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Camacho OFC, Molina GP, Catalá CFM, Reali JR, Cruz RM, Zenteno JC. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update and Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:198-211. [PMID: 33563162 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210208212148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of epidemiology, genetic etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and management of familial hypercholesterolemia have increased in the last two decades. Several population studies have shown that familial hypercholesterolemia is more frequent than previously thought, making this entity the most common metabolic disease with monogenic inheritence in the world. Identification of causal heterozygous pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes have increased diagnostic accuracy of classical criteria (extreme hypercholesterolemia, personal / family history of premature coronary artery disease or other cardiovascular disease). Genetic screening has been recently introduced in many European countries to detect patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, mainly affected pediatric subjects, asymptomatic or those at the beggining of their disease, with the purpose of increasing surveillance and avoiding complications such as cardiovascular diseases. Cholesterol-lowering drugs should be started as soon as the diagnosis is made. Various combinations between drugs can be used when the goal is not achieved. New therapies, including small interference ribonucleic acids (siRNA) are being tested in different clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glustein Pozo Molina
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, . Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez Catalá
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, . Mexico
| | - Julia Reyes Reali
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, . Mexico
| | - René Méndez Cruz
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, . Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Zenteno
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,. Mexico
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Oliver J, Quezada Urban R, Franco Cortés CA, Díaz Velásquez CE, Montealegre Paez AL, Pacheco-Orozco RA, Castro Rojas C, García-Robles R, López Rivera JJ, Gaitán Chaparro S, Gómez AM, Suarez Obando F, Giraldo G, Maya MI, Hurtado-Villa P, Sanchez AI, Serrano N, Orduz Galvis AI, Aruachan S, Nuñez Castillo J, Frecha C, Riggi C, Jauk F, Gómez García EM, Carranza CL, Zamora V, Torres Mejía G, Romieu I, Castañeda CA, Castillo M, Gitler R, Antoniano A, Rojas Jiménez E, Romero Cruz LE, Vallejo Lecuona F, Delgado Enciso I, Martínez Rizo AB, Flores Carranza A, Benites Godinez V, Méndez Catalá CF, Herrera LA, Chirino YI, Terrazas LI, Perdomo S, Vaca Paniagua F. Latin American Study of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer LACAM: A Genomic Epidemiology Approach. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1429. [PMID: 31921681 PMCID: PMC6933010 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome is responsible for ~5-10% of all diagnosed breast and ovarian cancers. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Latin America (LA). The main objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the genomic epidemiology of HBOC throughout the establishment of The Latin American consortium for HBOC-LACAM, consisting of specialists from 5 countries in LA and the description of the genomic results from the first phase of the study. Methods: We have recruited 403 individuals that fulfilled the criteria for HBOC from 11 health institutions of Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. A pilot cohort of 222 individuals was analyzed by NGS gene panels. One hundred forty-three genes were selected on the basis of their putative role in susceptibility to different hereditary cancers. Libraries were sequenced in MiSeq (Illumina, Inc.) and PGM (Ion Torrent-Thermo Fisher Scientific) platforms. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic variants was 17% (38/222); the distribution spanned 14 genes and varied by country. The highest relative prevalence of pathogenic variants was found in patients from Argentina (25%, 14/57), followed by Mexico (18%, 12/68), Guatemala (16%, 3/19), and Colombia (13%, 10/78). Pathogenic variants were found in BRCA1 (20%) and BRCA2 (29%) genes. Pathogenic variants were found in other 12 genes, including high and moderate risk genes such as MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, and PALB2. Additional pathogenic variants were found in HBOC unrelated genes such as DCLRE1C, WRN, PDE11A, and PDGFB. Conclusion: In this first phase of the project, we recruited 403 individuals and evaluated the germline genetic alterations in an initial cohort of 222 patients among 4 countries. Our data show for the first time in LA the distribution of pathogenic variants in a broad set of cancer susceptibility genes in HBOC. Even though we used extended gene panels, there was still a high proportion of patients without any detectable pathogenic variant, which emphasizes the larger, unexplored genetic nature of the disease in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oliver
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, CIMES, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Quezada Urban
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Claudia Alejandra Franco Cortés
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Estela Díaz Velásquez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Montealegre Paez
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos Castro Rojas
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Reggie García-Robles
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan Javier López Rivera
- Grupo INPAC, Organización Keralty, Departamento de Genética, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gaitán Chaparro
- Grupo INPAC, Organización Keralty, Facultad de Medicina, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ana Milena Gómez
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Suarez Obando
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Giraldo
- Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Pontificia Universidad Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Maya
- Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Pontificia Universidad Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula Hurtado-Villa
- Departamento Ciencias Básicas de Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana Isabel Sanchez
- Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
- Departamento Materno Infantil, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Norma Serrano
- Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Centro de Investigaciones, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Aruachan
- Departamento de Investigación y Estudios Clínicos, IMAT - Oncomédica S.A., Montería, Colombia
| | - Johanna Nuñez Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación y Estudios Clínicos, IMAT - Oncomédica S.A., Montería, Colombia
| | - Cecilia Frecha
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, CONICET-Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano-Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Riggi
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Jauk
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Romieu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos Arturo Castañeda
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Miluska Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Ernesto Rojas Jiménez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Romero Cruz
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Fernando Vallejo Lecuona
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez Catalá
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Luis Ignacio Terrazas
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - Sandra Perdomo
- Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Felipe Vaca Paniagua
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Quezada Urban R, Díaz Velásquez CE, Gitler R, Rojo Castillo MP, Sirota Toporek M, Figueroa Morales A, Moreno García O, García Esquivel L, Torres Mejía G, Dean M, Delgado Enciso I, Ochoa Díaz López H, Rodríguez León F, Jan V, Garzón Barrientos VH, Ruiz Flores P, Espino Silva PK, Haro Santa Cruz J, Martínez Gregorio H, Rojas Jiménez EA, Romero Cruz LE, Méndez Catalá CF, Álvarez Gómez RM, Fragoso Ontiveros V, Herrera LA, Romieu I, Terrazas LI, Chirino YI, Frecha C, Oliver J, Perdomo S, Vaca Paniagua F. Comprehensive Analysis of Germline Variants in Mexican Patients with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E361. [PMID: 30262796 PMCID: PMC6211045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) represents 5⁻10% of all patients with breast cancer and is associated with high-risk pathogenic alleles in BRCA1/2 genes, but only for 25% of cases. We aimed to find new pathogenic alleles in a panel of 143 cancer-predisposing genes in 300 Mexican cancer patients with suspicion of HBOC and 27 high-risk patients with a severe family history of cancer, using massive parallel sequencing. We found pathogenic variants in 23 genes, including BRCA1/2. In the group of cancer patients 15% (46/300) had a pathogenic variant; 11% (33/300) harbored variants with unknown clinical significance (VUS) and 74% (221/300) were negative. The high-risk group had 22% (6/27) of patients with pathogenic variants, 4% (1/27) had VUS and 74% (20/27) were negative. The most recurrent mutations were the Mexican founder deletion of exons 9-12 and the variant p.G228fs in BRCA1, each found in 5 of 17 patients with alterations in this gene. Rare VUS with potential impact at the protein level were found in 21 genes. Our results show for the first time in the Mexican population a higher contribution of pathogenic alleles in other susceptibility cancer genes (54%) than in BRCA1/2 (46%), highlighting the high locus heterogeneity of HBOC and the necessity of expanding genetic tests for this disease to include broader gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Quezada Urban
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | - Clara Estela Díaz Velásquez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Héctor Ochoa Díaz López
- Department of Health, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), San Cristóbal de Las Casas 29290, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez León
- Department of Health, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), San Cristóbal de Las Casas 29290, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Virginia Jan
- Internal Medicine, Hospital de Especialidades Vida Mejor, ISSTECH, Tuxtla Gutiérrez 29040, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Flores
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón 27000, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Perla Karina Espino Silva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón 27000, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Haro Santa Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón 27000, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Martínez Gregorio
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | - Ernesto Arturo Rojas Jiménez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | - Luis Enrique Romero Cruz
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez Catalá
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Center for Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico.
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Luis Ignacio Terrazas
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | | | - Javier Oliver
- Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires C1199ABB, Argentina.
| | - Sandra Perdomo
- Investigación en Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá 110100, Colombia.
| | - Felipe Vaca Paniagua
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, CDMX 14080, Mexico.
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
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