Lawson C, McCrossan R, Nesbitt V, O'connor L, Scott J, Sinclair R, Farid N, Morgese C, Bhatia K, Karmarkar S, Vohra A, Ahmed J, Branagan G, Hutton M, Swain A, Brookes J, Cornell J, Dolan R, Hulme J, Vuuren AJ, Jowitt T, Kalashetty G, Lloyd F, Patel K, Sherwood N, Brown L, Chandler B, Deighton K, Emma T, Haunch K, Cheeseman M, Dent K, Garg S, Gray C, Hood M, Jones D, Juj J, Mitra A, Rao R, Walker T, Anizi MA, Cheah C, Cheing Y, Coutinho F, Gondo P, Hadebe B, Hove MO, Khader A, Krishnachetty B, Rhodes K, Sokhi J, Baker KA, Bertram W, Looseley A, Mouton R, Arnold G, Arya S, Balfoussia D, Baxter L, Harris J, Jones C, Knaggs A, Markar S, Perera A, Scott A, Shida A, Sirha R, Wright S, Frost V, Gray C, MacGregor M, Andrews E, Arrandale L, Barrett S, Bidd H, Cifra E, Cooper M, Dragnea D, Elna C, Maclean J, Meier S, Milliken D, Munns C, Ratanshi N, Salvana A, Watson A, Ali H, Campbell G, Critchley R, Hicks C, Liddle A, Pass M, Ritchie C, Thomas C, Too L, Welsh S, Gill T, Johnson J, Reed J, Davis E, Papadopoullos S, Attwood C, Biffen A, Boulton K, Gray S, Hay D, Mills S, Montgomery J, Riddell R, Simpson J, Bhardwaj N, Paul E, Uwubamwen N, Vohra A, Berntsen E, Nolan T, Turner A, Alexander M, Arrich J, Arumugam S, Blackwood D, Boggiano V, Brown R, Chan YL, Chatterjee D, Chhabra A, Christian R, Costelloe H, Matthewman MC, Dalton E, Darko J, Davari M, Dave T, Deacon M, Deepak S, Edmond H, Ellis J, El-Sayed A, Eneje P, English R, Ewe R, Foers W, Franklin J, Gallego L, Garrett E, Goldberg O, Goss H, Greaves R, Harris R, Hennings C, Jones E, Kamali N, Kokkinos N, Lewis C, Lignos L, Malgapo EV, Malik R, Milne A, Mulligan JP, Nicklin P, Palipane N, Parsons T, Piper R, Prakash R, Ramesh B, Rasip S, Reading J, Rela M, Reyes A, Robert S, Rooms M, Shah K, Simons H, Solanki S, Spowart E, Stevens A, Thomas C, Waggett H, Yassaee A, Kennedy A, Scott S, Somanath S, Berg A, Hernandez M, Nanda R, Tank G, Wilson N, Wilson D, Al-Soudaine Y, Baldwin M, Cornish J, Davies Z, Davies L, Edwards M, Frewer N, Gallard S, Glasbey J, Harries R, Hopkins L, Kim T, Koompirochana V, Lawson S, Lewis M, Makzal Z, Scourfield S, Ahmad Y, Bates S, Blackwell C, Bryant H, Coulter S, Cruickshank R, Daniel S, Daubeny T, Edwards M, Golder K, Hawkins L, Helen B, Hinxman H, Levett D, Skinner B, Walsgrove J, Bradburn M, Dickson J, Constantin K, Karen M, O'Brien P, O'Donohoe L, Payne H, Sundayi S, Walker E, Brooke J, Cardy J, Humphreys S, Kessack L, Kubitzek C, Kumar S, Cotterill D, Hodzovic E, Hosdurga G, Miles E, Saunders G, Campbell M, Chan P, Jemmett K, Raj A, Naik A, Ramamoorthy R, Shah N, Sylvan A, Blyth K, Burtenshaw A, Freeman D, Johnson E, Lo P, Martin T, Plunkett E, Wollaston J, Allison J, Carroll C, Craw N, Craw S, Pitt-Kerby T, Rowland-Axe R, Spurdle K, McDonald A, Simon D, Sinha V, Smith T, Banner-Goodspeed V, Boone M, Campbell K, Lu F, Scannell J, Sobol J, Balajonda N, Clemmons K, Conde C, Funk B, Hall R, Hopkins T, Olaleye O, Omer O, Pender M, Porto A, Stevens A, Waweru P, Yeh E, Bodansky D, Evans A, Kleopoulos S, Maril R, Mathney E, Sanchez A, Tinuoye E, Bateman B, Eng K, Jiang N, Ladha K, Needleman J, Chen LL, Chen LL, Lane R, Robinowitz D, Ghushe N, Irshad M, Patel S, Takemoto S, Wallace A, Mazzeffi M, Rock P, Wallace K, Zhu X, Chua P, Fleisher L, Mattera M, Sharar R, Thilen S, Treggiari M, Morgan A, Sofjan I, Subramaniam K, Avidan M, Maybrier H, Muench M, Wildes T. Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research. Br J Surg 2019; 106:e73-e80. [PMID: 30620066 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11025] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Clavien-Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien-Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien-Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. RESULTS A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien-Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). CONCLUSION Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally.
Collapse
|
Observational Study |
6 |
11 |